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11th Joint UNECE/Eurostat/OECD Seminar on Business
Registers
Valentín Llorente García (INE - Spain)
Session 3: Business Register as a source for further development of business demography statistics. Luxembourg, 7 October 2009
Uses of Business Register in the context of Business
Demography: the Spanish experience
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Uses of Business Register in the context of Business Demography: the Spanish
experience
Several issues arisen from Business Demography perspective.
- Part one: Uses of Business Register; general overview
- Part two: Business Demography- Part three: Employers Demography- Part four: High-Growth Enterprises and
Gazelles- Part five: Firm Growth Project
11th Joint UNECE/Eurostat/OECD Seminar on Business Registers
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1. CONTEXT
•Nowadays, the role of Business Register (BR) as source of statistical information is becoming more relevant. But users needs are not only focussed on figures related to a point in time; they search also for indicators showing the evolution of entrepreneurship frame.
•Business Register department at Spanish National Statistical Institute (INE) has developed works in order to be available several kinds of statistical information:
Standard statistical data (Website of INE)
Tailored data- Institutional users (Civil Services, Local Governments, Chamber of Commerce, Central Bank, Directorate for Small and Medium Enterprises)- Private firms, Foundations, Individual users, …
Specialized economic analyses- Business Demography- Employers Demography and High-Growth Enterprises- Firm Growth Project
Part one: Uses of Business Register; general overview
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2. OVERALL VIEW ON THE PROCEDURE TO EXTRACT INFORMATION
•Business Register is subjected to a process of statistical analysis by applying international methodology, and particularly:
Computer procedures combined with manual checks mainly focussed on big companies.
Delimitation of target sub-populations paying attention to harmonized methodological definitions.
Making-up of data tables according to requirements specified in each project.
Part one: Uses of Business Register; general overview
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STATISTICAL UNIT
•The statistical unit to be used for Business Demography data collections is the enterprise defined as follows: ‘The enterprise is the smallest combination of legal units that is an organisational unit producing goods or services, which benefits from a certain degree of autonomy in decision-making, especially for the allocation of its current resources. An enterprise carries out one or more activities at one or more locations. An enterprise may be a sole legal unit.’
POPULATION OF ACTIVE ENTERPRISES (N)
•The population of active enterprises including all employers and non-employers (N) consists of all enterprises that had either turnover or employment at any time during the reference period.
Part two: Business Demography1. Methodology
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ENTERPRISE BIRTHS (R)
•The enterprise births (population R) are covering all enterprises, regardless of whether they are employers or not. Enterprise births are defined as follows: ‘A count of the number of births of enterprises registered to the population concerned in the business register corrected for errors. A birth amounts to the creation of a combination of production factors with the restriction that no other enterprises are involved in the event. Births do not include entries into the population due to: mergers, break-ups, split-off or restructuring of a set of enterprises. It does not include entries into a sub-population resulting only from a change of activity.’
Part two: Business Demography1. Methodology
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SURVIVAL OF NEWLY BORN ENTERPRISES
•The survival of an enterprise is defined in the following way:
An enterprise born in year xx or having survived to year xx from a previous year is considered to have survived in year xx+1 if it is active in terms of turnover and/or employment in any part of year xx+1 (=survival without changes).
An enterprise is also considered to have survived if the linked legal unit(s) have ceased to be active, but their activity has been taken over by a new legal unit set up specifically to take over the factors of production of that enterprise (=survival by take-over).
Part two: Business Demography1. Methodology
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ENTERPRISE DEATHS (D)
•The enterprise deaths (population D) are covering all enterprises, regardless of whether they are employers or not. Enterprise deaths are defined as follows: ‘A count of the number of deaths of enterprises registered to the population concerned in the business register corrected for errors. A death amounts to the dissolution of a combination of production factors with the restriction that no other enterprises are involved in the event. Deaths do not include exits from the population due to mergers, take-overs, break-ups and restructuring of a set of enterprises. It does not include exits from a sub-population resulting only from a change of activity.’
NOTE: All these definitions can be consulted in ‘Eurostat-OECD Manual on Business Demography Statistics’.
