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Antimicrobials used in layers:the Belgian situationDr Erik Uyttebroek Dr Dieter VancraeynestII. National Egg Summit, Antalya, 5-8 November 2015
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Overview
•The regulatory environment•Antimicrobials available for use in layers in Belgium (0d egg WDL)
•Main indications for antimicrobial use in layers•Use of antimicrobials and possible non-antimicrobial alternatives per indication
•Conclusion
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The regulatory environment
•Pressure on antimicrobial use– MRSA, ESBL political and retailer demands to reduce the
usage of antimicrobial agents– Eg. the Netherlands:
• 20% reduction in 2011• 50% reduction in 2012! (aim was 2013)
– Belgium: • 50 % reduction by 2020• 50 % reduction in feed medication by 2017
– Stricter guidelines on what to use when• Products reserved for 2nd and 3rd line treatment
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The regulatory environment
•But: most pressure is on meat production– Egg production already had limited use of antimicrobial
agents• Not much agents available with 0d WDL
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Antimicrobials available for use in layers in Belgium (0d egg WDL)
•Colistine•Tylosin•Tiamulin•Phenoxymethylpenicillin
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Main indications for antimicrobial use in layers
•Escherichia coli•Necrotic enteritis•Chronic enteritis/focal duodenal enteritis•Mycoplasma synoviae•Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae•Pasteurella multocida•AIS (Avian Intestinal Spirochetosis - Brachyspira)
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Escherichia coli
•Current situation:– Still one of the most important reasons for mortality during lay,
but currently not to the same extent as in the past•2 main ports of entry:
– Aerogenic respiratory issues, aerosacculitis, pericarditis, (pneumonia)
– Ascending from cloaca oophoritis, peritonitis
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Escherichia coli - Antimicrobial approach:
•Colistine but no resorption from GI tract• 60,000-80,000 IU/kg/day 3-5d
•Multi Resistance
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Escherichia coli - Non-antimicrobial approach:
•Vaccination:• Autovaccines• More recently: commercial live vaccine (Poulvac E. coli), sometimes in
combination with autovaccines
•In cases of APEC (on the rise): water treatment• Pulse washing, peracetic acid, …
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Escherichia coli - Vaccination
•Commercial live vaccine (Poulvac E. Coli)
– Live aroA deleted E. coli O78– Broad cross protection (studies for O1, O2, O18)– Spray administration from day 1 onwards, until 6w before
onset of laying– Usually 2 vaccinations during rearing period– High adoption after introduction in long living birds (layers and
breeders)– Emergency vaccination seems beneficial
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Escherichia coli
•Commercial Live Vaccine: adoption rate* 2014:
*Estimated % of layers/breeders vaccinated in EU per country assuming every layer and breeder received 2 doses
Country # layersin mio
# breedersin mio
Adoption rate* 2014
Hungary 7,3 0,5 55%
France 44,0 6,0 46%
United Kingdom 34,0 7,0 40%
Bulgaria 3,0 0,4 37%
Portugal 6,0 0,5 29%
Ireland 2,0 0,6 27%
Belgium/Luxemb. 7,3 0,5 24%
Germany 38,0 15,0 23%
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Necrotic enteritis
•Current situation:– Regular clinical outbreaks during rearing or early lay– Mostly preceded by or combined with coccidiosis
• Coccidiosis prevention often absent during rear
Unpredictable immunity Coccidiosis pops up after stressors (transport, peak of lay) Followed by NE
Cooper and Songer
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Necrotic enteritis
•Antimicrobial approach– Phenoxymethylpenicillin (recent 0d egg WDL)
• 20 mg/kg/day for 2d, then 13.5 mg/kg/day for 3d• Distribution of daily dose in 6-8 hours
– Tylosin• 20 mg/kg for 3d
•Non-antimicrobial approach– Make sure birds enter production with good cocci immunity
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Chronic enteritis/focal duodenal enteritis
•Current situation– Regularly seen in commercial layers in alternative housing
systems
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Chronic enteritis/focal duodenal enteritis
•Antimicrobial approach– Tylosin
•Non-antimicrobial approach– NSAIDs
• Methyl-salicylic acid in feed
– Copper sulphate in water– Feed adaptations (more fiber, alfalfa, focus on protein
digestibility)– Acids in feed or water (formic, acetic, propionic acid)
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Mycoplasma synoviae
•EAA: eggshell apex abnormalities
Source: the Poultry Site
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Mycoplasma synoviae
•Current situation– Approx 30% of flocks show problems with egg shell quality
after 40-45 weeks of age
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Mycoplasma synoviae
•Antimicrobial approach– Tylosin
• 75-100 mg/kg for 3-5d
– Tiamulin• 25 mg/kg, 3-5d
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Mycoplasma synoviae
•Non-antimicrobial approach– Vaccination: commercial live M. synoviae vaccine
(MS-H vaccine)• On problem farms• On farms producing table eggs, to reduce 2nd choice and breaking eggs on
stacked trays
– In severe cases: moulting seems to stop problems
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Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
•Current situation– Frequent diagnosis in free range layers– Often associated with swine production in proximity
•Antimicrobial approach– Phenoxymethylpenicillin (although no claim)
•Non-antimicrobial approach– Autovaccines– Emergency vaccination also helps– Reduce red mites! Collect mortality as often as possible! – Work on cannibalism
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Pasteurella multocida
•Current situation– Sporadic problems
•Antimicrobial approach:– In practice: almost impossible with 0d WDL products– (Colistine)
•Non-antimicrobial approach– Autovaccines and/or commercial vaccine
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Brachyspira (AIS)
•Mostly described in free range layers•Foamy yellowish caecal droppings•Impact on egg production
Source: Octagon services
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Brachyspira
•Current situation– Not the major issue in Belgium
•Antimicrobial approach– Tylosin– Tiamulin
• No Brachyspira claim, only Mycoplasma• 25 mg/kg, 3-5d
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Conclusion
•Not a lot of antimicrobial agents with 0d egg WDL•Need for reduction of antimicrobial use
• Need for alternative approaches– Management– Non-antimicrobial products– New vaccines
