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生产与运作管理生产与运作管理----An Introduction----An Introduction

Dr. Jinxing XieDr. Jinxing Xie

Department of Mathematical SciencesDepartment of Mathematical Sciences

Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, ChinaTsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

http://faculty.math.tsinghua.edu.cn/~jxiehttp://faculty.math.tsinghua.edu.cn/~jxie

Email: jxie@ math.tsinghua.edu.cnEmail: jxie@ math.tsinghua.edu.cn

Voice: (86-10)62787812 Fax: (86-10)62785847Voice: (86-10)62787812 Fax: (86-10)62785847

Office: Rm. 1202, New Science BuildingOffice: Rm. 1202, New Science Building

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OutlineOutline

What is Prod. & Operations Management (POM)?What is Prod. & Operations Management (POM)?– Definition of OMDefinition of OM– OM vs. OR/MS vs. SS/SE vs. IE/EMOM vs. OR/MS vs. SS/SE vs. IE/EM

The Heritage of OMThe Heritage of OM What Operations Managers do?What Operations Managers do? Exciting New Trends in OM Exciting New Trends in OM Research Methods Research Methods Academic SocietiesAcademic Societies OM Related JournalsOM Related Journals

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What is Operations Management?

运作管理就是对公司（或组织）的提供主要产品运作管理就是对公司（或组织）的提供主要产品或服务的系统进行设计、运行、评价和改进。或服务的系统进行设计、运行、评价和改进。

OM is the set of activities that creates goods and servOM is the set of activities that creates goods and services by transforming inputs into outputs.ices by transforming inputs into outputs.

OM is the business function that manages that part of OM is the business function that manages that part of a business that transforms raw materials and human ia business that transforms raw materials and human inputs into goods and services of higher value. (narronputs into goods and services of higher value. (narrow view)w view)

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市场

企业战略

运作战略财务战略 营销战略

运作管理

人力 工厂 部件 工艺

计划与控制系统

输入

原料

顾客

输出

产品

服务 生产系统 (5P)

OMOM 概要模概要模型型

其他名称：运作管理

生产管理；运营管理

工业管理；工厂管理

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OM vs. OR/MS vs. SS/SE vs. IE/EMOM vs. OR/MS vs. SS/SE vs. IE/EM 运作管理是管理的一个运作管理是管理的一个

领域（管理职能）领域（管理职能） OR/MSOR/MS 是各领域在制是各领域在制

定决策时都可能遇到的定决策时都可能遇到的定量方法 定量方法

SS/SESS/SE 强调的是系统观强调的是系统观点、系统方法点、系统方法

IE/EMIE/EM 主要关注如何更主要关注如何更好地利用企业的资源，好地利用企业的资源，解决工程问题（如工业解决工程问题（如工业自动化等）自动化等）

OM

OR/MS

SS/SE

IE/EM

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The Heritage of OMThe Heritage of OM 1776-1880: 1776-1880: 早期概念早期概念

– 专业化； 标准化零部件专业化； 标准化零部件 1880-19101880-1910 ：科学管理时代：科学管理时代

– GanttGantt 图；动作图；动作 // 时间研究；过程分析；排队论时间研究；过程分析；排队论 1910-19801910-1980 ：大批量生产时代：大批量生产时代

– 流水线；经济批量；线性规划；流水线；经济批量；线性规划； PERT/CPMPERT/CPM ；； MRPMRP 1980-19951980-1995 ：精益生产时代：精益生产时代

– JITJIT ；； TQMTQM ；； EDIEDI ；； CAD/CAM/CAPPCAD/CAM/CAPP 1995-1995- ：大批量、顾客化生产时代：大批量、顾客化生产时代

– 全球化；信息化（全球化；信息化（ INTERNETINTERNET ；； E-Commerce)E-Commerce)– 敏捷制造；敏捷制造； BPRBPR ；； ERPERP ；主动学习的组织；主动学习的组织– 供应链管理（供应链管理（ SCMSCM ）；物流）；物流 (Logistics)(Logistics)

成

本

质量

顾客

作为学科， OM 诞生于 50 年代末 60 年代初

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Goods and services designGoods and services design What product should we offer?What product should we offer? How should we design these products and services?How should we design these products and services?