Part two: Business Demography1. Methodology
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Part two: Business Demography2. Spanish results: Population of active enterprises
Economic Sectors Distribution of Active Enterprises
9,35
9,16
9,13
8,99
8,70
8,30
8,00
7,60
7,25
7,05
10,88
11,27
11,93
12,42
13,42
13,73
14,37
14,88
15,06
31,38
30,64
30,18
29,56
28,90
28,17
27,54
26,53
25,50
24,74
48,38
48,94
48,76
49,03
49,50
50,12
50,73
51,50
52,37
53,14
12,91
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Percentage
Industry
Construction
Trade
Rest of the services
Economic Sectors Distribution of persons employed
23,55
23,01
22,47
21,60
20,23
19,18
18,53
17,40
16,59
16,14
12,14
12,91
13,37
13,67
14,03
14,33
14,82
15,24
15,23
22,94
22,75
21,93
21,73
21,74
21,81
21,52
21,22
20,88
20,65
41,37
41,32
42,23
43,00
44,19
44,97
45,62
46,56
47,29
47,99
13,84
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Percentage
Industry
Construction
Trade
Rest of the services
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Part two: Business Demography2. Spanish results: Population of active enterprises
Size classes Distribution of Active Enterprises
56,92
55,94
54,64
53,84
53,05
52,37
52,38
52,44
52,20
52,68
32,15
32,52
33,27
33,79
35,17
35,32
35,18
35,51
35,27
5,63
5,88
6,50
6,66
6,73
6,78
6,63
6,71
6,64
6,50
5,30
5,65
5,59
5,71
5,73
5,68
5,67
5,67
5,65
5,55
34,49
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Percentage
0 employees
1 to 4 employees
5 to 9 employees
10 or more employees
Size classes Distribution of persons employed
14,51
13,75
13,02
12,54
12,22
12,02
11,88
11,78
11,55
11,63
19,12
18,72
18,52
18,39
17,50
17,49
17,39
17,36
17,25
9,34
9,43
10,18
10,20
10,00
10,02
9,81
9,90
9,71
9,54
57,03
58,10
58,28
58,87
60,52
60,45
60,82
60,93
61,38
61,58
17,26
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Percentage
0 employees
1 to 4 employees
5 to 9 employees
10 or more employees
Legal forms Distribution of Active Enterprises
62,25
61,14
60,29
58,88
57,37
56,61
55,69
30,11
30,94
31,55
32,72
34,58
35,34
7,64
7,92
8,16
8,39
8,69
8,81
8,97
33,93
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Percentage
Sole proprietor
Limited liability company
Partnership and other legal forms
Legal forms Distribution of persons employed
21,94
21,30
21,22
20,62
20,17
19,81
19,44
66,61
66,33
66,11
66,60
67,40
67,65
11,44
12,37
12,67
12,78
12,84
12,79
12,90
66,99
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Percentage
Sole proprietor
Limited liability company
Partnership and other legal forms
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Part two: Business Demography3. Spanish results: Enterprise births
Enterprise birth rates by Economic Sectors (%)
0,00
2,00
4,00
6,00
8,00
10,00
12,00
14,00
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year of birth
Rat
e (R
/N)
Industry
Construction
Trade
Rest of the Services
TOTAL
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Part two: Business Demography3. Spanish results: Enterprise births
Enterprise birth rates by Size classes (%)
0,00
2,00
4,00
6,00
8,00
10,00
12,00
14,00
16,00
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year of birth
Rate
(R
/N)
0 employees
1 to 4 employees
5 to 9 employees
10 or more employees
TOTAL
Enterprise birth rates by Legal form
0,00
2,00
4,00
6,00
8,00
10,00
12,00
14,00
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year of birth
Rate
(R
/N)
Sole proprietor
Limited liability company
Partnership and other legal forms
TOTAL
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Part two: Business Demography3. Spanish results: Enterprise births
Impact of enterprise births on the stock of enterprises and employment (%)
0,00
2,00
4,00
6,00
8,00
10,00
12,00
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year of birth
Rat
e (R
/N)
Birth rate: newly born enterprises as a proportion of all active enterprises
Employment in newly born enterprises as a proportion of all employment
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Part two: Business Demography4. Spanish results: Survivals of newly born enterprises
