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Think about…
23.1 Meaning of health and disease
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
Recall ‘Think about…’
Summary concept map
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A Hong Kong Health Index survey has recently been completed.
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It measured the health status of Hong Kong people.
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Some of the survey results:
16.1% of people have chronic diseases (長期病患 )
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40.1% of people do not exercise regularly
Some of the survey results:
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30.4% of people have had sleep problems in the past week
Some of the survey results:
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What is healthAre people without diseases considered healthy
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What are the health benefits of regular exercise
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How is healthaffected by insufficient sleep
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23.1 Meaning of health and disease
• a disease is a condition in which any body part cannot function normally
• recognized by signs (病徵 ) and symptoms (症狀 )
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What is a sign?
• can be noticed by the patient, doctor, nurse and other observers
• examples: fever and irregular heart rate
23.1Meaning of health and disease
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What is a symptom?
• can only be felt by the patient
• examples: headache and tiredness
23.1Meaning of health and disease
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Meaning of health
by World Health Organization (WHO) (世界衛生組織 ):
• a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being
23.1Meaning of health and disease
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physical
• the body parts function normally
Meaning of health23.1Meaning of health and disease
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Meaning of health
mentalphysical
• one feels good about oneself• the body parts function normally
23.1Meaning of health and disease
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Health
Meaning of health
• one gets along well with other people• one feels good about oneself• the body parts function normally
23.1Meaning of health and disease
social
mentalphysical
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.It is recognized by
1 A disease is a condition in which any body part cannot functionnormally
symptoms
signsand .
23.1Meaning of health and disease
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2 Health is a state of completemental social
23.1Meaning of health and disease
physical , and well-being.
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23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• some diseases (e.g. genetic diseases) are inborn
• many other diseases are related to the way we live (e.g. diet, exercise)
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• a balanced diet helps maintain a healthy body and provides a suitable amount of energy
Diet23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
food pyramid
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23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• deficiency in any one food substance can lead to deficiency diseases
1 Eating too little
Deficiency in Deficiency disease
Protein Kwashiorkor
Vitamin A Night blindness
Vitamin C Scurvy
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23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• deficiency in any one food substance can lead to deficiency diseases
Deficiency in Deficiency disease
Vitamin D Rickets
Calcium Rickets
Iron Anaemia
1 Eating too little
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23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• no single food can provide all food substances
people who are selective about their diets must plan their diets welle.g. vegetarians
should eat a variety of plant foods
1 Eating too little
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23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• people with anorexia nervosa refuse to eat
various deficiency diseases and even death
thin and weak
1 Eating too little
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23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• excess cholesterol (膽固醇 ) can block the arteries to the cardiac muscles
2 Eating too much
wall of artery
cholesterol
heart attack (心臟病發作 ) and stroke (中風 )
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23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• acid is produced when sugar is metabolized by oral bacteria
tooth decay (蛀牙 )
acid dissolves the enamel of teeth
2 Eating too much
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23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• some foods like salted fish have a high salt content
high blood pressure (高血壓 )
damage to the brain and kidneys
2 Eating too much
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23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• when energy input > energy output, we gain weight
obesity
heart disease, diabetes and arthritis (關節炎 )
2 Eating too much
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Exercise23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
1 Strengthen the heart and lungs• aerobic exercise (需氧運動 ) involves
contraction of large muscles
jogging swimming cycling
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Physical fitness
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23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• the heart and lungs work harder to meet the body’s increased oxygen demand
• 30 minutes of aerobic exercise daily
Exercise1 Strengthen the heart and lungs
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23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
2 Keep bones and muscles strong• strength training exercise requires
muscles to work against force or weight
increases bone density
muscles get stronger and bigger
Exercise
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23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
3 Improve suppleness• some exercise involves a range of
movement of joints
improves suppleness (柔軟性 )
less likely to have injuries or pain suffered by stiffness in joints
Exercise
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23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
4 Promote mental and social well-being• exercise stimulates endorphin (內啡肽 ) production
• endorphins reduce the feeling of pain and anxiety
Exercise
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23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• exercise enables people to gather with friends
Exercise4 Promote mental and
social well-being
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23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
5 Reduce the risk of diseases• when exercising, energy is obtained by
breaking down glycogen and fats manage body weight
and prevent obesity
Exercise
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23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• regular exercise lowers the risk of:- high blood pressure, heart disease
and stroke- osteoporosis (骨質疏鬆症 )
- diabetes
Exercise5 Reduce the risk of diseases
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• helps recover both physically and mentally
Rest23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• adults need 7–9 hours of sleep each day
• teenagers need 9.5 hours
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• during sleep, the release of growth hormone (生長激素 ) is at its peak
Rest23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• growth hormone stimulates growth
• insufficient sleep affects our alertness, judgment, reaction time, memory and mood
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• insufficient sleep also links to:
Rest23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
- high blood pressure
- diabetes- obesity
- depression (抑鬱症 )
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Rest23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• develop good rest and sleep habits:
Avoid working continuously for long hours. Take a break to recover from stress and fatigue.
