1 Anatomy & Physiology I Chapter 1 Rachel Olsen Adjunct Instructor Concorde Career College

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Anatomy & Physiology IChapter 1

Rachel Olsen

Adjunct Instructor

Concorde Career College

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Opening Day…

• Welcome!• [email protected]• Syllabus

– Attendance– Class Policies

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course covers the organization of the body and the anatomy and physiology of the cells, tissues and membranes, and various body systems: integumentary, muscular, skeletal, nervous, sensory and endocrine. The major organs of studied systems and how they relate to the overall status of the body will be discussed.

COURSE OBJECTIVES• Analyze the major organs of each body system and list their respective functions and

structures. • Describe the locations of the major body cavities• List the biological levels of organization and the characteristics of each• Analyze cells and tissues • Analyze receptors, sensations, and perception

TEXT• Shier, D., Butler, J.L., and Lewis, R. (2012). Hole's essentials of human anatomy &

physiology (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

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STUDENT RESOURCES • OLC: http://www.mhhe.com/shieress11• IM, images, PowerPoint presentations, answer keys and a test bank from the

publisher• Primal Pictures• Go to: http://apoplus.primalpictures.com/MySubscription.aspx in your open

browser• Click on Log In in the upper right-hand corner• Log In using the following information: Username: concorde / Password:

primal • Keep this browser open while working through your course materials. Each

link should take you directly to the module you are studying.

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http://www.mhhe.com/shieress11

http://apoplus.primalpictures.com/MySubscription.aspx

McGraw-Hill Connect ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY • GETTING STARTED IN CONNECT • 1 Click on the McGraw-Hill Campus link to launch the McGraw-Hill Campus portal. You will be

prompted only upon your first visit to accept the Student Terms of Service. • 2 From the McGraw-Hill Campus portal, you have access to a variety of learning resources which

are covered in additional detail on the following page.• YOUR LEARNING RESOURCES• Select “View online resources” to launch the student resource center for your textbook where you

will find a wealth of additional study materials to assist you. There you may access course-wide content or chapter specific materials via the pull-down menu on the left navigation bar..

• Connect Online Assignments, Assessments and ConnectPlus eBook • 3 Click the “Connect” button to access material assigned by your instructor. • a. You will need to choose one of the following two options only upon your first visit to

Connect • i. If you have NOT used Connect previously for another course, select the first blue

option “No, I am new to Connect.” • ii. If you HAVE used Connect previously, select the second blue option • “Yes, I want to use my existing connect account.” Then sign in on the following

screen using your existing McGraw-Hill Connect account email and password. • b. Follow the onscreen steps from there to redeem your Connect or ConnectPlus access code,

purchase access immediately online with a credit card, or start your free trial period of up to 21 days• c. Click the submit button on the following screen to confirm your selection and enter

Connect.

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COMPUTER ACCESS

Some homework activities in this course series require internet access. Students who do not have home access to a computer should complete internet-based activities at a Concorde computer lab, resource center, or public library.

EVALUATION

Students will be evaluated on knowledge of textbook content, writing and presentation skills, and analysis and application of thinking skills. The minimum acceptable term grade is 70% for advancement.

Grade Scale90-100 = A 59 or less = F

80-89 = B

70-79 = C

60-69 = D

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Quizzes 40 %

Midterm 20 %

Classwork /Discussion 20 %

Final Exam 20 %

Total 100 %

Make-up work

A student who misses classwork, or deadlines due to absence, including being tardy or leaving early will be ineligible for make-up or late submission. The student will receive a zero (0) for missed work. Classwork is defined as any lab, competency, quiz, activity, or discussion that occurs during scheduled class hours.

Tutoring

Tutoring will be scheduled at the discretion of the instructor or Academic Dean.

Exams & Quizzes

An exam missed as a result of an absence may be made up within 5 regularly scheduled school days. The student must initiate the request to reschedule on the first day s/he returns. It is the student’s responsibility to schedule time outside the student’s regularly scheduled class hours to take a missed exam. Not rescheduling on the day of return, or not appearing for the rescheduled time will result in an automatic zero (0). An exam taken after the course’s original exam scheduled date will have its grade reduced by one letter grade. A student arriving late for a test or quiz will only be given the remaining time allotted for taking the test or quiz to answer as many questions as s/he can. Additional time will not be given in order to complete the test or quiz.

Quizzes cannot be made up. Quizzes and tests may include material from any previously taught material in this course. The final exam will be comprehensive.

