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Refresher CourseFor

J2J/GHC FellowsWashington, D.C.

June 9, 2011 Bob Meyers, NPF & J2J

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Why are we doing this?To make sure that all J2J participants in the GHC

conference are on a level playing field, with all other journalists.

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Medicine Public Health

• Primary focus on individual

• Diagnosis & treatment • Medical care• Social sciences as an

elective part of PH education

• Laboratory & bedside

• Primary focus on population• Emphasis on prevention• Interventions aimed at

environment, behavior, lifestyle, medical care

• Social science as an integral part of PH education

• Laboratory & field work

• (after H. Fineberg, 1990)

Some definitions

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Some basic definitions

• HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus• AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome• Medicine – a focus on the individual• Public health – a focus on populations • Incidence – the number of new cases arising in

a given population in a given time• Prevalence – the proportion of people with HIV

at a specific point in time; expressed as a %.

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Some basic definitions

• HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus• AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome• Medicine – a focus on the individual• Public health – a focus on populations • Incidence – the number of new cases arising in

a given population in a given time• Prevalence – the proportion of people with HIV

at a specific point in time; expressed as a %.

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Some basic definitions

• HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus• AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome• Medicine – a focus on the individual• Public health – a focus on populations • Incidence – the number of new cases arising in

a given population in a given time• Prevalence – the proportion of people with HIV

at a specific point in time; expressed as a %.

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Leading Causes of Death In the United States

In the Year 1900

• Influenza

• Pneumonia

• Tuberculosis

• Gastritis

• Heart Disease

• Cerebrovascular Diseases

• Chronic Nephritis

• Accidents

• Cancer and other Malignant Tumors

• Early Infancy Diseases

• Diphtheria

In the Year 2000

• Tobacco• Poor Diet and Physical

Inactivity• Alcohol Consumption• Microbial Agents• Toxic Agents• Motor Vehicle Crashes• Incidents involving Firearms• Sexual Behaviors• Illicit Use of Drugs

Some Causes of Disease

They all make good stories

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Environment

Water

Malaria

Tuberculosis（肺结核）

Prevalence of TB, Malaria, and HIV/AIDS in China, 1996-2004

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10

15

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1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Per

cen

tag

e o

f al

l dis

ease

cas

es

HIV/AIDS艾 滋 病

Malaria疟 疾

Tuberculosis肺 结 核

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Slide courtesy of Anthony S. Fauci, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

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A very informal way of looking at HIV transmission

…

• You have to do something

• Or have something done to you

• To contract HIV

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But that’s not true with Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) …

• Tuberculosis

• Lung Disease

• Cancers

• Diseases of poverty & the environment

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All People Are Vulnerable

• Women– Especially in male-dominant cultures– In war zones– Sex workers– Economically challenged

• Children– students

• Medical workers

Pregnant & vulnerable people（孕妇和易受伤人群）

Childrenat-risk

(hungry, malnourished,)冒着风险的孩子（饥饿，营养不良）

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POPULATIONS: Until we have a

vaccines or cures for many illnesses …We have to focus on

prevention

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Personal Prevention

• Vaccines

• Condoms – Male or female

• Microbicides

• Limited sexual partners

• Clean needles (HIV/AIDS)

• male circumcision, for adults

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Societal Prevention

• Developing of new drugs– Distribution of those drugs– Preventing mother-to-child transmission

• Development of Vaccines

• Elimination of Stigma

• Sterile clinical environments

• Government & industry attitudes

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To take the example of …Breast Cancer Prevention

• Diet

• Weight

• Alcohol use

• Age and number of children– Breast feeding

• Development of Vaccines

• Sterile clinical environments

• Government & industry attitudes

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Journalism Practice

Risk

Compare the risk of doing something with the risk of not doing anything– Using a birth control device with low risk VS.

getting pregnant– Switching to a meat-heavy diet VS. continuing

traditional vegetable-based meals– Drinking and driving

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Ethical Practice

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In the next four days we’re going to

look at a lot of issues, both as

journalists and as concerned citizens...

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Journalists are educators…

• We research difficult situations

• We show people what we have learned

• We give them information– so they can improve their lives– so they can improve society

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Because we are educators, and with any disease,

given …

• The size of the epidemic

• The potential for its growth

• The impact on society

• The impact on people

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And the fact that print, or broadcast & online

journalists cover everything from ….

• Poor people• Rich people• National defense

• Marginalized populations

• Sex workers• Our country’s future

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Then I think we can educate many

segments of the population about what

we know.

And I think that is why we came here …

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Resources

• Globalhealthfacts.org

• Who.org

• Paho.org

• Nationalpress.org

• Theunion.org

• Unaids.org

• Stoptb.org

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Thank you!

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Acknowledgements

• Mark Schoofs, The Wall Street Journal• Anthony S. Fauci & Greg Folkers, National

Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases• Bruce D. Walker & Marylyn Addo,

Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Partners AIDS Research Center

• Timothy Schacker, University of Minnesota• Laurie Garrett, Newsday, & Omololu Falobi,

Journalists Against AIDS Nigeria• Howard Hughes Medical Institute