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Compilation of Compilation of Energy Intensity Indicators Energy Intensity Indicators

Prepared for the 6th meeting of the Oslo Group on Energy StatisticsCanberra, Australia 2-5 May 2011

Elisabeth IsaksenDivision for Energy StatisticsStatistics Norwayelisabeth.isaksen@ssb.no

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Link to IRES

• Chapter in IRES: 11, C

• Refer to the joint publication by IAEA, UNDESA, IEA, Eurostat and EEA (2005)

– Social dimension– Economic dimension– Environmental dimension

• Countries are encouraged to develop the list of indicators according to their policy concerns and data availability

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Economic Dimension

  Sub-theme Energy indicator

1 Overall use Energy use per capita

2 Overall productivity Energy use per unit of GDP

3 Supply efficiency Efficiency of energy conversion and distribution

4 Production Reserves/Production

    Resources/Production

5 End Use Industrial energy intensity

    Agricultural energy intensity

    Service energy intensity

    Househould energy intensity

    Transport energy intensity

6 Diversification Fuel shared in energy and electricity

  Non-carbon energy share in energy and electricity

    Renewable energy share in energy and electricity

7 Prices End-use prices by fuel an sector

8 Security Net energy import dependency

    Stocks of critical fuels per corresponding fuel comsumption

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Link to the ESCM

• Chapter 7

• This chapter will provide details on country practice in compilation of various energy indicators including those for sustainable energy development (…)

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Energy Indicators for Norway

• The Division for Energy Statistics at Statistics Norway is currently working on a report on energy indicators for Norway from 1990-2009

• Focus: Energy intensity and energy efficiency

• Goal of the report:– Present indicators that show the coherence between energy

consumption and economic activity in Norway, and by this indicate if the energy consumption has become more or less efficient.

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What is an energy indicator

• Energy use

• Main drivers behind energy use– GDP/value added (constant prices)– Production value (constant prices)– Population– Passenger and freight transport– Income (households)– Residence and office buildings (heated

floor area)

• Energy intensity indicators– Energy per production value, energy per

value added, energy per man-hours, energy per passenger-km etc.

Background indicators/Basic Statistics: Published regularly at most statistical offices

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Why make indicators?

• Why are indicators useful– Summarize information– Monitor trends

• Why are energy indicators useful– Link energy use to relevant activity measures – Guide policymaking and strategic decisions– Predict future development in energy use

Why is energy efficiency desirable:– Reduce the energy consumption– Reduce emission to air– Reduce energy expenditures– Increase self-sufficiency

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Energy intensity vs. energy efficiency

• Energy intensity is not the same as energy efficiency

• Energy intensity is a measure of how much energy is used compared to a relevant activity measure (for instance GDP).

• Energy intensity does not automatically say something about how efficient energy is used. The energy intensity of a country depends (among other things) on:

– The structure of the economy (industry based, service based)

– The climate (heating, cooling)

– The landscape (long stretched, compact)

Have to have this in mind when we compare indicators across countries

• For a country’s economy the change in energy intensity from one period to another can be illustrated as:

– ∆Energy intensity = ∆structure * ∆efficiency

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What is a ‘good indicator’?

• Clear goal– What is the indicator suppose to measure?– Does the indicator measure what it is supposed to measure?– Heterogeneity within a sector/industry/country need for different

indicators or complementary indicators

• Identify main users– Who will use the indicators? (authorities, the public, agencies)

• User friendly– Easy to understand– Not too many indicators

• International comparable– IEA, ODYSEE (EU), ESCM

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Data sources - overview

• Energy accounts– Total energy use, energy use for different sectors (SIC), energy use

by fuel type

• Energy balance– Energy use for transport purposes

• National accounts– GDP in constant prices, Value added in constant prices, Production

value in constant prices– Population, Income, households, persons pr households– Man-hours, Full-time equivalent

• Other data sources– Floor area– Passenger-km travel, tonne-km freight,

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(1) National Indicators

• Energy use per production value (constant prices)

• Energy use per GDP (constant prices)

• Energy use per capita

• Energy use per income

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(1) National Energy Indicators (cont.)

Energy use, Production Value and Energy use per production value. 1990-2009. Index 1990=1

-

0,50

1,00

1,50

2,00

2,50

Energy Use

Production Value(constant prices)

Energy use /Production Value(constant prices)

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(2) Energy indicators by industries

Manufacturing

Service industry

Primary industries

Construction

Energy producing industries

Energy used for transport purposes

Households (residential)

Energy Accounts

(Industries by SIC)

Energy Balance/ Surveys

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Manufacturing

• Energy use per production value (excl. and incl. energy used as feedstock)

• Energy use per physical unit produced (excl. and incl. energy used as feedstock)

Energy use per production value. Excl. energy used as feedstock. 1990-2009

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Basic metals

Basic chemicals

Pulp, paper and paperproducts

Food

Machinery, Repair,shipyard,oil plattforms

woodware

Refined petroleum,chemical and mineralproductsOther industry

Manufacuring TOTAL

Average - Norwegianeconomy

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Service sector

• Energy use per production value in constant prices

• Energy use per employed

• Energy use per man-hours

• Energy use per floor area

• Challenges:– Combine energy use and floor

area (new survey)

