Anatomy and Physiology

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Anatomy – study of structure (Greek – “a cutting up”)

Physiology – study of function (Greek – “relationship to nature”)

Structure is always related to function

Levels of Organization

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Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, neutronsAtom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom

Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule

Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule

Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus

Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell

Tissue – simple squamous epithelium, loose connective tissue

Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system

Organism - human

Levels of Organization

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Characteristics of Life

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Movement – change in position; motion

Responsiveness – reaction to a change

Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape

Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods

Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells

Characteristics of Life

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Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids

Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids

Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms

Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms

Requirements of Organisms

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Life depends on five environmental factors• water• food• oxygen• heat• pressure

Requirements of Organisms

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Water- most abundant substance in body- required for metabolic processes- required for transport of substances- regulates body temperature

Food- provides necessary nutrients- supplies energy- supplies raw materials

Requirements of Organisms

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Oxygen (Gas)- one-fifth of air- used to release energy from nutrients

Heat- form of energy - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions

Pressure - application of force on an object - atmospheric pressure – important for breathing - hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing

Anatomical Terminology

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Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward

Terms of Relative Position• Superior versus Inferior• Anterior versus Posterior• Medial versus Lateral• Ipsilateral versus Contralateral• Proximal versus Distal• Superficial versus Peripheral• Deep

Body Sections

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• Sagittal / Midsagittal or Median / Parasagittal

• Transverse or Horizontal

• Coronal or Frontal

• Cross section, Oblique, Longitudinal

Body Sections

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Body Sections

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Body Sections

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Body Cavities

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Thoracic & Abdominal Membranes

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Thoracic Membranes• Visceral pleura• Parietal pleura• Visceral pericardium• Parietal pericardium

Visceral layer – covers an organParietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall

Abdominopelvic Membranes• Parietal peritoneum• Visceral peritoneum

Serous Membranes

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Serous Membranes

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Organ Systems

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Organ Systems

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Organ Systems

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Organ Systems

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Organ Systems

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Organ Systems

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Abdominal Subdivisions

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Body Regions

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Go to: Language of Anatomy PPT

Clinical ApplicationMedical Imaging

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• Noninvasive procedures• Provide images of soft internal

structures

Magnetic Resonance Imaging• Requires injection of dye• Produces computerized

images from different angles

Ultrasonography • Use of high-

frequency sound waves

• Relatively quick and inexpensive

Homeostasis

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Body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment

Homeostatic Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the internal environment and corrects any changes

• Receptors - provide information about stimuli

• Control center - tells what a particular value should be (includes a set point) This is usually an organ (brain, hypothalamus, etc.)

• Effectors - elicit responses that change conditions in the internal environment

Homeostatic Mechanisms

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Negative feedback maintains homeostasis, keeps parameters in the normal range because deviation from the set point is resisted. Most NF loops are controlled by endocrine hormones or the nervous system.

Examples are body temperature, pH levels in urine, blood volume, etc. (Most homeostatic mechanisms are controlled by neg. feedback)

Positive feedback creates a self-amplifying change of events that leads away from the body’s normal ranges.

Examples of Positive Feedback are giving birth and clotting blood, both are hormone driven and actually part of a larger N.F.M.“Often, however, positive feedback produces the very opposite of homeostasis: rapid loss of internal stability with potentially fatal consequences. For example, if the death of a small area of heart tissue triggers a heart attack (myocardial infarction), the heart pumps an inadequate amount of blood. Thus, the heart muscle itself is deprived of blood flow, and still more begins to die. This can lead to a rapid worsening of cardiac function until a person dies. Many diseases involve dangerous positive feedback loops.”

From: Homeostasis - Biology Encyclopedia - cells, body, examples, function, human, process, system, organisms, blood http://www.biologyreference.com/Ho-La/Homeostasis.html#ixzz0xptZ3AcC

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See page 11 for Diagrams and pages 964-967 for “normal values” of blood chemistry for example.

Body temperature regulates at about 1 oF or 0.5 oC from normal

Blood pH 7.35 – 7.45