Managing qualityManaging quality Who is responsible for quality?Who is responsible for quality? How do we define the quality we want in our service or How do we define the quality we want in our service or

product?product? Process and capacity designProcess and capacity design

What process will these products require and in what order?What process will these products require and in what order? What equipment and technology is necessary for these What equipment and technology is necessary for these

processes?processes?

What Operations Managers do?What Operations Managers do?(Top 10 Research Directions)(Top 10 Research Directions)

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Location strategiesLocation strategies Where should we put the facility?Where should we put the facility? On what criteria should we bas the location decision?On what criteria should we bas the location decision?

Layout designLayout design How should we arrange the facility?How should we arrange the facility? How large must the facility be to meet our plan?How large must the facility be to meet our plan?

Human resources and job designHuman resources and job design How do we provide a reasonable work environment?How do we provide a reasonable work environment? How much can we expect our employees to produce?How much can we expect our employees to produce?

Supply chain managementSupply chain management Should we buy or produce the component?Should we buy or produce the component? Who are our suppliers and who can integrate into our e-Who are our suppliers and who can integrate into our e-

commerce program?commerce program?

What Operations Managers What Operations Managers do?do?

(Top 10 Research Directions)(Top 10 Research Directions)

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Inventory controlInventory control How much inventory of each item should we have?How much inventory of each item should we have? When do we reorder?When do we reorder?

Intermediate, short-term, and project schedulingIntermediate, short-term, and project scheduling Is subcontracting production a good idea?Is subcontracting production a good idea? Are we better off keeping people on the payroll during Are we better off keeping people on the payroll during

slowdowns?slowdowns? MaintenanceMaintenance

Who is responsible for maintenance?Who is responsible for maintenance?

What Operations Managers What Operations Managers do?do?

(Top 10 Research Directions)(Top 10 Research Directions)

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Exciting New Trends in OMExciting New Trends in OMLocal or national focus Global focus, international OM

Batch (large) shipments Just-in-time shipments

Low-bid purchasingSupply chain partners, ERP,

e-Commerce

Lengthy product developmentRapid product development,

alliances

Standardized products Mass customization

Job specializationEmpowered employees,

teams, and lean production

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Important Research Field Important Research Field - Service Operations Management- Service Operations Management IntangibleIntangible Produced and consumed simultaneouslyProduced and consumed simultaneously UniqueUnique High customer interactionHigh customer interaction Inconsistent product definitionInconsistent product definition Knowledge-basedKnowledge-based DispersedDispersed Difficult to automateDifficult to automate Difficult to measure qualityDifficult to measure quality …………..

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Strategic

Tactic

Operational

Levels of Decision

Qualitative

Quantitative

Research MethodsResearch Methods

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Research MethodsResearch Methods EmpiricalEmpirical

– Case studyCase study– SurveySurvey– Panel studyPanel study– DatabaseDatabase

Theoretic modelsTheoretic models– Deterministic modelsDeterministic models– Uncertainty modelsUncertainty models

SimulationSimulation Expert system Expert system

(knowledge model)(knowledge model)

SimulationSimulation Motivation and ObjectiveMotivation and Objective Experiment designExperiment design

Independent variablesIndependent variables Dependent variablesDependent variables

Simulation run Simulation run Data analysisData analysis FindingsFindings InsightsInsights

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建 立 OR/MS 理 论 模 型 的 一 般 步 骤

模型准备 模型假设 模型构成

模型求解模型分析模型检验

模型应用

Motivation,Formulation,Solution,Validation

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DedicatedDedicated– INFORMS (A meager of ORSA and TIMS )INFORMS (A meager of ORSA and TIMS ) In particular, MSOM (Manufacturing and Service OM)In particular, MSOM (Manufacturing and Service OM)– POM (Production and Operations Management Society)POM (Production and Operations Management Society)– EUROMA (European Operations Management Association)EUROMA (European Operations Management Association)