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Rest23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• develop good rest and sleep habits:
Avoid heavy meals close to bedtime. Digestive processes can disturb sleep.
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Rest23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• develop good rest and sleep habits:
Maintain regular bedtime and waking time.
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Rest23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• develop good rest and sleep habits:
At bedtime, keep your bedroom dark and quiet.
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Old people need less sleep.
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
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In fact, old people have less sleep because they are more easily disturbed by light or noise than young people.
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
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• many diseases are caused by viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi, etc.
Personal hygiene23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• keeping ourselves clean can reduce the chance of catching or spreading diseases
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23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• sebum (皮脂 ) is an oily substance secreted from the skin
1 Hygiene of hair
makes the hair and skin supple• excess sebum may result in the
formation of dandruff (頭皮屑 )• hair should be washed with mild
shampoo at least twice a week
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23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• after washing, dry the hair thoroughly
• do not share combs and hats
prevent the spread of head lice (頭虱 )
• head lice suck blood from the scalp, causing itchy spots scratching may lead to
inflammation
1 Hygiene of hair
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23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• hands can pick up disease-causing agents easily
2 Hygiene of hands
• we may catch diseases when touching our eyes, nose or mouth with contaminated hands
• wash our hands frequently
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23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• our body smells when bacteria break down chemicals in the sweat
3 Hygiene of skin
• take a bath every day to reduce body odour (體臭 )
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23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• athlete’s foot (腳癬/香港腳 ) is a skin disease caused by fungi
• to prevent this: - dry the skin with a towel
after taking a bath - do not share towels,
socks and other clothes
3 Hygiene of skin
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23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• good oral hygiene reduces bad breath and prevents dental diseases
4 Oral hygiene
• good habits for oral health:
a) brush your teeth properly and regularly
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23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
b) use toothpaste containing fluoride (氟化物 )
- alkaline in nature: neutralizes the acid produced by oral bacteria
- fluoride: helps prevent tooth decay
4 Oral hygiene
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23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
- abrasive (磨料 ): removes plaque (牙菌膜 )
b) use toothpaste containing fluoride (氟化物 )
4 Oral hygiene
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23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
c) use dental floss (牙線 ) to remove plaque between teeth
d) do not eat too much sugary food and bite very hard materials
4 Oral hygiene
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23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
e) have a balanced diet with adequate calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D
f) have a dental check-up at least twice a year
4 Oral hygiene
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- tar (焦油 )
Smoking, alcohol and drug abuse
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
1 Smoking
- nicotine (尼古丁 )
- carbon monoxide
• cigarette smoke contains over 4000 chemicals:
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• tar and other chemicals may lead to cancers of the mouth, throat, stomach, pancreas and kidneys
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• responsible for 90% of lung cancer cases
i) Smoking-related diseases
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23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
number of cigarettes smoked per day
0 1-14 15-25 >25050
100150200250300
annu
al d
eath
rat
e pe
r 10
0 00
0 m
eni) Smoking-related diseases
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• tar irritates the lining of air passages
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
chronic bronchitis (慢性支氣管炎 )
- air passages are narrowed
less oxygen reaches the air sacs
i) Smoking-related diseases
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chronic bronchitis
- air passages are narrowed
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• emphysema (肺氣腫 )
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
- walls of the air sacs are broken down
- surface area for gas exchange is reduced
difficulty in breathing
i) Smoking-related diseases
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normal tissue creates large surface area with many capillaries, which are filled with RBCs (red cells)