– Secure comparable aggregates (EA and NA)

• Improvement– Climate adjusted energy use

Variable Data source

Energy use Energy accounts

Production value National accounts

Employment National accounts

Man-hours National accounts

Floor areaSurvey on energy use in buildings in service

sector

Energy indicators for the service industry. Index 1990=1. 1990-2009

-

0,20

0,40

0,60

0,80

1,00

1,20

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Energy use/ Productionvalue

Energy use/ man-hours

Energy use/employed

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Primary industries & construction

• Energy use per production value

Primary industries and construction. Energy use per production value. 1990-2009.

-

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1 000

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Farming

Forestry

Fishing

Fish farming

Construction

Average primaryindustries

Average Norwegianeconomy

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Energy producing industries

• Energy use (excl. flaring) per production value

• Energy use (excl. flaring) per physical unit

Extraction of crude oil and natural gas. Energy use, production and energy intensities. Index 1990=1

-

0,50

1,00

1,50

2,00

2,50

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Energy use (excl.Flaring)

Physical production

Production value

Indicator 1: Energyuse/physicalproduction

Indicator 2: energyuse/production value

Indicator 3: Energy use/ value added

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Transport

• Energy intensity– Energy use per passenger-

km

– Energy use per tonne-km

• Challenges– Comparable aggregates.

– Split energy into passanger and freight transport vs. weighted index of the two transport measures

Energy use for transport purposes, passanger-km and tonnkm. 1990.2009. Index, 1990=1

-

0,50

1,00

1,50

2,00

2,50

1990 1995 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Passenger transport

Freight transport

Energy use for transport purposes

Variable Data source

Energy use Energy Balance

Passengem-kmDivision for transport statistics (survey,

calculations ,++)

Tonn-kmDivision for transport statistics (survey,

calculations ,++)

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Households

• Energy indicators– Energy use per capita– Energy use per household– Energy use per income/consumption– Energy use per (heated) floor area

• Other– Appliance ownership– Effect of heat pump

• Sources: Household survey (Energy accounts)

• Important things to considerate– Temperature– Prices

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Energy use - 3 different scenarios

Development in energy use. 3 Different Scenarios. Index 1990=1

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Energy use - Actual

(1) Only allow changes in production value

(2) Only allow changes in structure(3) Only allow changes in energy intensity

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Decomposition Analysis

• Can use a decomposition model to identify

– The activity effect – The structure effect– The intensity (efficiency) effect

• Methods available from different publications

– IEA– ODYSEE (EU)– Country practice

• Useful with a description of the methods in ESCM

– Residual term?– Easy & ‘inaccurate’ vs. more

complicated and ‘accurate’.?

Illustration of decomposition of the development in energy use for the whole

economy (fictitious example)

3 %

18 %

-3 %

-10 %-15 %

-10 %

-5 %

0 %

5 %

10 %

15 %

20 %

25 %

Actual changein energy use

(1) Acitivyeffect

(2) Structureeffect

(3) Intensityeffect

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Challenges/improvements

• Secure comparable aggregates for energy use and activity measures (production value, value added, man-hours, floor area)

• Lack of good data sources on energy use in buildings– But lot of effort put into this area

A new sample survey Energy labelling of buildings

• Climate adjusted energy use

• Moving average instead of annual numbers– Avoid the problem of one extreme basis year influencing the per

cent change for the period as a whole

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Work being done on energy indicators

• IEA – Collection of country practice– Database– Publications

• Eurostat– Publications

• ODYSSEE – network– Database– Publications

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Previous presentations on Energy Indicators by Oslo Group Members• Energy indicators: Objective, methods and results by Peter Dal, Denmark (Oslo, 2006)

– http://og.ssb.no/ogmeetings/firstmeeting/agendafirstmeeting

• Indicators for Sustainable Energy Development in Mexico by Roberto Lopez, Mexico (Oslo 2006)

– http://og.ssb.no/ogmeetings/firstmeeting/agendafirstmeeting

• Energy efficiency indicators by Chris Bryant, United Kingdom(Oslo 2006)

– http://og.ssb.no/ogmeetings/firstmeeting/agendafirstmeeting

• Monitoring Energy efficiency in Poland by Szymon Peryt, Poland presented (Delhi, India 2007)

– http://og.ssb.no/escmmainpage/countrypractises/poland_new_delhi.ppt/file_view?portal_status_message=File%20changes%20saved.

• Introduction to Energy Efficiency Indicators by Jean-Yves Garnier, IEA (Mexico, 2008)

– http://unstats.un.org/unsd/energy/Workshops/mexico2008/Presentations/Session%207%20-%20Energy-Efficiency-Indicators%20IEA.pdf

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Thank you for your attention

For more information about energy statistics in Norway, visit:

http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/01/03/10/energi_en/