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AP BIOLOGY AP BIOLOGY REVIEW 2REVIEW 2

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Which of the following is Which of the following is TRUE TRUE of of synaptic signaling and hormonal synaptic signaling and hormonal

signaling?signaling?

a. Hormonal signaling occurs in animals a. Hormonal signaling occurs in animals only.only.

b. Hormonal signaling is important b. Hormonal signaling is important between cells that are at greater between cells that are at greater distances apart than in synaptic distances apart than in synaptic signaling.signaling.

c. Both use neurotransmitters, but c. Both use neurotransmitters, but hormone signaling is for adjacent cells hormone signaling is for adjacent cells in animals only.in animals only.

d. Both are forms of paracrine signaling.d. Both are forms of paracrine signaling.

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Which of the following is Which of the following is TRUE TRUE of of synaptic signaling and hormonal synaptic signaling and hormonal

signaling?signaling?

a. Hormonal signaling occurs in animals a. Hormonal signaling occurs in animals only.only.

b. Hormonal signaling is important b. Hormonal signaling is important between cells that are at greater between cells that are at greater distances apart than in synaptic distances apart than in synaptic signaling.signaling.

c. Both use neurotransmitters, but c. Both use neurotransmitters, but hormone signaling is for adjacent cells hormone signaling is for adjacent cells in animals only.in animals only.

d. Both are forms of paracrine signaling.d. Both are forms of paracrine signaling.

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A group of cells is assayed for DNA A group of cells is assayed for DNA content immediately following content immediately following mitosis and is found to have an mitosis and is found to have an

average of 8 picograms of DNA per average of 8 picograms of DNA per nucleus. Those cells would nucleus. Those cells would

have____picograms at the end of the S have____picograms at the end of the S phase and _____ picograms at the end phase and _____ picograms at the end

of G2.of G2.a.a. 8,88,8

b.b. 8,168,16

c.c. 16,816,8

d.d. 16,1616,16

e.e. 12,1612,16

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A group of cells is assayed for DNA A group of cells is assayed for DNA content immediately following content immediately following mitosis and is found to have an mitosis and is found to have an

average of 8 picograms of DNA per average of 8 picograms of DNA per nucleus. Those cells would nucleus. Those cells would

have____picograms at the end of the S have____picograms at the end of the S phase and _____ picograms at the end phase and _____ picograms at the end

of G2.of G2.a.a. 8,88,8

b.b. 8,168,16

c.c. 16,816,8

d.d. 16,1616,16

e.e. 12,1612,16

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MeiosisMeiosis

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In meiosis I, _____ are separated; in In meiosis I, _____ are separated; in meiosis II,______ are separated.meiosis II,______ are separated.

a. homologous chromosomes; a. homologous chromosomes; nonhomologous chromosomes.nonhomologous chromosomes.b. homologous chromosomes; sister b. homologous chromosomes; sister chromatidschromatidsc. nonhomologous chromosomes; c. nonhomologous chromosomes; homologous chromosomeshomologous chromosomesd. sister chromatids; homologous d. sister chromatids; homologous chromosomes.chromosomes.

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In meiosis I, _____ are separated; in In meiosis I, _____ are separated; in meiosis II,______ are separated.meiosis II,______ are separated.

a. homologous chromosomes; a. homologous chromosomes; nonhomologous chromosomes.nonhomologous chromosomes.b. homologous chromosomes; sister b. homologous chromosomes; sister chromatidschromatidsc. nonhomologous chromosomes; c. nonhomologous chromosomes; homologous chromosomeshomologous chromosomesd. sister chromatids; homologous d. sister chromatids; homologous chromosomes.chromosomes.

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A diploid cell has three pairs of A diploid cell has three pairs of homologous chromosomes homologous chromosomes designated J1/J2, K1/K2,designated J1/J2, K1/K2,and L1/L2. Which of the and L1/L2. Which of the

following represents a probable following represents a probable chromosome compliment in a chromosome compliment in a

haploid cell formed by meiosis?haploid cell formed by meiosis?a.a. J1 and K1J1 and K1

b.b. J1 and J2J1 and J2

c.c. J2, K1, and L2J2, K1, and L2

d.d. J1, J1, K2, and K2J1, J1, K2, and K2

e.e. J1, J2, K1, K2, L1, and L2J1, J2, K1, K2, L1, and L2

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A diploid cell has three pairs of A diploid cell has three pairs of homologous chromosomes homologous chromosomes designated J1/J2, K1/K2,designated J1/J2, K1/K2,and L1/L2. Which of the and L1/L2. Which of the

following represents a probable following represents a probable chromosome compliment in a chromosome compliment in a

haploid cell formed by meiosis?haploid cell formed by meiosis?a.a. J1 and K1J1 and K1

b.b. J1 and J2J1 and J2

c.c. J2, K1, and L2J2, K1, and L2

d.d. J1, J1, K2, and K2J1, J1, K2, and K2

e.e. J1, J2, K1, K2, L1, and L2J1, J2, K1, K2, L1, and L2

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Comparison Mitosis & Comparison Mitosis & MeiosisMeiosis

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Independent AssortmentIndependent Assortment

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EcologyEcology

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TermsTerms

Punctuated equilibrium – In the fossil Punctuated equilibrium – In the fossil record, long periods of apparent stasis record, long periods of apparent stasis (equilibrium), in which a species (equilibrium), in which a species undergoes little or no morphological undergoes little or no morphological change, interrupted by relatively brief change, interrupted by relatively brief periods of sudden change.periods of sudden change.