Destruction of tissue leaves little surface area for gas exchange, few capillaries and large air space
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shortness of breath
COPD- Chronic bronchitis
-Emphysema
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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• nicotine increases heart rate and causes constriction (收縮 ) of blood vessels
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
increased risk of heart attack and other heart diseases
• carbon monoxide reduces ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen
i) Smoking-related diseases
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• nicotine is addictive
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
i) Smoking-related diseases
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• chance of miscarriage (流產 ) increases
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• babies born are smaller and lighter
ii) Effects of smoking on pregnancy
• chance of premature delivery (早產 ) increases
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• increases the risk of:
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
iii) Passive smoking (吸食「二手煙」 )
- lung cancer
- asthma (哮喘 )
- heart diseases• smoking in public areas
is banned in HK
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asthma Asthma is a chronic (long-term) lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways
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23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
2 Alcohol abuse (酗酒 )
• drinking too much alcohol or too often leads to health, work or relationship problem
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• a depressant (抑制藥 )
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
slows down the function of central nervous system
i) Immediate effects of alcohol
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23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• affects:- judgment
- physical co-ordination
• a depressant (抑制藥 )
- blurred vision
- slurred speech- loss of balance
i) Immediate effects of alcohol
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• drinking a large quantity at one time:
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
- unconsciousness
- a coma- death
i) Immediate effects of alcohol
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• drinking a large quantity over time causes addiction and other problems:
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
ii) Long-term effects of alcohol
- inflammation of stomach lining, pancreas and liver
- cirrhosis (肝硬化 )
fibrous scar tissue
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23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
- high blood pressure, heart disease and stroke
- cancers of the mouth, oesophagus and throat
ii) Long-term effects of alcohol• drinking a large quantity over time
causes addiction and other problems:
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• alcohol can pass through the placenta rapidly and harm the foetus
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
iii) Effects of alcohol on pregnancy
- miscarriage
- baby born dead
• increases the risk of:
- low birthweight
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• babies whose mothers drink heavily are more likely to have:
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
- mental retardation
- poor coordination
iii) Effects of alcohol on pregnancy
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ALCOHOL METABOLISM
Break Down and Removal
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Alcohol consumption and Health
• Alcohol is the most favourite mood-altering drug
• Effects are both pleasant and unpleasant
• alcohol is a toxic drug that produces pathological changes (cirrhosis) in liver tissue and can cause death.
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• readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract
• cannot be stored and therefore, the body must oxidize it to get rid of it.
• Alcohol can only be oxidized in the liver, where enzymes are found to initiate the process.
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Small Amounts Unmetabolized (10%)
• Sweat
• Urine
• Breath
Most of the alcohol consumed is metabolized in the liver, but the small quantity that remains unmetabolized permits alcohol concentration to be measured in
breath and urine.
85
Alcohol Metabolism
• Mainly in the Liver
• 1st liver enzymeAlcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH)-----> Acetaldehyde
• 2nd liver enzymeAcetaldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH)-----> Acetic Acid
• Acetic Acid oxidized by body organs----> CO2 + H2O
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Mitochondrion
Cellular metabolism of alcohol
EtOH
Acetaldehyde
Acetate
CytosolADHNAD+
NADH
ALDHNAD+
NADH
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Metabolism of alcohol
• A number of metabolic effects from alcohol are directly linked to the production of an excess of acetaldehyde.
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Toxicity of acetaldehyde
• acetaldehyde exerts its toxic effects by inhibiting the mitochondria reactions and functions.
• a vicious circle: a high acetaldehyde level impairs mitochondria function, metabolism of acetaldehyde to acetic acid decreases, more acetaldehyde accumulates, and causes further liver damage:
• hepatitis and cirrhosis.