RelatedRelated– Academy of ManagementAcademy of Management– DSI (Decision Sciences Institute)DSI (Decision Sciences Institute)– APICS (American Production and Inventory Control APICS (American Production and Inventory Control

Society)Society)– IIE (Institute of Industrial Engineering)IIE (Institute of Industrial Engineering)– EURO (European Operational Research Society)EURO (European Operational Research Society)– …………

Academic SocietiesAcademic Societies

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Established March 1999, Newest within INFORMSEstablished March 1999, Newest within INFORMS Membership: 950, Largest within INFORMSMembership: 950, Largest within INFORMS Society Webpage: http://msom.society.informs.org Society Webpage: http://msom.society.informs.org The methods which MSOM members apply in order to The methods which MSOM members apply in order to

help the operations function add value to products and help the operations function add value to products and services are derived from a wide range of scientific fielservices are derived from a wide range of scientific fields, including operations research and management scieds, including operations research and management science, mathematics, economics, statistics, information synce, mathematics, economics, statistics, information systems and artificial intelligence.stems and artificial intelligence.

Manufacturing and Service Operations Management Society

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Source of ReferencesSource of ReferencesTop journal:Top journal:

Operations Research (OR); Management Science (MS)Operations Research (OR); Management Science (MS)

Quasi-Top journal:Quasi-Top journal: Manufacturing and Service Operations Management (MSOM)Manufacturing and Service Operations Management (MSOM)IIE Transactions (IIET)IIE Transactions (IIET)Naval Research Logistics (NRL)Naval Research Logistics (NRL)Mathematics of Operations Research (MOR)Mathematics of Operations Research (MOR)Journal of operations management (JOM)Journal of operations management (JOM)

Operations Research Letters (ORL)Operations Research Letters (ORL)

Major journal:Major journal: European Journal of Operational Research (EJOR)European Journal of Operational Research (EJOR)

Production and Operations Management (POM)Production and Operations Management (POM)International Journal of Production Research (IJPR)International Journal of Production Research (IJPR)International Journal of Production Economics (IJPE)International Journal of Production Economics (IJPE)Journal of the Operational Research Society (JORS)Journal of the Operational Research Society (JORS)COR(Computers & OR); CIE (Computers & IE)COR(Computers & OR); CIE (Computers & IE)

Production Plan and Control (PPC)Production Plan and Control (PPC) … …

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OM Related JournalsOM Related Journals

JOM (J. of OM)JOM (J. of OM) IJOPM (Int. J. Op. Prod. Mgmt.)IJOPM (Int. J. Op. Prod. Mgmt.) POM (Prod. & OM)POM (Prod. & OM) IJPR (Int. J. of Prod. Research)IJPR (Int. J. of Prod. Research) IJPE (Int. J. of Prod. Economics)IJPE (Int. J. of Prod. Economics) PIMJ (Prod. Invent. Mgmt. J.)PIMJ (Prod. Invent. Mgmt. J.) MS MS （（ Management Sciences)Management Sciences) HBR (Harvard Business Rev.)HBR (Harvard Business Rev.) EJOREJOR Sloan Mgmt. Review (MIT)Sloan Mgmt. Review (MIT)

MS MS (SSCI, SCI)(SSCI, SCI) OR OR (SCI)(SCI) JOMJOM IJOPMIJOPM IJPR IJPR (SCI)(SCI) POM POM (SCI)(SCI) EJOREJOR(SCI, SSCI)(SCI, SSCI) HBRHBR Academy of Mgmt. JournalAcademy of Mgmt. Journal DS (Decision Sciences) DS (Decision Sciences)

(SSCI)(SSCI)

Relevance Ranks (1999, JOM) Quality

MSOMMSOM

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http://faculty.math.tsinghua.edu.cn/~jxie/courses/pom/http://faculty.math.tsinghua.edu.cn/~jxie/courses/pom/

Please also visit the course’s Webpage Please also visit the course’s Webpage in “in “ 清华大学网络学堂” 清华大学网络学堂” frequently frequently for further information. for further information.

At the end of the course, you should submit a course reAt the end of the course, you should submit a course report to me.port to me.

Course Notes Information

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