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Nervous SystemNervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)(involuntary)
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)(involuntary)
Somatic nervous System (voluntary)
Somatic nervous System (voluntary)
Sympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
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PNSPNSCNSCNS
1. Autonomic (involuntary) nervous system
2. Somatic (voluntary) nervous system
4StimulusStimulus
Sensory System
CNS
Motor System (neurone)Somatic system
(voluntary)
Autonomic system
(involuntary)
Striated muscle Smooth muscle & glands
Effe ctor
ResponseResponse
(Brain / spinal cord)
(neurone)
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Brain protected by cranium
Spinal cord by vertebral column
Brain protected by cranium
Spinal cord by vertebral column
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Cerebro-spinal fluid: supplies oxygen & nutrients; absorbs shock; maintain shape & prevent collapse
Cerebro-spinal fluid: supplies oxygen & nutrients; absorbs shock; maintain shape & prevent collapse
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Hypo thalamus
1b 1c 1e1e
1e
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1. Numerous convolution - more neurones
2. Voluntary function
3. Left half controls the right side of body while right half controls the left side of body
4. Right hemisphere – spatial & musical sense
5. Left hemisphere – mathematical & language
1. Numerous convolution - more neurones
2. Voluntary function
3. Left half controls the right side of body while right half controls the left side of body
4. Right hemisphere – spatial & musical sense
5. Left hemisphere – mathematical & language
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11Degree of representation of the different muscles of the body in the motor cortex
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1. Sensory areas – receive impulse form different receptors.
2. Motor areas – send out impulse to different effectors
3. Association areas - integrating, interpreting and storing information, memory, learning , reasoning & intelligence
1. Sensory areas – receive impulse form different receptors.
2. Motor areas – send out impulse to different effectors
3. Association areas - integrating, interpreting and storing information, memory, learning , reasoning & intelligence
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CerebellumMedulla
oblongata
Cerebrum
Pituitary gland
Spinal cord
Ventricle
Hypothalamus
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1. Made of 2 cerebellar hemispheres
2. Right half control left side and left half control right side
3. Coordinate (but not initiate) muscle contraction (voluntary) and maintain balance & posture (involuntary)
4. Well developed in fast moving animals (e.g birds & fishes)
151. Main control centre for autonomic nervous system (e.g. heartbeat, blood pressure)
2. Receives impulse from internal organ and relays to effector (via medulla and spinal)
3. Monitor hormone (e.g. thyroxine), metabolite (e.g. CO2) & body temperature
4. Linkage of nervous & hormonal system
Hypo thalamus
161. Control unconscious &
involuntary actions (influenced by impulses from hypothalamus)
2. Brain reflex centre to regulate autonomic activities (heart rate, blood pressure, ventilation, swallowing, salivation, sneezing, vomiting and coughing).
3. Contains chemoreceptors (e.g. pH)
1. Control unconscious & involuntary actions (influenced by impulses from hypothalamus)
2. Brain reflex centre to regulate autonomic activities (heart rate, blood pressure, ventilation, swallowing, salivation, sneezing, vomiting and coughing).
3. Contains chemoreceptors (e.g. pH)
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1.Coordinating centre for involuntary reflex action
2.Provide pathway for transmitting impulse to and from the brain that controls voluntary actions
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PNSPNSCNSCNS
1. Autonomic (involuntary) nervous system
2. Somatic (voluntary) nervous system
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(2) Somatic Nervous System of PNS (voluntary)
(1) Autonomic Nervous System of PNS (involuntary)
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1. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System
2. Automatic and involuntary control
3. Control all internal organs (glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle)
4. 2 systems act antagonistically to maintain a steady internal environment
5. Motor neurones connect CNS to motor organ
1. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System
2. Automatic and involuntary control
3. Control all internal organs (glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle)
4. 2 systems act antagonistically to maintain a steady internal environment
5. Motor neurones connect CNS to motor organ
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Neurotransmitter = noradrenalin
Widespread effect
Withstand stress / emergency
adrenalin
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Neurotransmitter = acetylocholine
Effect localized & individual
Opposite to sympathetic
Maintain steady state
Neurotransmitter = acetylocholine
Effect localized & individual
Opposite to sympathetic
Maintain steady state
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27Brain + lower part of spinal
Middle part of spinal
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Features Sympathetic Parasympathetic
(1) Fibre from Thoracic, lumbar
Cranial, sacral
(2) Neurotransmitter Noradrenalin Acetylcholine
(3) For Stressful Non-stressful
(4) Effect widespread localized
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1. Spinal reflex: spinal cord; Cranial reflex: brain
2. Inborn, stereotyped, rapid, automatic
3. Unconscious & involuntary (not involve cerebrum)
4. Cannot prevent nor modify
5. Instinctive behaviour & immediate protection
1. Spinal reflex: spinal cord; Cranial reflex: brain
2. Inborn, stereotyped, rapid, automatic
3. Unconscious & involuntary (not involve cerebrum)
4. Cannot prevent nor modify
5. Instinctive behaviour & immediate protection
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(1) Stimulus(1) Stimulus
(2) Receptor(2) Receptor
(3) CNS (spinal cord)(3) CNS (spinal cord)
(4) Effector(4) Effector
(5) Response(5) Response
sensory neurone
motor neurone
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b
c e
d
g
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b
c
ed
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1. Acquired (not inherited) through training or learning.
2. Replace a normal stimulus by a unrelated stimulus to give same response.
3. Initial skills by voluntary; then become unconscious (conditional reflex)
4. Enable animal to modify behaviour to adapt the environment (i.e. avoid danger)
1. Acquired (not inherited) through training or learning.
2. Replace a normal stimulus by a unrelated stimulus to give same response.
3. Initial skills by voluntary; then become unconscious (conditional reflex)
4. Enable animal to modify behaviour to adapt the environment (i.e. avoid danger)
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1. Intentional & conscious by thinking & reasoning
2. Receptor Spinal cord sensory area (cerebrum)
1. Intentional & conscious by thinking & reasoning
2. Receptor Spinal cord sensory area (cerebrum)
3. Association area (cerebrum) for integration & decision.
4. Motor area (cerebrum) Motor neurone Relay Effector
3. Association area (cerebrum) for integration & decision.
4. Motor area (cerebrum) Motor neurone Relay Effector
b
c
d
d
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Reflex Action Conditional reflex Voluntary Action
(1) Inborn , instinctive
Acquired via experience / learning
Acquired via thinking / reasoning
(2) Cerebrum not involved
Cerebrum involved Cerebrum involved
(3) Involuntary & unconscious
Voluntary & less conscious
Voluntary & conscious
(4) Fast action Slow action Slow action
(5)Same stimulus same response
Unrelated stimulus same response
Same stimulus different response