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1
A Sociocultural Model of Impairment Disability©
DEVVA KASNITZ AND RUSSELL SHUTTLEWORTH
University of California, BerkeleyDecember, 2003
2
Goals of this Project◄ to create a model of impairment-disability committed
to the inherent value of human difference, and of equal access to social, cultural and material goods
◄ to create a model that enables us to recognize, map, and analyze disability oppression in diverse cultures
◄ to develop our model incorporating sociopolitical, cultural, ecological, and existential-phenomenological theories of impairment-disability
◄ to create a processual, temporal, spatial, and contextual model of impairment-disability
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Impairment Disability
Why the hyphen?
◄to problematize anthropologists’ prior use of these terms
◄to highlight the processual nature of the relationship between these and other terms in our model
◄to stress the need for analytical specificity within this process
4
Review and Critique of Models and Theories of Impairment-Disability
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SOCIOPOLITICAL DISABILITY MODELS
Independent Living Model (De Jong)◄ states that current sociopolitical structures produce access barriers for
and dependency in impaired people resulting in disability◄ is based on a consumer driven movement that fosters autonomy, self-help
and the removal of societal barriers and disincentives
Minority Group Model (Hahn)◄ describes how current sociopolitical structures produce access barriers
for and discrimination against impaired people resulting in disability◄ is motivated by a political and research strategy used to counter
discrimination and advocate for civil rights
British Social Model (Oliver)◄ sees the historical convergence of industrialization and capitalism as
restricting impaired people’s access to material and social goods, which results in their economic dependency and creates the category of disability
◄ is motivated by a political and research strategy used to combat socioeconomic oppression and to transform the material structures that marginalize and devalue the capabilities of impaired people
6
Theories of Impairment Disability
Postmodern Theory◄ Scott-Hill (Corker) and Shakespeare
• see disability as constructed via discursive practices
• add a discursive theory of communication to the current materialistic focus on structure
• perceives disability identity as fluid and its boundaries dependent on context and the dynamic interaction of other self-identities
• emphasizes a dialogic relation between impairment and disability (not an analytical privileging of one over the other)
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THEORIES OF DISABILITY …continued
Phenomenological Theories◄Hughes and Paterson
• sees disability as the embodiment of negative cultural perceptions and attitudes
• perceive impairment as socioculturally constructed
• posit that the non-disabled structure of embodied contexts of meaning creates disabled people’s social dys-appearance
• advocate for a cultural-phenomenological restructuring of carnal contexts of meaning along more inclusive lines
◄Shuttleworth• posits that embodied sensitivities to certain social situations
reveal disability oppression
• analyzes lived metaphors of embodiment (i.e blocked, trapped) as felt remembrances of past disability oppression/empowerment
8
THEORIES OF DISABILITY …continued
Ecological Contextual Community Based Theories◄Seekins
• perceives impairment as situational and contextually constructed
• sees disability as a response to environmental systems and pressures
• advocates for community development strategies to restructure disabling barriers to access and increased participation
◄Kasnitz• analyzes systemic and situational ethno-embodiment
• perceives impairment as one culturally constructed resolution to the tension of embodied anomaly
• posits that disability and handicap are unique systemic constructions of differential access throughout the life course and in valued cultural domains
9
Anthropology
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ANTHROPOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO IMPAIRMENT DISABILITY
Social Complexity Theory (Scheer and Gross)◄ states that in modern complex societies visible impairments are commonly thought
to classify individual identities
◄ in small scale societies visible impairments are less important in classifying individuals
Stigma Theory (Goffman)◄ sees impairments as representing one kind of undesired difference from social
expectations that are discrediting (the stigmatization process)
◄ perceives disability as a sociocultural construction
Liminality Theory (Turner, Murphy, et. al.)◄ looks at ritual process that separates and then reintegrates individuals into the social
fabric after a period of liminality (betwixt and between)
◄ sees disability as a social suspension, a liminal state frozen in time
Anomaly Theory (Douglas)◄ looks at phenomena that fall in between cultural categories and create cultural
tension and dissonance
◄ is often used in conjunction with liminality theory to explain the marginality of disabled people
11
ANTHROPOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO IMPAIRMENT DISABILITY
Phenomenology (Frank)
◄ focuses on the disabled person’s body image
◄ concedes the “other” is “unknowable”
Personhood (Ingstad and Whyte)
◄ focuses on what the constituent features of personhood (valued adult social statuses) are in a society
◄ asks, to what extent are disabled people accorded these features?
Disablement Process (Luborsky)
◄ sees disability as a process primarily defined by a loss of personhood
Semiotics (Stiker)
◄ focuses on the degree of and types of integration-exclusion of disabled people
◄ played out on several cultural levels: biological, social, medical, ethical, religious, etc.