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Factors affecting Absorption & Metabolism
• Food. The rate at which alcohol is absorbed depends on how quickly the stomach empties its contents into the intestine. Explain why fatty foods delay alcohol absorption.
• Gender. Women have higher BAC's after consuming the same amount of alcohol as men. Explain.
91
Factors affecting Absorption & Metabolism
• Food. The rate at which alcohol is absorbed depends on how quickly the stomach empties its contents into the intestine. Explain why fatty foods delay alcohol absorption.
• Gender. Women have higher BAC's after consuming the same amount of alcohol as men. Explain.
This is attributed to women's smaller amount of body water, thus a higher BAC for the same amount of alcohol absorbed in women than in man. An additional factor may be that women have lower activity of the alcohol metabolizing enzyme ADH in stomach.
The higher the dietary fat content, the more time food stay in stomach and the slower the process of absorption will take place.
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BAC--Blood alcohol concentration
Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) after the rapid consumption of different amounts of alcohol by eight adult fasting male subjects
The statutory limit of alcohol concentration in driver is 80 mg of alcohol in 100 ml of blood in the UK.
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Blood Alcohol Concentration• The ratio of alcohol
in blood to the total volume of blood as a percentage
• THE PERSUMPTIVE LEVEL OF INTOXICATION = 0.10%
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Eyes: impaired visual acuity, distorted vision �
Throat (1): irritates and damages esophagus�
induces vomiting, may eventually cause cancer �Heart (4):
weakens the heart, increases blood pressure, �increased risk of heart attack
Lungs: high amounts may cause breathing to stop, then �
death Stomach (2):
irritation of stomach lining, peptic ulcers, �inflammation, bleeding lesions and cancer
Intestines: (3) irritates lining, resulting in nausea, vomiting, �
diarrhea,. inhibits nutrients and vitamins processing�
Liver (5): causes fat accumulation around liver �
leads to its inflammation and destruction of cells �(hepatitis)
results in lesions and scarring, along with cirrhosis�
Reproductive: decreases testosterone �
increases sexual desire, but decreases sexual �performance
95
Hepatic Complications of Alcohol
Fatty Liver
Alcoholic Hepatitis
Cirrhosis
Cancer
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A polymorphismSome people have an alteration in the ALDH gene, called a polymorphism, that makes it slow to convert acetaldehyde into acetic acid. What is your recommendation to those who have this deficiency?
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A polymorphismSome people have an alteration in the ALDH gene, called a polymorphism, that makes it slow to convert acetaldehyde into acetic acid. What is your recommendation to those who have this deficiency?
They will have slower elimination of alcohol, and accumulation of acetaldehyde in the blood causes more severe toxic effects –hangover, in body. For someone who have this deficiency, they should avoid alcohol.
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Alcohol Acetaldehyde Acetate ALDH 2-1
Alcohol ACETALDEHYDE Acetate
One Gene Variant Leads to Higher Brain Acetaldehyde
~ 50% of Asians (Japanese, Chinese, Korean) have the ALDH2-2 version of ALDH, a slow- working version.
Would you expect higher or lower rate of alcoholism of Asians compare to Caucasians?
ALDH 2-2
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Alcohol Acetaldehyde Acetate ALDH 2-1
Alcohol ACETALDEHYDE Acetate
One Gene Variant Leads to Higher Brain Acetaldehyde
~ 50% of Asians (Japanese, Chinese, Korean) have the ALDH2-2 version of ALDH, a slow- working version.
Would you expect higher or lower rate of alcoholism of Asians compare to Caucasians?
ALDH 2-2
Asians have much lower rates of alcoholism.
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DISULFIRAM (Antabuse®)
• Inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase activity• Leads to increased acetaldehyde after
drinking alcohol.
Suggest one practical use of (Antabuse®)
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DISULFIRAM (Antabuse®)
• Inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase activity• Leads to increased acetaldehyde after
drinking alcohol.
Antabuse can help some quit drinking.
