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A STUDY ON TRAVEL BEHAVIOR OF WOMEN PUBLIC BUS USERS IN DHAKA,
BANGLADESH.
1
NawshinTabassum
Lecturer, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
Professor, Dr. Mohammad Shakil Akther
Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
Transport and Mobilities: Meeting the Needs of Working Women
19th – 20th August 2017, University of Asia Pacific, Bangladesh
▪ Men and women have distinct transport needs (Turner and
Fouracre, 1995; Law, 1999; Peters, 2000; Curtis and Perkins, 2006).
▪ The multiple roles of women have increased their demand
for transport (Shefali, 2000).
▪ Women are more dependent on public transport than men
(GLTS 1981; Schmink 1982; Nairobi City Council 1984 and GLC 1985).
▪ Public bus carries -
✓ 72% of total passenger though vehicle share is only 11% in Dhaka
(RSTP, 2015).
✓ 1.9 million passenger trips per day (Mahmud and Haque,2008).
BACKGROUND
4
14
18
25
28
35
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1981 1991 1999 2002 2005 2010
PE
RC
EN
TA
GE
YEAR
2
Figure 1: Increasing Trend of Female
Participation in labor Force(Source: Shefali, 2000; Labor Force Survey,2010).
Selection of study areas:
Criteria Reason Source
1 Women using public bus
service
Areas with higher percentage of women using
public bus service in DMDP area.
DTCA (Dhaka Urban Transport
Network Development Study,
2012)
2 Major routes in Dhaka (
Route franchise)
Areas adjacent to the major routes which covers
the whole city.
(Rahman and Nahrin, 2012)
3 Volume of bus operating in
the route
Areas with high volume of public bus operating
on the road.
(RSTP, 2015)
DATA COLLECTION METHOD: Questionnaire survey (Intercept survey)
SAMPLING METHOD: Random sampling method
SAMPLE SIZE: At 95% confidence level and 5 confidence interval, sample size is 384.
Table 1: Study area selection criteria
3
STUDY AREA SELECTION:
Serial
Number
Study Areas (
High % of female
bus commuters)
Major routes covering
whole Dhaka
1 Jatrabari Jatrabari to Mirpur
2 Tejgaon Gulsan to Motijheel
3 Motijheel Mirpur to Motijheel
4 Azimpur (New
market Thana)
Uttara to Azimpur
5 Mohammadpur Satmasjid Road
Figure 2: Study areas with bus routes (Base
map source: DTCB, 2009)
Table 2: Selected study areas
SURVEY SPOTS
FARMGATE 4
DATA ANALYSIS: SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
AGE:
• Average age = 27 years
• 15-25 (52%) and 26-35 (30%)
• Young women in New market (25%) and middle aged in Mohammadpur (14%)
OCCUPATION:
• 60% students
5
Occupation Jatrabari Mohammadpur Motijheel New market Tejgaon Total
Student 8 12 2 27 10 60
Home Making 3 3 1 3 3 13
Government Service 0 2 1 1 2 7
Private Service 3 7 2 2 1 15
Business 1 1 0 0 1 2
Unemployed 1 1 0 0 1 2
Other 0 1 0 0 0 1
Total 16 27 7 33 17 100
Table 3: Area wise occupation of the respondents
DATA ANALYSIS: SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
MONTHLY HOUSEHOLD INCOME
• 30,001 to 45,000 BDT (54%) and 45,001 to 60,000 BDT (22%)
• Only 6% below 15,000 BDT
• 30001 to 45000 BDT in New market (19%) and 45000 to 60000 BDT in Mohammadpur (8%).
24 4
3
1013
5
19
7
3
8
24
52 1 1 1
0
5
10
15
20
25
Jatrabari Mohammadpur Motijheel New market Tejgaon
% o
f th
e re
sponden
ts
Area
Below 15000 15001-30000 30001-45000 45001-60000 Above 60000
Figure 3: Area wise average monthly household income (in BDT) of the respondents
6
Average monthly household income
AVERAGE DAILY AND WEEKLY TRIP BY BUS
• 71% have on average two daily trips (Mohammadpur 20% and New market 19%)
• 39% respondents have 5 to 10 average weekly trip.