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MAINTAINING SATISFACTORY ATTENDANCE STATUS

Attendance is mandatory. All absences are unexcused. Review your school catalog for specifics of satisfactory attendance, probation and terms of dismissal.

STUDENT RESPONSIBILITIES

Students are expected to abide by the policies established in the school catalog. Dress code is to be followed as outlined in catalog.

If you miss a class, it is up to you to obtain a copy of any notes from your fellow classmates and/ or request any handouts or missed work from the instructor. It is also courteous and professional to call the school and inform the instructor, PD and/or Dean of your absence, just as you would an employer.

This course will require a great deal of individual effort. If, for any reason, you are experiencing problems in this course, please speak with the instructor immediately. Do not let any problem continue to grow until it is too late or unmanageable.

In addition to class time, you are expected to spend time outside of class time on assignments and activities to help you achieve the course objectives. Your outside class time should be spent reading the textbook materials, developing outlines and notes for exam preparation, memorizing theory, and practicing application of theory. For practice, complete the chapter activities in the textbook, utilize the web resources associated with the text, and perform any other practice as assigned by the instructor. Details of weekly activities will be in your course schedule.

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CLASSROOM CONDUCT

Refer to the catalog for details on eating, breakage, cleanliness, etc. Other items not covered are below:

Cell Phones – Cell phones are not allowed in the classroom. Upon entering the classroom please turn off all cell phones and store away. Cell phones must not be visible at any time. If seen during quizzes or exams, the student’s paper will be collected and given a zero (0) with no option for make-up or retake.

Participation/Classwork — You are expected to participate in class. Class assignments, which are a part of your course grade, occur throughout the day, with or without announcement, at the instructor’s discretion.

BREAK TIMES

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Hole’s Human Anatomyand Physiology

11th Edition

Shier w Butler w Lewis

Chapter 1

Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Turn to xviii at the front of the textbook.

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Book Layout

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Important Points in Chapter 1:Outcomes to be Assessed

1.1: Introduction

Identify some of the early discoveries that lead to our current understanding of the human body.

1.2: Anatomy and Physiology

Define anatomy and physiology and explain how they are related.

1.3: Levels of Organization

List the levels of organization in the human body and the characteristics of each.

1.4: Characteristics of Life

List and describe the major characteristics of life.

Define and give examples of metabolism.

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Important Points in Chapter 1:Outcomes to be Assessed Continued

1.5: Maintenance of Life

List and describe the major requirements of organisms.

Define homeostasis and explain its importance to survival.

Describe the parts of a homeostatic mechanism and explain how they

function together.

1.6: Organization of the Human Body

Identify the locations of the major body cavities.

List the organs located in each major body cavity.

Name and identify the locations of the membranes associated with the

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

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Important Points in Chapter 1:Outcomes to be Assessed Continued

Name the major organ systems and list the organs associated with each.

Describe the general function of each organ system.

1.7: Lifespan Changes

Define aging.

Identify the levels of organization in the body at which aging occurs.

1.8: Anatomical Terminology

Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections, and

body regions. (To be assessed in Lab, only)

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1.1: Introduction

Origin of modern medicine began with questions and observations that have led to knowledge about structure and function of the human body.

• Injuries• Illnesses

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1.2: Anatomy & Physiology

• Anatomy – the study of the structure(morphology) of the human body

• Physiology – the study of the function of the human body

“The complementarity of structure and function.”

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Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy – study of structure (Greek – “a cutting up”)

• Physiology – study of function (Greek – “relationship to nature”)

“Structure dictates function.”

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• With the invention of magnifying lenses and the microscope the current levels of organization of materials was defined.

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• Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons• Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc.

• Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc.• Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc. • Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.

• Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc.• Tissue – epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve• Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc. • Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc.• Organism – the human

Fig. 1.3a

Subatomic particles

Atom

Molecule

Macromolecule


Fig. 1.3b

OrganelleCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 1.3c

CellCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 1.3d

TissueCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 1.3e

Organ


Fig. 1.3f


Organ system

Fig. 1.3g


Organism

Levels of Organization

Subatomic particles

Atom

Molecule

Macromolecule

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ system

Organism


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Can you name the organ systems?There are eleven (11).

Can you name one function of each organ system?

