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PresentationSafety Health impacts
Carbon monoxideParticulate Matter (PM)
Wood stoves
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SafetyPerform regular maintenanceAvoid installing unvented (or "vent-free”) heating
appliancesConsider using only sealed-combustion, induced draft, or
power-vented furnaces, boilers, and water heatersFor gas range, use properly sized range hood fanAfter installation of combustion and/or ventilation
equipment, test for proper functioningVent clothes dryers to outsideInstall a carbon monoxide alarm (state law)
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Silent Killer: Carbon Monoxide (CO)
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Combustion-Appliance Backdrafting
DepressurizationExhaust ventsWind
Pulls air back down chimney or flue
www.epa.gov/iaq/homes/hip-backdrafting.html
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CO Levels (General Guidelines)
0-9 ppm No significant health risk 35-50 ppm Exposure – chronic: headaches, nausea,
tired
Most Detectors Start Alarming 50-70 ppm Exposure - 2-3 hours: flu-like symptoms,
headache, nausea
70-200 ppm Exposure - 1 hour: dizziness, fatigue, vomiting
200-800 ppm Exposure – Minutes: unconsciousness, brain damage, DEATH
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How CO attacks… Red blood cells
prefer CO to oxygen If enough CO in air,
CO replaces oxygen in blood
Blocks oxygen from getting into body, damaging tissues and potentially causing death
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Common Sources of CO Blocked flue, chimney, vent pipes Rusted/cracked furnace heat exchanger Idling engine in attached garage Back-drafting, spillage Mal-adjusted fuel-fired space heater Unvented use of BBQ/charcoal indoors Gas stoves and ranges, water heaters Outdoor combustion exhaust near
door/vent/window
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Particulate Matter (PM)Eye, nose, throat, lung irritation
Bronchitis, allergies, asthma, respiratory and ear infections, cardiovascular conditions…
Sooting from appliancesGhosting on walls/ceilingWhat is adhered-to particle?
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Wood Stoves are a Source of PMWood stove changeouts (ambient and indoor)Filtration units (indoor)Best-burn practices (ambient and indoor).Wood banks (ambient)
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Temperature Inversions
Valley Locations
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Wood Stoves (cont.)In rural Northern Rocky Mountains of western MT,
PM2.5 is major ambient air pollution issue (especially during winter
Majority of wintertime PM2.5 comes from wood stoves (56 – 77%)
Ward T, Lange T. The impact of wood smoke on ambient PM2.5 in northern Rocky Mountain valley communities. Environ Pollut. 2010 Mar;158(3):723-9.
Wood-smoke can also be a local problem anywhere
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So, what can be done?Wood stove changeouts have
become a common tool targeting
ambient wood smoke PM2.5
A good example is Libby, MT
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Wood Stove Changeout
Old stove40-60 g smoke/hr
EPA-certified stove2-5 g smoke/hr
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Key Finding - Libby
A major woodstove change-out can be effective in
reducing ambient levels of PM2.5
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How does a wood stove changeout impact indoor air quality?
Old stove40-60 g smoke/hr
EPA-certified stove2-5 g smoke/hr
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2006/2007 Libby Residential PM2.5 Sampling Program
Sampling focused on 20 homes containing wood stoves
24-hour PM2.5 sampling
Pre-changeout period (Oct/Nov 2006)
Post-changeout (Dec 2006 – Feb 2007)
Goal of program: evaluate impact of this “intervention” on indoor air quality within home
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Libby PM2.5 Mass Results: Pre- and Post-Changeout
Pre-changeout avg PM2.5: 53.4 μg/m3 Post-changeout avg PM2.5: 15.0 μg/m3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Home 1
Home 3
Home 5
Home 6
Home 7
Home 8
Home 9
Home 1
0
Home 1
1
Home 1
2
Home 1
3
Home 1
4
Home 1
5
Home 1
7
Home 1
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Home 2
0
PM
2.5
Con
cen
trat
ion
(u
g/m
3 )
Pre Avg PM2.5
Post Avg PM2.5
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Results of Multi-Winter Residential Study
Overall reductions following the wood stove
changeout observed in 16 of 21 homes
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Nez Perce Wood Stove Changeout
Conducted during winters of 2006/2007, 2007/2008, and 2008/2009
Kamiah and Lapwai, Idaho, on Nez Perce Reservation
16 homes
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0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
160.0
180.0
200.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Home
PM
2.5
Con
cent
rati
on (
ug/m
3 )
Avg PM2.5 Pre (ug/m3)
Avg PM2.5 Post (ug/m3)
Pre-changeout avg PM2.5: 43.1 μg/m3 Post-changeout avg PM2.5: 126.0 μg/m3
~278% PM2.5
increase
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0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
160.0
180.0
200.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Home
PM
2.5
Con
cent
rati
on (
ug/m
3 )
Avg PM2.5 Pre (ug/m3)
Avg PM2.5 Post (ug/m3)
Pre-changeout avg PM2.5: 43.1 μg/m3 Post-changeout avg PM2.5: 126.0 μg/m3
~278% PM2.5
increase
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0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
Pre Post 1 Post 2
Sampling Event
PM
2.5
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
ug
/m3 )
Home 2
Home 6
Home 11
Home 13
PM2.5 Mass (µg/m3) Measured in Homes Following Outreach/Education.Ward, T.J., Boulafentis, J., Simpson, J., Hester, C., Moliga, T., Warden, K., and Noonan, C.W., 2011. Results of the Nez Perce woodstove changeout program, Science of the Total Environment, 409, 664-670.
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Wood Stove Changeouts
Effective in reducing ambient PM2.5
Expensive (~$1500 - $4500)Learning curve for occupantsResults can be variable for indoor air
32True HEPA Filters 99.97% Removal
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Randomized Trial for Indoor Smoke (ARTIS)
5-year, NIEHS-funded study
Primary aim of study: assess impact on quality of life among asthmatic children following interventions that reduce in-home wood smoke PM exposures
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Preliminary Results of ARTIS Interventions
59% Reduction
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Use of Best-Burn PracticesEducation coupled with use of inexpensive tools
Burn at proper temperatures (thermometer)
270-460 °F is optimal
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Use of Best-Burn Practices (cont.)Burn dry, seasoned wood (moisture meter)
<20% moisture is optimal
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Use of Best-Burn Practices (cont.)
Don’t burn trash, etc.Stove maintenance (ash cleaning, clean out chimneys,
etc.)
EPA Burn Wise Programhttp://www.epa.gov/burnwise/
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Summary – ChangeoutsWood stoves are a significant source of PM2.5 in
both ambient and indoor environments
Wood stove changeouts can be effective in
reducing ambient wintertime PM2.5 – results are
more variable indoors
Changeouts are expensive
Training and education on new stoves essential
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Summary – Filtration Units
Filtration units are consistently effective in improving indoor
air in homes with wood stoves
Improves indoor air quality by ~60%, but does nothing for
outdoors
Electricity costs are a concern and units can be noisy
Require regular filter change-outs
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Summary – Burning Practices
Best-burn practices are inexpensive and sustainable strategies
Education, outreach, and training are critical
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Summary – Other Considerations
Each intervention should be culturally and regionally appropriate
Interventions need to be sustainable