Epiphytic plant – a plant that nourishes Epiphytic plant – a plant that nourishes itself but grows on the surface of another itself but grows on the surface of another plant for support (often on trunks of plant for support (often on trunks of tropic plants)tropic plants)

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TermsTerms

Ecological niche Ecological niche –– sum total of an sum total of an organisms use of biotic and abiotic organisms use of biotic and abiotic resources as it resources as it ““fits intofits into”” an an ecosystemecosystem

Fundamental niche Fundamental niche –– resources a resources a population is population is capable of usingcapable of using

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Terms cont’dTerms cont’d

Realized niche Realized niche –– resources a resources a populationpopulation actually does useactually does use

Limiting factor - something needed Limiting factor - something needed for productivity (like water, Ofor productivity (like water, O22 or or COCO22 for plants) for plants)

Resource partitioning Resource partitioning –– different different niches allow similar species to niches allow similar species to coexist in communitycoexist in community

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Terms cont’dTerms cont’d

Dominant species - one in Dominant species - one in community that has the most community that has the most biomass biomass

Biomass - sum weight of all Biomass - sum weight of all individuals in populationindividuals in population

Keystone species - not abundant but Keystone species - not abundant but has control by role not numbers i.e.. has control by role not numbers i.e.. sea star pg. 1184sea star pg. 1184

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Terms cont’dTerms cont’d

Carrying capacity Carrying capacity –– maximum maximum amount that can live there without amount that can live there without harming the speciesharming the species

Logistic growth Logistic growth –– population growth population growth that levels off as population reaches that levels off as population reaches carrying capacitycarrying capacity

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Terms cont’dTerms cont’d

K K –– selected population - a selected population - a population living at or near its population living at or near its carrying capacity carrying capacity

- Produces relatively few - Produces relatively few offspring that have a good chance offspring that have a good chance for survival. for survival.

- Long life, low mortality rate - Long life, low mortality rate (death rate)(death rate)

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Terms cont’dTerms cont’d

R- selected population - a R- selected population - a population where densities population where densities fluctuate with little competition. fluctuate with little competition.

- short life span, high mortality rate - short life span, high mortality rate ie. dandelions ie. dandelions

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Terms cont’dTerms cont’d

Altruism behavior – puts the needs Altruism behavior – puts the needs of the population before itselfof the population before itself

Kin selection – needs of family come Kin selection – needs of family come firstfirst

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Exponential population Exponential population growthgrowth

Aka Geometric population growthAka Geometric population growth Population increase under ideal Population increase under ideal

conditionsconditions

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Fig. 53-10Fig. 53-10

Number of generations

0 5 10 150

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

1.0N =dNdt

0.5N =dN

dt

Po

pu

lati

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siz

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Fig. 53-11Fig. 53-11

8,000

6,000

4,000

2,000

01920 1940 1960 1980

Year

Ele

ph

ant

po

pu

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Exponential growth Exponential growth graphgraph

J-shape is characteristic of J-shape is characteristic of populations that are introduced into populations that are introduced into a new environment or whose a new environment or whose numbers have been drastically numbers have been drastically reduced by a catastrophic event and reduced by a catastrophic event and they are now rebounding.they are now rebounding.

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Fig. 53-12Fig. 53-12

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

00 5 10 15

Number of generations

Po

pu

lati

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siz

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Exponentialgrowth

1.0N=dN

dt

1.0N=dN

dt

K = 1,500

Logistic growth1,500 – N

1,500

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Which of the following could cause Which of the following could cause a realized niche to differ from a a realized niche to differ from a

fundamental niche?fundamental niche?

a. suitable habitata. suitable habitat

b. food size and availabilityb. food size and availability

c. temperature limitationsc. temperature limitations

d. water availabilityd. water availability

e. competition from other species.e. competition from other species.

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Which of the following could cause Which of the following could cause a realized niche to differ from a a realized niche to differ from a

fundamental niche?fundamental niche?

a. suitable habitata. suitable habitat

b. food size and availabilityb. food size and availability

c. temperature limitationsc. temperature limitations

d. water availabilityd. water availability

e. competition from other species.e. competition from other species.