Levels of Organization

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1.4: Characteristics of Life (10)

• Movement – change in position; motion

• Responsiveness – reaction to a change

• Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape

• Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods

• Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells

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Characteristics of Life Continued

• Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids

• Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids

• Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms

• Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

• Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms

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1.5: Maintenance of Life

• Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:

• Water• Food• Oxygen• Heat• Pressure

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Requirements of Organisms

• Water- most abundant substance in body- required for metabolic processes- required for transport of substances- regulates body temperature

• Food- provides necessary nutrients- supplies energy- supplies raw materials

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Requirements of Organisms

• Oxygen (gas)- one-fifth of air- used to release energy from nutrients

• Heat- form of energy - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions

• Pressure - application of force on an object - atmospheric pressure – important for breathing - hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing

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Homeostasis*

* Maintaining of a stable internal environment

• Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within limits. There are three (3) parts:

• Receptor - provides information about the stimuli

• Control Center - tells what a particular value should be (called the set point)

• Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment

Fig. 1.6b

Receptors

Control center(set point)

(Change is comparedto the set point.)


Fig. 1.6c

Effectors(muscles or glands)




Fig. 1.6d

Response(Change is corrected.)

Effectors(muscles or glands)


Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Stimulus(Change occursin internalenvironment.) Response

(Change is corrected.)

Receptors Effectors(muscles or glands)




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Fig. 1.8a

ReceptorsThermoreceptorssend signals to thecontrol center.

too high

Normal bodyTemperature37°C (98.6°F)

Control centerThe hypothalamusdetects the deviationfrom the set point andsignals effector organs.

StimulusBody temperaturerises above normal.

EffectorsSkin blood vesselsdilate and sweat glandssecrete.

ResponseBody heat is lost tosurroundings, temperaturedrops toward normal.


Fig. 1.8b

too low

Normal bodytemperature37°C (98.6°F)

Control centerThe hypothalamusdetects the deviationfrom the set point andsignals effector organs. If body temperature

continues to drop,control center signalsmuscles to contractinvoluntarily.


EffectorsSkin bloodvessels constrictand sweat glandsremain inactive.

StimulusBody temperaturedrops below normal.

EffectorsMuscleActivityGeneratesbody heat.

ResponseBody heat is conserved,temperature rises toward normal.


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too high

too low

Normal bodytemperature37°C (98.6°F)

Control centerThe hypothalamusdetects the deviationfrom the set point andsignals effector organs.

Control centerThe hypothalamusdetects the deviationfrom the set point andsignals effector organs. If body temperature

continues to drop,control center signalsmuscles to contractInvoluntarily.

StimulusBody temperaturerises above normal.

EffectorsSkin blood vesselsdilate and sweat glandssecrete.

ResponseBody heat is lost tosurroundings, temperaturedrops toward normal.


EffectorsSkin bloodvessels constrictand sweat glandsremain inactive.

StimulusBody temperaturedrops below normal.

EffectorsMuscleactivitygeneratesbody heat.

ResponseBody heat is conserved,temperature rises toward normal.


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• There are two (2) types:

• Negative feedback mechanisms

• Positive feedback mechanisms


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Negative feedback summary:

• Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body

• Reduces the actions of the effectors

• Corrects the set point

• Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, ie, ‘negates’ the change

• Limits chaos in the body by creating stability

• Most common type of feedback loop

• Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation


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Positive feedback summary:

• Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body, ie, ‘positively’ adds to or continues the change

• Produces more instability in the body

• Produces more chaos in the body

• Positive feedback mechanisms are short-lived

• There are only a few types necessary for our survival

• Controls only infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustments

• Considered to be the uncommon loop

• Examples: blood clotting and child birth


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Animation:Positive and Negative Feedback

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1.6: Organization of the Human Body

• Body cavities

Thoracic cavity

Abdominopelviccavity

Abdominalcavity

Diaphragm

Pelvic cavity

Cranial cavity

Vertebral canal

(a)

Thoracic cavity

Abdominopelviccavity

Abdominalcavity

Pelvic cavity

Right pleuralcavity

Mediastinum

Left pleural cavityPericardialcavity

Diaphragm

Vertebral canal

Cranial cavity

Thoraciccavity

(b)


Frontal sinuses

Orbital cavities

Nasal cavity

Oral cavity

Cranial cavity

Sphenoidal sinus

Middle ear cavity


Fig. 1.10

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Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes

Thoracic Membranes• Visceral pleura• Parietal pleura• Visceral pericardium• Parietal pericardium

• Visceral layer – covers an organ• Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall

Abdominopelvic Membranes• Parietal peritoneum• Visceral peritoneum• Parietal perineum• Visceral perineum

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Thoracic Serous Membranes

Vertebra

Aorta

Esophagus

Right lung

Visceral pleura

Pleural cavity

Parietal pleura

Sternum

Plane ofsection

Spinal cord

Mediastinum

Left lung

Rib

Left ventricleof heart

Visceral pericardium

Pericardial cavity

Parietal pericardiumAnterior

Azygos v.