Proportion of enterprises born in 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2002 surviving 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years (%)
100,00
80,26
69,78
62,04
56,60
52,10
100,00
81,86
71,05
63,82
58,05
51,81
100,00
83,28
73,74
66,05
58,22
53,30
100,00
85,83
75,59
65,30
59,34
53,60
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Survival year
Per
cen
tag
e 1999 cohort
2000 cohort
2001 cohort
2002 cohort
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Part two: Business Demography4. Spanish results: Survivals of newly born enterprises
Proportion of enterprises born in 2002 surviving 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years, Economic Sectors (%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Survival year
Perc
enta
ge
Industry
Construction
Trade
Rest of the Services
Proportion of enterprises born in 2002 surviving 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years, Size classes (%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Survival year
Perc
enta
ge
0 employees
1 to 4 employees
5 to 9 employees
10 or more employees
TOTAL
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Part two: Business Demography5. Spanish results: Enterprise deaths
Enterprise death rates by Economic Sectors (%)
0,00
2,00
4,00
6,00
8,00
10,00
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year of death
Rate
(D
/N)
Industry
Construction
Trade
Rest of the Services
TOTAL
Enterprise death rates by Size classes (%)
0,00
2,00
4,00
6,00
8,00
10,00
12,00
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year of death
Rate
(D
/N) 0 employees
1 to 4 employees
5 to 9 employees
10 or more employees
TOTAL
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Part two: Business Demography6. Spanish results: Enterprise births vs. enterprise deaths
Comparison of enterprise birth and death rates (%)
0,00
2,00
4,00
6,00
8,00
10,00
12,00
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year of birth/death
Rate
s [
(R/N
) vs (
D/N
)]
Enterprise birth rates
Enterprise death rates
Net rates
Share of employment in enterprise births and deaths (%)
0,00
1,00
2,00
3,00
4,00
5,00
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year of birth/death
Percen
tag
e
Births
Deaths
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STATISTICAL UNIT
•Again the statistical unit to be used for Employers Demography is the enterprise, but in this case a threshold of 1 employee should be reached.
POPULATION OF ACTIVE EMPLOYERS ENTERPRISES (N1)
•The population of active employers enterprises (N1) consists of all enterprises with 1 or more employees on the annual average in head counts over their operating period.
EMPLOYER ENTERPRISE BIRTHS (R1)
•There are two conditions which qualify an enterprise as an employer birth:
1. It was an enterprise birth in year xx, and had at least one employee in the year of birth, or
2. It existed before year xx, was not an employer for the two previous years and had at least one employee in year xx (entry by growth). The growth should not be due to the take-over of another enterprise with employees.
Part three: Employers Demography1. Methodology
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SURVIVAL OF NEWLY BORN EMPLOYER ENTERPRISES, two possibilities:
An employer enterprise born in year xx or having survived as employer to year xx from a previous year is considered to have survived in year xx+1 if it has one or more employees in year xx+1 (=survival without changes).
An employer enterprise is also considered to have survived if the linked legal unit(s) have ceased to be active, but their activity has been taken over by a new legal unit set up specifically to take over the factors of production of that enterprise, employees included (=survival by take-over).
EMPLOYER ENTERPRISE DEATHS (D1)
•There are two conditions which qualify an enterprise as an employer death:
1. It was an enterprise death in year xx, and had at least one employee in the year of death, or
2. It had at least one employee in year xx, continued activity but was not an employer for the two following years (exit by decline). The decline in employment should not be due to a split-off.