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Which of the following species Which of the following species interaction is interaction is INCORRECTLYINCORRECTLY

paired to its effects on paired to its effects on the density of the two the density of the two

interacting populations?interacting populations?a. predation – one increases, one a. predation – one increases, one decreasesdecreases

b. parasitism – one increases, one b. parasitism – one increases, one decreasesdecreases

c. commensalisms – both increasec. commensalisms – both increase

d. mutualism – both increased. mutualism – both increase

e. competition – both decreasee. competition – both decrease

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Which of the following species Which of the following species interaction is interaction is INCORRECTLYINCORRECTLY

paired to its effects on paired to its effects on the density of the two the density of the two

interacting populations?interacting populations?a. predation – one increases, one a. predation – one increases, one decreasesdecreases

b. parasitism – one increases, one b. parasitism – one increases, one decreasesdecreases

c. commensalisms – both increasec. commensalisms – both increase

d. mutualism – both increased. mutualism – both increase

e. competition – both decreasee. competition – both decrease

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DNADNA

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Meselson-Stahl Meselson-Stahl ExperimentExperiment

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The genetic code contains the The genetic code contains the specific instructions for:specific instructions for:

a. replicating DNA strands for a. replicating DNA strands for reproductionreproduction

b. producing amino acids for b. producing amino acids for proteinsproteins

c. directing cell divisionc. directing cell division

d. determining the order of amino d. determining the order of amino acids in proteinacids in protein

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The genetic code contains the The genetic code contains the specific instructions for:specific instructions for:

a. replicating DNA strands for a. replicating DNA strands for reproductionreproduction

b. producing amino acids for b. producing amino acids for proteinsproteins

c. directing cell divisionc. directing cell division

d. determining the order of amino d. determining the order of amino acids in proteinacids in protein

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TranscriptionTranscription

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Once transcribed, eukaryotic Once transcribed, eukaryotic mRNA typically undergoes mRNA typically undergoes substantial alteration that substantial alteration that

includesincludesa. excision of introns.a. excision of introns.

b. fusion into circular forms known as b. fusion into circular forms known as plasmids.plasmids.

c. linkage to histone molecules.c. linkage to histone molecules.

d. union with ribosomes.d. union with ribosomes.

e. fusion with other newly transcribed e. fusion with other newly transcribed mRNA.mRNA.

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Once transcribed, eukaryotic Once transcribed, eukaryotic mRNA typically undergoes mRNA typically undergoes substantial alteration that substantial alteration that

includesincludesa. a. excision of intronsexcision of introns..

b. fusion into circular forms known as b. fusion into circular forms known as plasmids.plasmids.

c. linkage to histone molecules.c. linkage to histone molecules.

d. union with ribosomes.d. union with ribosomes.

e. fusion with other newly transcribed e. fusion with other newly transcribed mRNA.mRNA.

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RNA ProcessingRNA Processing

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If the arrangement of bases on If the arrangement of bases on DNA is 5΄ACCGAT 3΄ then a DNA is 5΄ACCGAT 3΄ then a

corresponding strand of corresponding strand of mRNA will be:mRNA will be:

a. 5΄ACCGAT3΄a. 5΄ACCGAT3΄

b. 3΄TAGCCA5΄b. 3΄TAGCCA5΄

c. 5΄UGGCUA3΄c. 5΄UGGCUA3΄

d. 3΄UGGCUA5΄d. 3΄UGGCUA5΄

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If the arrangement of bases on If the arrangement of bases on DNA is 5΄ACCGAT 3΄ then a DNA is 5΄ACCGAT 3΄ then a

corresponding strand of corresponding strand of mRNA will be:mRNA will be:

a. 5΄ACCGAT3΄a. 5΄ACCGAT3΄

b. 3΄TAGCCA5΄b. 3΄TAGCCA5΄

c. 5΄UGGCUA3΄c. 5΄UGGCUA3΄

d. 3΄UGGCUA5΄d. 3΄UGGCUA5΄

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Control of Protein Control of Protein SynthesisSynthesis

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a.a. It uses inexpensive materials and It uses inexpensive materials and produces perfect results.produces perfect results.

b.b. It can purify specific sections of a It can purify specific sections of a DNA molecule.DNA molecule.

c.c. It can produce large amounts of It can produce large amounts of specific DNA sequences.specific DNA sequences.

d.d. It can duplicate the entire human It can duplicate the entire human genome.genome.

e.e. It can produce large amounts of It can produce large amounts of mRNA.mRNA.

Which of the following best describes why the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a standard technique used in molecular biology research?

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a.a. It uses inexpensive materials and It uses inexpensive materials and produces perfect results.produces perfect results.

b.b. It can purify specific sections of a It can purify specific sections of a DNA molecule.DNA molecule.

c.c. It can produce large amounts of It can produce large amounts of specific DNA sequences.specific DNA sequences.

d.d. It can duplicate the entire human It can duplicate the entire human genome.genome.

e.e. It can produce large amounts of It can produce large amounts of mRNA.mRNA.

Which of the following best describes why the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a standard technique used in molecular biology research?