Suggest one practical use of (Antabuse®)
102
Psycho-Social Complications
• Drink driving convictions
• Domestic violence• Impaired work/loss of
job• Accidents • Marriage breakdown• Depression
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23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• taking of drugs without following medical advice
3 Drug abuse (濫用藥物 )
• use of dangerous drugs for non-treatment purposes
104
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• some commonly abused drugs:
Heroin Cannabis MDMA
3 Drug abuse (濫用藥物 )
105
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• some commonly abused drugs:
Ketamine Methyl-amphetamine
Cough medicine
3 Drug abuse (濫用藥物 )
106
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• health problems caused by heroin:
- breathing and menstrual problems
- overdose may result in a coma
3 Drug abuse (濫用藥物 )
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23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• health problems caused by cannabis, MDMA, ketamine or methyl-amphetamine:
- thinking is affected
- reduced concentration, poor motor control and slow response
3 Drug abuse (濫用藥物 )
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23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
• many drugs are addictive
withdrawal symptoms (戒斷症狀 ) occur when stop taking drugs
• many drugs have interactions with other substances
death
3 Drug abuse (濫用藥物 )
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Psychoactive Drugs act at synapses If the drug increases the effect of the neurotransmitter it is called an agonist.
•Mimic Neurotransmitters •Stop Removal of Neurotransmitters from the Synapse •Increase Production of Neurotransmitters
•Block the Receptor Sites •Speed Removal of Neurotransmitters from the Synapse •Decrease Production of Neurotransmitters
If it decreases the effect of the neurotransmitter it is called an antagonist.
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1
Kwashiorkor
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
Night blindness
Scurvy
Deficiency in Deficiency disease
Protein
Vitamin A
Vitamin C
111
1
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
Deficiency in Deficiency disease
Vitamin D
Rickets
Iron
Rickets
Calcium
Anaemia
112
2
Heart attack
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
stroke
Tooth decay obesity
High blood pressure
Excess of Health problem
Cholesterol ,
Sugar ,
Salt
113
a Exercise strengthens the and .
3 Health benefits of exercise:
heart
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
lungs
114
strong.b Exercise keeps and
3 Health benefits of exercise:
bones
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
muscles
115
of the body.c Exercise improves
3 Health benefits of exercise:
suppleness
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
116
and well-being.d Exercise promotes
3 Health benefits of exercise:
mental
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
social
117
such as diabetes.e Exercise reduces the risk of
3 Health benefits of exercise:
diseases
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
118
and depression.
4 Insufficient sleep affects alertness, judgment, , and mood. It is also linked with
reaction time
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
blood pressure, diabetes,
memory
highobesity
119
from our hands. This reduces our risk of and spreading diseases.
5 Hand washing can remove disease-causing agents
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
catching
120
.
, and heart diseases. Smoking during pregnancy can also lead to and
6 Smoking can cause lung cancer,chronic bronchitis
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
emphysema
miscarriage premature
delivery
121
, and loss of balance.
7a Immediate effects of alcohol include poor judgment and physical co-ordination, blurred
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
slurred speechvision
122
, cirrhosis, high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke and .
7b Long-term consumption of alcohol can lead to ,addiction
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
cancer
inflammation
123
purposes.
8 Drug abuse is the taking of drugs without following , or the use of dangerous drugs for
medical advice
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
non-treatment
124
, a or even death.
, lead to reduced concentration, ,
9 Drug abuse can cause and problems, affect
breathing
23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health
menstrualthinking
poor motor control
slow response coma
125
What is health? Are people without 1diseases considered healthy?Health is not just an absence of disease. It is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.
126
What are the health benefits of 2regular exercise?Regular exercise benefits different body parts, such as the heart, and promotes mental and social well-being.
127
How is health affected by 3insufficient sleep?People without sufficient sleep think and act slowly. Lack of sleep is also linked with high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity and depression.
128
Health
is not just an absence of includes
disease
physical well-being
mental well-being
social well-being
129
Healthaffected by
diet
exercise smoking, alcohol and drug abuse
rest personal hygiene