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Research on impairment disability:◄is problematic because most studies have been conducted
in North America
◄often focuses on single impairments with no attempts at cross-impairment analysis within a society or between societies
◄is only beginning to develop taxonomies of what are perceived to be impairments in different societies, and which impairments are disabling and why
◄does not provide ethnographic description of the full range of human interactions occurring in valued and changing contexts/domains of everyday life
◄often overlooks important understudied impairment-disability variables such as “hide-ability,” predictability, availability of accommodations, social acceptability of disabilities, etc.
CRITIQUE OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL THEORY AND RESEARCH ON DISABILITY
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CRITIQUE OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL THEORY AND RESEARCH ON DISABILITY ….continued
Research on impairment-disability:◄often over generalizes across the life-course
from the perspective of one age group to others
◄is terminologically imprecise
◄is parochial and does not engage disability studies literature
◄subscribes to a radical relativistic approach and minimally analyzes relations of power
◄in general is undertheorized
14
Sociocultural Model of
Impairment Disability
15
Sociocultural Model of Impairment-Disability:The Perceptual-Conceptual Layers
Posit Bio-Physics
16
Sociocultural Model of Impairment-Disability:The Perceptual-Conceptual Layers
Ethnoscience
Posit Bio-Physics
17
Sociocultural Model of Impairment-Disability:The Perceptual-Conceptual Layers
Ethnoscience
Posit Bio-Physics
Ethno-Embodiment
18
Sociocultural Model of Impairment-Disability:The Perceptual-Conceptual Layers
Ethnoscience
Posit Bio-Physics
Ethno-Embodiment
Embodied Anomaly
19
Sociocultural Model of Impairment-Disability:The Experiential
Ethnoscience
Posit Bio-Physics
Ethno-Embodiment
Embodied Anomaly
Impairment
20
Sociocultural Model of Impairment-Disability: The Experiential
Ethnoscience
Posit Bio-Physics
Ethno-Embodiment
Embodied Anomaly
Impairment
Disability
21
Sociocultural Model of Impairment-Disability: The Experiential
Ethnoscience
Posit Bio-Physics
Ethno-Embodiment
Embodied Anomaly
Impairment
Disability
Handicap
22
Sociocultural Model of Impairment-Disability
Impairment
EthnoscienceEthno-Embodiment
Impairment
Disability
Handicap
Chronic IllnessPosit Bio-Physics
Embodied Anomaly
23
Sociocultural Model of Impairment-Disability: The Embodied Political Layers
EthnoscienceEthno-Embodiment
Chronic IllnessPosit Bio-Physics
Impairment
DisabilityHandicap
Embodied Anomaly
24
Access Barriers
Sociocultural Model of Impairment-Disability: The Embodied Political Layers
Access Participation Barriers
25
Sociocultural Model of Impairment-Disability:The Embodied Political Layers
EthnoscienceEthno-Embodiment
Impairment
DisabilityHandicap
Chronic IllnessPosit Bio-Physics
Access Barriers
Embodied Anomaly
26
A FIELDWORK MAP:Sample Valued Cultural Domains
Ritual and Spiritual Life
27
A FIELDWORK MAP: Access and Exclusion in Sample Valued Cultural Domains
Ritual and Spiritual LifeAccess Barriers and Experience of Exclusion
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A FIELDWORK MAP: Access and Exclusion in Sample Valued Cultural Domains
Ritual and Spiritual LifeAccess Barriers and Experience of Exclusion
Belief Practice
Denominational
Nondenominational
Meaning Form
Structured
Unstructured
29
Ritual and Spiritual LifeAccess Barriers and Experience of
Exclusion Education and Training
A FIELDWORK MAP: Access and Exclusion in Sample Valued Cultural Domains
30
Ritual and Spiritual LifeAccess Barriers and Experience of
Exclusion
Education and Training
A FIELDWORK MAP: Access and Exclusion in Sample Valued Cultural Domains
31
Ritual and Spiritual LifeAccess Barriers and Experience of
Exclusion Education and Training
A FIELDWORK MAP: Access and Exclusion in Sample Valued Cultural Domains
Content Format
Formal
Informal
Meaning Form
Structured
Unstructured
32
Ritual and Spiritual LifeAccess Barriers and Experience of
Exclusion
Education and Training
Family and Household Life
A FIELDWORK MAP: Access and Exclusion in Sample Valued Cultural Domains
33
Ritual and Spiritual LifeAccess Barriers and Experience of
Exclusion Education and Training
Family and Household Life
A FIELDWORK MAP: Access and Exclusion in Sample Valued Cultural Domains
34
Ritual and Spiritual LifeAccess Barriers and Experience of
Exclusion Education and Training
Family and Household Life
A FIELDWORK MAP: Access and Exclusion in Sample Valued Cultural Domains
Orientation Procreation
Public
Intimate
Meaning Form
Structured
Unstructured
35