Part three: Employers Demography1. Methodology
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Part three: Employers Demography2. Spanish results: Population of Active Employer Enterprises
Economic Sectors Distribution of Active Employer Enterprises
11,29
10,85
10,24
15,18
16,00
16,51
27,64
27,48
26,72
45,89
45,68
46,53
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
2004
2005
2006
Percentage
Industry
Construction
Trade
Rest of the services
Economic Sectors Distribution of persons employed in Employer Enterprises
20,38
19,87
18,90
14,37
15,41
15,80
19,95
20,59
20,41
45,30
44,13
44,88
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
2004
2005
2006
Percentage
Industry
Construction
Trade
Rest of the services
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Part three: Employers Demography2. Spanish results: Population of Active Employer Enterprises
Size classes Distribution of Active Employer Enterprises
74,17
74,25
74,57
13,93
14,08
13,86
11,90
11,67
11,57
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
2004
2005
2006
Percentage
1 to 4 employees
5 to 9 employees
10 or more employees
Size classes Distribution of persons employed in Employer Enterprises
19,85
20,29
20,20
11,13
11,45
11,20
69,02
68,26
68,60
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
2004
2005
2006
Percentage
1 to 4 employees
5 to 9 employees
10 or more employees
Legal forms Distribution of Active Employer Enterprises
39,17
39,23
52,67
52,76
8,16
8,01
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
2005
2006
Percentage
Sole proprietor
Limited liability company
Partnership and other legal forms
Legal forms Distribution of persons employed in Employer Enterprises
13,45
13,33
77,17
77,38
9,38
9,30
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
2005
2006
Percentage
Sole proprietor
Limited liability company
Partnership and other legal forms
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Part three: Employers Demography3. Spanish results: Employer Enterprise births
Comparison of enterprise and employer enterprise birth rates, Total (%)
0,00
4,00
8,00
12,00
16,00
2004 2005 2006
Year of birth
Rates
Enterprise birth rates Employer enterprise birth rates
Comparison of enterprise and employer enterprise birth rates, Industry (%)
0,00
4,00
8,00
12,00
16,00
2004 2005 2006
Year of birth
Rat
es
Enterprise birth rates Employer enterprise birth rates
Comparison of enterprise and employer enterprise birth rates, Construction (%)
0,00
4,00
8,00
12,00
16,00
2004 2005 2006
Year of birth
Rat
es
Enterprise birth rates Employer enterprise birth rates
Comparison of enterprise and employer enterprise birth rates, Trade (%)
0,00
4,00
8,00
12,00
16,00
2004 2005 2006
Year of birth
Rat
es
Enterprise birth rates Employer enterprise birth rates
Comparison of enterprise and employer enterprise birth rates, Rest of the Services (%)
0,00
4,00
8,00
12,00
16,00
2004 2005 2006
Year of birth
Rat
es
Enterprise birth rates Employer enterprise birth rates
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Part three: Employers Demography3. Spanish results: Employer Enterprise births
Comparison of enterprise and employer enterprise birth rates, enterprises with 1 to 4 employees (%)
0,00
4,00
8,00
12,00
16,00
2004 2005 2006
Year of birth
Rat
es
Enterprise birth rates Employer enterprise birth rates
Comparison of enterprise and employer enterprise birth rates, enterprises with 5 to 9 employees (%)
0,00
4,00
8,00
12,00
16,00
2004 2005 2006
Year of birth
Rates
Enterprise birth rates Employer enterprise birth rates
Comparison of enterprise and employer enterprise birth rates, enterprises with 10 or more employees (%)
0,00
4,00
8,00
12,00
16,00
2004 2005 2006
Year of birth
Rates
Enterprise birth rates Employer enterprise birth rates
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Part three: Employers Demography4. Spanish results: Survivals of newly born Employer Enterprises
Proportion of enterprises born in 2004 surviving 1 and 2 years (%)
100,00
84,51
75,25
100,00
81,59
71,11
0,00
20,00
40,00
60,00
80,00
100,00
2004 2005 2006
Survival year
Perc
enta
ge All enterprises
Employer enterprises