Right atriumof heart

Right ventricleof heart

Fibrous pericardium


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Abdominal Serous Membranes

Vertebra

Right kidney

Pancreas

LargeintestineLiver

Gallbladder

Duodenum

Peritoneal cavity

Parietal peritoneum

Plane ofsection

Leftkidney

Spinal cord

Spleen

Rib

Small intestine

Large intestine

Stomach

Anterior

Visceral peritoneum

Costal cartilage

Aorta

Inferiorvena cava


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Organ Systems: Body Covering

Integumentary system


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Organ Systems: Support and Movement

Skeletal system Muscular system


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Organ Systems:Integration and Coordination

Nervous system Endocrine system


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Organ Systems: Transport

Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system


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Organ Systems: Absorption and Secretion

Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system


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Organ Systems: Reproduction

Male reproductive system Female reproductive system


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1.7: Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out

Integumentary system


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Anatomical Terminology:Orientation and Directional Terms

• Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position):• Superior versus Inferior• Anterior(Ventral) versus Posterior(Dorsal)• Medial versus Lateral• Ipsi-lateral versus Contra-lateral• Proximal versus Distal (only in the extremities)• Superficial versus Deep• Internal versus External

Fig. 1.20aSuperior

Inferior

Medial

Lateral

Midline

Right Left

Proximal

Distal

Proximal

Distal


Fig. 1.20b

Anterior

(Ventral)

Posterior

(Dorsal)


Superior

Inferior

Medial

Lateral

Midline

Right Left

Proximal

Distal

Proximal

Distal

Anterior

(Ventral)

Posterior

(Dorsal)


Fig. 1.20

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Body Sections or Planes (3)

• Sagittal or Median – divides body into left and right portions• Mid-sagittal – divides body into equal left and right

portions

• Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and inferior portions

• Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior portions

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Body Sections

A section along a frontalplane

A section along a transverseplane

A section along themedian plane

Transverse(horizontal)plane

Frontal(coronal)plane

Parasagittalplane

Median(midsagittal)plane


© McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Joe De Grandis, photographer

Body Sections

64(a) (b) (c)


a: © Patrick J. Lynch/Photo Researchers, Inc.; b: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; c: © A. Glauberman/Photo Researchers, Inc.

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Other Body Sections

(a) (b) (c)


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Abdominal Subdivisions (2)

• Regions (9)

• Quadrants (4)

Righthypochondriacregion

Rightlumbarregion

Rightiliacregion

Epigastricregion

Umbilicalregion

Hypogastricregion

Lefthypochondriacregion

Leftlumbarregion

Leftiliacregion

(a)

Right upperquadrant (RUQ)

Left upperquadrant (LUQ)

Right lowerquadrant (RLQ)

Left lowerquadrant (LLQ)

(b)


Fig. 1.24a

Righthypochondriacregion

Rightlumbarregion

Rightiliacregion

Epigastricregion

Umbilicalregion

Hypogastricregion

Lefthypochondriacregion

Leftlumbarregion

Leftiliacregion

(a)


Fig. 1.24b

Right upperquadrant (RUQ)

Left upperquadrant (LUQ)

Right lowerquadrant (RLQ)

Left lowerquadrant (LLQ)

(b)


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Body Regions

Otic (ear)

Cervical (neck)

Acromial(point of shoulder)

Mammary (breast)

Brachial(arm)

Antecubital(front of elbow)

Antebrachial(forearm)

Genital(reproductive organs)

Cephalic (head)

Orbital (eye cavity)

Mental (chin)

Sternal

Pectoral(chest)

Inguinal(groin)

Coxal(hip)

Umbilical(navel)

Pedal (foot)

Occipital(back of head)

Acromial(point of shoulder)

Brachial (arm)

Dorsum (back)

Cubital (elbow)

Gluteal (buttocks)

Perineal

Femoral (thigh)

Popliteal (back of knee)

Plantar (sole)(a) (b)

Patellar(front of knee)

Vertebral(spinal column)

Sacral (between hips)

Lumbar(lower back)Abdominal

(abdomen)

Carpal (wrist)

Palmar (palm)

Digital (finger)

Nasal (nose)

Oral (mouth)

Frontal (forehead)

Buccal (cheek)

Tarsal (instep)

Digital (toe)

Axillary (armpit)

Crural (leg)

Sural (calf)


Documents

1 Anatomy & Physiology I Chapter 1 Rachel Olsen Adjunct Instructor Concorde Career College