Ritual and Spiritual LifeAccess Barriers and Experience of
Exclusion Education and Training
Family and Household Life
Economic Activities
A FIELDWORK MAP: Access and Exclusion in Sample Valued Cultural Domains
36
Ritual and Spiritual LifeAccess Barriers and Experience of
Exclusion
Education and Training
Family and Household Life
Economic Activities
A FIELDWORK MAP: Access and Exclusion in Sample Valued Cultural Domains
37
Ritual and Spiritual LifeAccess Barriers and Experience of
Exclusion Education and Training
Family and Household Life
A FIELDWORK MAP: Access and Exclusion in Sample Valued Cultural Domains
Reality
Earning
Assets
Expectations
Economic Activities
38
Ritual and Spiritual LifeAccess Barriers and Experience of
Exclusion
Education and Training
Family and Household Life
Economic Activities
Political Life
A FIELDWORK MAP: Access and Exclusion in Sample Valued Cultural Domains
39
Ritual and Spiritual LifeAccess Barriers and Experience of
Exclusion
Education and Training
Family and Household Life
Economic Activities
Political Life
A FIELDWORK MAP: Access and Exclusion in Sample Valued Cultural Domains
40
A FIELDWORK MAP:Sample Valued Cultural Domains
Ritual and Spiritual Life
Education and Training
Family and Household Life
Economic Activities
Access Barriers and Experience of
Exclusion
Policy Office
Structured
Unstructured
Political Life
41
Ritual and Spiritual Life
Education and Training
Family and Household Life
Economic Activities
Political Life
Sexuality
Communication
Access Barriers and Experience of
Exclusion
Economic Activities
A FIELDWORK MAP: Access and Exclusion in Sample Valued Cultural Domains
42
A FIELDWORK MAP:Sample Valued Cultural Domains
Ritual and Spiritual Life
Education and Training
Family and Household Life
Economic Activities
Political Life
Sexuality
Access Barriers and Experience of
Exclusion
Meaning Form
Structured
Unstructured
Communication
43
Family and Household Life
Political Life
Economic Activities
Education and Training
Ritual and Spiritual Life
Sexuality: Sexual Access
Communication: Communication Image
A FIELDWORK MAP: Access and Exclusion in Sample Valued Cultural Domains
Access Barriers and Experience of
Exclusion
44
A FIELDWORK MAP:Mapping Embodied Access Exclusion
Family and Household Life
Political Life
Economic Activities
Education and Training
Ritual and Spiritual Life
Sexuality
Communication
Axis of Access Exclusion
Access Barriers and Experience of
Exclusion
45
A FIELDWORK MAP:Sample Valued Cultural Domains
Ritual and Spiritual Life
Education and Training
Family and Household Life
Economic Activities
Political Life
Sexuality
Communication
Emic/Etic N
egotiated D
isability Threshold
Access Barriers and Experience of
Exclusion
46
Individual Approach
47
Life Course Event History Model
Time
Status or Role 1Transformation 1
Status or Role 2
Transformation 2Status or Role 3
Status or Role 4
Transformation 3Events
48
◄ b
Experience ofDisability
Historical Context
Devva’s Life Course Trajectory
1950 Birth 1960 Adolescence 1970 Graduate School 1980-90 Career 2000 Aging
Access Participation Barriers
Threshold
Threshold
Threshold
Ritual and Spiritual Life
Education and Training
Family and Household Life
Economic Activities
Political Life
Communication
Sexuality
Impairment
Participation Barrier Domains:
49
Sociocultural Model of Impairment-Disability: The Embodied Political Layers
◄Oppression
◄Discrimination
◄Segregation
◄Exclusion
◄Marginalization
Inclusionary Access Strategies
Access Participation Barriers
Exclusionary Access Strategies
50
Cross-Cultural Sociocultural Model of Impairment-Disability:The Structural-Instrumental
Impairment
Ethno-Embodiment
Disability Handicap
Chronic IllnessPosit Bio-Physics
Exclusionary Access Strategies
Inclusionary Access Strategies
Rules
Access Barriers
Ethnoscience
Embodied Anomaly
51
Sociocultural Model of Impairment-Disability in the USA The Structural-Instrumental
Ethno-Embodiment
Disability Handicap
Chronic IllnessPosit Bio-Physics
Policy
Access Barriers
Ethnoscience
Inclusionary Access StrategiesAccommodation
Functional Impairment
Embodied AnomalyCompensation
Exclusionary Access Strategies
52
Devva on Fieldwork:◄ Our Fieldwork Map could also be used in literature, history, and even in
technology.
◄ It provides concrete places to start data collection that can help negotiate hidden and stated researcher bias without the DISappearance of disability that occurs in a radical relativistic approach or in a DISmodernism universalizing approach.
Russ on Epistemology and Theoretical Development:◄ In this working model we want to engage our colleagues in a true
interdisciplinary approach not constrained by different epistemological validities.
◄ We want to celebrate the complexity of concepts of impairment-disability because therein lie there staying power.
Closing