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Part three: Employers Demography4. Spanish results: Survivals of newly born enterprises
Proportion of employer enterprises born in 2004 surviving 1 and 2 years, Size classes (%)
0,00
20,00
40,00
60,00
80,00
100,00
2004 2005 2006
Survival year
Perce
ntage
1 to 4 employees
5 to 9 employees
10 or more employees
TOTAL
Proportion of all enterprises born in 2004 surviving 1 and 2 years, Size classes (%)
0,00
20,00
40,00
60,00
80,00
100,00
2004 2005 2006
Survival year
Perce
ntage
0 employees
1 to 4 employees
5 to 9 employees
10 or more employees
TOTAL
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Part three: Employers Demography5. Spanish results: Employer Enterprise deaths
Comparison of enterprise and employer enterprise death rates, Total (%)
0,002,004,006,008,00
10,00
2004 2005
Year of death
Rates
Enterprise death rates Employer enterprise death rates
Comparison of enterprise and employer enterprise death rates, Industry (%)
0,002,004,006,008,00
10,00
2004 2005
Year of death
Rat
es
Enterprise death rates Employer enterprise death rates
Comparison of enterprise and employer enterprise death rates, Construction (%)
0,002,004,006,008,00
10,00
2004 2005
Year of death
Rat
es
Enterprise death rates Employer enterprise death rates
Comparison of enterprise and employer enterprise death rates, Trade (%)
0,002,004,006,008,00
10,00
2004 2005
Year of death
Rat
es
Enterprise death rates Employer enterprise death rates
Comparison of enterprise and employer enterprise death rates, Rest of the Services (%)
0,002,004,006,008,00
10,00
2004 2005
Year of death
Rat
es
Enterprise death rates Employer enterprise death rates
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Part three: Employers Demography5. Spanish results: Employer Enterprise deaths
Share of employment for enterprises dead in 2004 (%)
0,00 2,00 4,00 6,00 8,00 10,00
0 employees
1 to 4employees
5 to 9employees
10 or moreemployees
TOTAL
Percentage
Employer enterprises
All enterprises
Share of employment for enterprises dead in 2005 (%)
0,00 2,00 4,00 6,00 8,00 10,00
0 employees
1 to 4employees
5 to 9employees
10 or moreemployees
TOTAL
Percentage
Employer enterprises
All enterprises
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Part three: Employers Demography6. Spanish results: Employer Enterprise births vs. deaths
Comparison of employer enterprise birth and death rates (%)
0,00
2,00
4,00
6,00
8,00
10,00
12,00
14,00
2004 2005
Year of birth/death
Employer enterprise birth rates
Employer enterprise death rates
Net rates, Employer Enterprise Demography (%)
3,74 3,67
2,78
4,30
0,00
1,00
2,00
3,00
4,00
5,00
2004 2005
Year of birth/death
All enterprises
Employer enterprises
Share of employment in employer enterprise births and deaths (%)
0,00
1,00
2,00
3,00
4,00
5,00
2004 2005
Year of birth/death
Perc
en
tag
e
Employer enterprise births
Employer enterprise deaths
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Part four: High-Growth Enterprises and Gazelles1. Sensitivity Analysis. Growth period 2002-2005.
Total of high-growth enterprises and gazelles by growth rate, all size classes considered
159371
140683
131467
55594
43148
33141 30246 28612
14438 11546
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
15% 20% 25% 30% 40%
Growth rate
Un
its H-G Enterp.
Gazelles
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Part four: High-Growth Enterprises and Gazelles1. Sensitivity Analysis. Growth period 2002-2005.
Size classes distribution of high-growth enterprises, percentage in each growth rate
54,17
61,37
65,67
53,75
69,25
26,38
24,84
24,51
30,72
20,56
10,55
7,63
5,54
8,51
5,41
8,89
6,16
4,28
7,02
4,78
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
15%
20%
25%
30%
40%
Grow
th ra
te
Percentage
1
2-4
5-9
10+
Size classes distribution of gazelles, percentage in each growth rate
53,78
58,93
62,29
52,42
65,56
28,89
27,44
27,07
32,63
23,79
10,98
8,67
6,79
9,25
6,40
6,35
4,97
3,86
5,70
4,25
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
15%
20%
25%
30%
40%
Grow
th rat
e
Percentage
1
2-4
5-9
10+
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Part four: High-Growth Enterprises and Gazelles1. Sensitivity Analysis. Growth period 2002-2005.