• Women in 30001-45000BDT (39%) and age limit 15-25 (36%) have average daily two trips.
• No significant relationship between the age and average weekly trip
DATA ANALYSIS: Travel pattern
7
DATA ANALYSIS: Travel pattern
Figure 4: Catchment area of the bus stoppage
ORIGIN OFTHE TRIP:
▪ 62% travels less than 0.5 km
▪ 69% travel on foot to reach the bus stop
Jatrabari
MotijheelAzimpur
Nabisco
MohammadpurFarmgate
Area
Distance traveled to reach the bus stop (km)
< 0.5 km 0.5km- 1.0 km 1.0 km-2.0 km >2.0 km
Jatrabari 11 4 1 1
Mohammadpur 11 8 5 5
Motijheel 5 1 0 1
New market 19 5 0 3
Tejgaon 15 3 1 0
Total (% of
respondents) 62 21 7 10
8
Table 4: Area wise distribution of the respondents by distance traveled
to reach bus stop from origin (in km)
DATA ANALYSIS: Travel pattern
Distance traveled Jatrabari Mohammadpur Motijheel New market Tejgaon Total
<0.5 km 0 0 0 1 1 2
0.5-2.0 km 0 1 0 2 1 4
2.0 km-4.0 km 1 2 0 7 7 17
4.0 km-7.0 km 7 16 2 8 8 42
7.0 km-10.0km 7 9 2 6 1 25
>10.0 km 2 1 1 5 1 9
DISTANCE TRAVELED
• On average women travel six km per day by bus ( daily trip).
• Young women (32% women who are in age limit 15-25 years) travels less than 7 km.
Table 5: Area wise distribution of the respondents according to distance traveled by bus (in %)
9
DATA ANALYSIS: Travel pattern
Travel time
by bus Jatrabari
Mohammad
pur Motijheel
New
market Tejgaon
Total
(in %)
<15 min 0 0 0 1 0 1
15-30 min 0 1 0 5 3 9
31min-1
hour 1 5 2 8 8 24
1-1.5 hour 4 14 3 7 3 30
>1.5 hour 11 7 3 12 4 36
0 1 0 1 2
8
15
3
119
5
10
1
13
53
1 0
5
10 03
1 1
0
5
10
15
20
Jatrabari Mohammadpur Motijheel New market Tejgaon% o
f re
spo
nd
ents
Area
Bus fare <5 5-10 11-20 21-30 >30
TRAVELTIME
• 36% have travel time more
than 1.5 hour (Jatrabari
11% and New market 12%).
• Travel time in
Mohammadpur (14%) is 1-
1.5 hour
BUS FARE:
• 5-10 BDT (46% )
• Significant relationship
between occupation and
bus fare
Table 6: Area wise distribution of the respondents according to travel time by bus
Figure 5: Area wise distribution of respondents according to bus fare
10
DATA ANALYSIS: Travel pattern
WAITINGTIME
• Average waiting time is 15 min.
• Starting point bus service has lower waiting time
than mid section of the route.
• Because of overcrowding or unavailability of seat,
waiting time is higher.
Waiting time (min) Jatrabari Mohammadpur Motijheel New market Tejgaon Total
<5 0 2 0 5 0 8
5-10 1 18 3 13 9 43
11-15 3 6 2 8 6 25
16-30 3 1 1 5 1 12
>30 10 0 0 0 1 12
Table 7: Area wise distribution of the respondents according to waiting time (in %)
11
Figure 6: Women are waiting in the bus stop
Source: Field survey, 2017
Figure 7: Desire line chart for New market
DATA ANALYSIS: Travel pattern 12
Table 8: Distribution of the respondents according to destination (in number)
DESTINATION OFTHE TRIP:
North-east side:Tejgaon, Uttora, Gulsan, Badda, Baridhara, Mohakhali etc
North-west side: Mirpur, Pollobi, Samoli, Kollayanpur,Mohammadpur etc
South-east side: Motijheel, Jatrabari, Basabo, Saydabad , Mogbajar, etc,
South-west side: Science lab, Nilkhet, New market, Hazaribag, City
college, Shahbag etc.