Confidential cells and zero values in H-G Enterp. as percentage over total cells,
by growth rate
7,14
9,07
11,81
15,66
22,25
4,12
6,877,42
8,79 8,79
1,65 1,922,47
3,02
6,87
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
15% 20% 25% 30% 40%
Growth rate
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Primary confidentiality
Secondary confidentiality
Zero value
Number of cells=364
Percentage of confidential cells and zero values in H-G Enterp. with 10 or more employees,
by growth rate
9,13
13,46
17,31
23,56
33,17
5,29
10,58 10,10 10,58 10,10
1,44 1,922,88
3,37
11,06
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
35,00
15% 20% 25% 30% 40%
Growth rate
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Primary confidentiality
Secondary confidentiality
Zero value
Number of cells=208
Confidential cells and zero values in gazelles as percentage over total cells, by growth rate
15,93
20,33
21,43
25,55
23,63
10,16 9,89
10,99
9,62 9,899,8910,71
13,4614,29
23,08
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
15% 20% 25% 30% 40%
Growth rate
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Primary confidentiality
Secondary confidentiality
Zero value
Number of cells=364
Percentage of confidential cells and zero values in gazelles with 10 or more employees, by growth rate
24,04
32,2133,65
37,98
30,77
11,5410,58
9,13
7,21
5,29
13,9414,90
21,6323,08
40,87
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
35,00
40,00
45,00
15% 20% 25% 30% 40%
Growth rate
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Primary confidentiality
Secondary confidentiality
Zero value
Number of cells=208
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HIGH-GROWTH ENTERPRISES
•High-growth enterprises as measured by employment (or by turnover) are all enterprises with average annualised growth in employees (or in turnover) greater than 20% per annum, over a three-year period, and with ten or more employees at the beginning of the observation period.
GAZELLES
•Gazelle enterprises are a subset of high-growth enterprises; they are the high-growth enterprises born five years or less before the end of the three-year observation period.
•In other words, measured in terms of employment (or of turnover) gazelles are enterprises which have been employers for a period of up to five years, with average annualised growth in employees (or in turnover) greater than 20% per annum over a three-year period and with ten or more employees at the beginning of the observation period.
Part four: High-Growth Enterprises and Gazelles2. Methodology
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Part four: High-Growth Enterprises and Gazelles3. Spanish results (Employment definition)
Total of high-growth enterprises and gazelles by growth period
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
2002-2005 2003-2006
Growth period
Units
High-growth enterprises
Gazelles
Share of high-growth enterprises and gazelles (employment definition), as a percentage of all enterprises with ten employees or more (%)
0,00
2,00
4,00
6,00
8,00
2002 2003
Initial year of the growth periodPer
centage
High-growth enterprises Gazelles
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Part four: High-Growth Enterprises and Gazelles3. Spanish results (employment definition)
Economic Sectors Distribution of High-Growth Enterprises
16,52
14,70
27,98
28,23
17,29
15,45
38,21
41,63
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
2002-2005
2003-2006
Percentage
Industry
Construction
Trade
Rest of the Services
Economic Sectors Distribution of Gazelles
14,63
11,95
35,98
40,40
11,38
9,14
38,01
38,51
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
2002-2005
2003-2006
Percentage
Industry
Construction
Trade
Rest of the Services
Legal forms Distribution of High-Growth Enterprises
2,52
2,03
93,67
94,07
3,82
3,90
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
2002-2005
2003-2006
Percentage
Sole proprietor
Limited liability company
Partnership and other legal forms
Legal forms Distribution of Gazelles
1,29
1,17
96,07
96,15
2,64
2,68
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
2002-2005
2003-2006
Percentage
Sole proprietor
Limited liability company
Partnership and other legal forms
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BACKGROUND
The overall aim of this project is to develop relevant, internationally comparable indicators for measuring firms’ growth using business register data. Danish institution FORA has engaged in a partnership with the UK-based National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts (NESTA) in order to develop this project.
IDEA AND PROJECT OUTLINE
The main idea of the Firm Growth Project is to create indicators that place firms in 11 different growth intervals, such that it will be possible to produce distribution curves that are easily comparable across countries. The indicators would be broken down by age, size class and by sector, although in the Spanish case the variable firm’s age was not possible to apply. Additional statistics on firms’ contribution to job creation would also be coupled to the firms within the different intervals.
THE INDICATORS
The indicators developed in the firm growth project would be an extension of the indicators created in the EUROSTAT-OECD Manual on Business Demography Statistics, where high-growth enterprises are defined.
Part five: Firm Growth Project1. Methodology
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The firm growth project takes as a starting point the definition of high-growth enterprises but goes further in identifying all firms’ growth, using 11 different growth intervals (numbered 1 to 11) as shown in the Table below.
Part five: Firm Growth Project1. Methodology
Table 1: Growth intervals, annual percentage growth
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
]--20[ [-20;-15[ [-15;-10[ [-10;-5[ [-5;-1[ [-1;1[ [1;5[ [5;10[ [10;15[ [15;20[ [20; [ This gives rise to the following definition of growth measure as it is
applied in the Spanish case: The indicators of the firms growth project measure the distribution of firm growth for all employer enterprises over a 3 years period. Growth is measured by the number of employees and data is broken down by size class and sector.
The indicator measure the number of firms that fulfil the given requirements.
POPULATION
The population consists of active employer enterprises (with at least one employee) that have survived during the measurement period from 2002 to 2005. It is required that the employer firms have had at least one employee both in period t (2005) and t-i (2002).
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Part five: Firm Growth Project2. Spanish results
Firm Growth Distribution by growth intervals
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
35,00
40,00
45,00
Growth bracket
Percen
tag
e o
f f
irm
s
Firm Growth Distribution by growth intervals
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
35,00
40,00
45,00
below -20%
-20%, -10% -10%, -1% -1%, 1% 1%, 10% 10%, 20% above20%
Growth bracket
Perc
en
tag
e o
f fi
rms
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Part five: Firm Growth Project2. Spanish results
Firm Growth Distribution by growth intervals, enterprises with 1 to 9 employees
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
35,00
40,00
45,00
50,00
below-20%
-20%, -15%
-15%, -10%
-10%, -5%
-5%, -1%
-1%,1%
1%, 5% 5%,10%
10%,15%
15%,20%
above20%
Growth bracket
Per
cent
age
of fi
rms
Firm Growth Distribution by growth intervals, enterprises with 1 to 9 employees
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
35,00
40,00
45,00
50,00
below -20%
-20%, -10% -10%, -1% -1%, 1% 1%, 10% 10%, 20% above20%
Growth bracket
Per
cen
tag
e o
f fi
rms
Firm Growth Distribution by growth intervals, enterprises with 10 or more empoyees
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
35,00
40,00
45,00
50,00
below-20%
-20%, -15%
-15%, -10%
-10%, -5%
-5%, -1%
-1%,1%
1%, 5% 5%,10%
10%,15%
15%,20%
above20%
Growth bracket
Per
cent
age
of fi
rms
Firm Growth Distribution by growth intervals, enterprises with 10 or more employees
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
35,00
40,00
45,00
50,00
below -20%
-20%, -10% -10%, -1% -1%, 1% 1%, 10% 10%, 20% above20%
Growth bracket
Per
cen
tag
e o
f fi
rms
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Part five: Firm Growth Project2. Spanish results
Firm Growth Distribution by growth intervals, Industry
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
35,00
40,00
45,00
50,00
below -20%
-20%, -10% -10%, -1% -1%, 1% 1%, 10% 10%, 20% above20%
Growth bracket
Per
cen
tag
e o
f fi
rms
Firm Growth Distribution by growth intervals, Construction
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
35,00
40,00
45,00
50,00
below -20%
-20%, -10% -10%, -1% -1%, 1% 1%, 10% 10%, 20% above20%
Growth bracket
Per
cen
tag
e o
f fir
ms
Firm Growth Distribution by growth intervals, Trade
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
35,00
40,00
45,00
50,00
below -20%
-20%, -10% -10%, -1% -1%, 1% 1%, 10% 10%, 20% above20%
Growth bracket
Per
cen
tag
e o
f fir
ms
Firm Growth Distribution by growth intervals, H to K Sections
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
35,00
40,00
45,00
50,00
below -20%
-20%, -10% -10%, -1% -1%, 1% 1%, 10% 10%, 20% above20%
Growth bracket
Per
cen
tag
e o
f fir
ms
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11th Joint UNECE/Eurostat/OECD Seminar on Business
Registers
Session 3: Business Register as a source for further development of business demography statistics. Luxembourg, 7 October 2009
Uses of Business Register in the context of Business
Demography: the Spanish experience