• Depth of the line shows the intensity of trip
Area North-East North- West South-east South-west
Tejgaon 12 44 6 3
Motijheel 10 10 6 3
New market 20 29 12 4
Jatrabari 5 21 4 75
Mohammadpur 60 12 13 10
New market
DATA ANALYSIS: Travel pattern 13
Desire line Chart (O-D Matrix for study areas)
Jatrabari Mohammadpur Motijheel Tejgaon
Purpose
Jatrabari Mohammadpur Motijheel New market Tejgaon
Dail
y
Wee
kly
Occasion
ally Daily Weekly
Occasion
ally Daily
Occasi
onally
Dail
y Weekly
Occasion
ally DailyWeek
ly
Occasio
nally
Job 7 0 0 35 0 3 11 0 16 0 1 11 1 0
Educati
on 12 3 4 29 0 5 0 0 53 3 8 24 3 0
Health
facilities 0 0 11 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 1
Visiting
other
relatives 0 2 4 0 1 7 0 4 0 0 8 0 0 9
DATA ANALYSIS: Travel pattern
TRIP PURPOSE AND FREQUENCY:
• Major trip purpose: Education (45%) and job (26%). Only 4% of the trips are for escorting child
• Frequency: Daily (65%) and occasionally (13% ). [ Significant relationship between frequency
and distance traveled ]
• New market (53 trip) daily trip for education, Mohammadpur (35 trips) daily trips for job purpose.
Table 9: Area wise distribution of the respondents according to trip purpose and frequency of the trip (No of respondent)
14
DATA ANALYSIS: Travel pattern
10
52
8 96
22
5
23
8
0
5
10
15
20
25
Jatrabari Mohammadpur Motijheel New market Tejgaon
% o
f re
spo
nd
ents
Areayes no
2 2 25
2 1 113
1
86
1 2 3 22 2 2
18
6
3
9
17
1
0
5
10
15
20
Jatrabari Mohammadpur Motijheel New market Tejgaon
% o
f r
epo
nd
ents
AreaRelationship
Parent Husband ChildOther family member Person from workplace FriendBrother
15
ACCOMPANY PATTERN
• 65% of women travel alone
(Mohammadpur 22%, New
market 23% )
• 58% of them travel with
friends (Jatrabari 18% and
Tejgaon 17%)
• Women in age limit 15-25
(22%) are travelling with other
for safety issues.
• 49% students are
accompanied by friends Figure 9: Area wise distribution of respondents according to relationship with
the person accompanied by
Figure 8: Area wise distribution of respondents according to accompany pattern
Accompanied by other
DATA ANALYSIS: Travel patternTable 10: Area wise distribution of respondents according to the time of trip (in %)
TIME OF TRIP
• 51% travels in the morning by bus.
• 40% travels at noon.
• Very few respondents use bus in evening and night because of safety issues.
• Significant relationship between frequency and time of trip. But, there is no significant relationship
between occupation and time of trip
Area Morning Noon Afternoon Evening Total
Jatrabari 8 9 0 0 18
Mohammadpur 16 10 2 0 28
Motijheel 6 1 0 0 8
New market 14 10 5 1 29
Tejgaon 7 10 0 0 17
Total (in %) 51 40 8 1 100
16
recommendation
• Increase the number of designated women seat and bus service for the bus routes having more
women public bus users.
• Provision of women only bus service for the bus routes having more female passengers
• The time schedule of the women only bus service should follow the travel pattern of women in the
area.
• Formulation of new policies and implementation of the policies should address the need and travel
pattern of women public bus users.
• Women friendly footpath and bus stoppage
17
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.
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