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Bab 7

Outsourcing: To Make OR To Buy

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• Outsourcing: A Growth Industry

• Strategic Issues

» Core Competencies

» Supplier Dominance

» The Creation of Strategic Vulnerabilities

» The Dangers of Vertical Integration

• Horizontal Integration

» New Product Development and Outsourcing

» Lean Manufacturing

• Tactical Decisions

Key Concepts

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• Factors Influencing Make-or-Buy Decisions» Cost Considerations» Time» Capacity» Control of Production or Quality» Business Process Outsourcing» Technology Risk and Maturity» Unreliable Suppliers» Suppliers’ Specialized Knowledge and Research» Small-Volume Requirements» Limited Facilities

Key Concepts

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• Factors Continued

» Work Force Stability

» Multiple-Source Policy

» Managerial and Control Considerations

» Procurement and Inventory Considerations

• Netsourcing

• The Volatile Nature of the Make-or-Buy Situation

» Dangers of Outsourcing

• Administration of Make-or-Buy Activities

» Chief Resource Officer

» Framework for Outsourcing

» Executive Level Involvement

Key Concepts

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Outsourcing and WCSM

• Outsourcing has become a way to increase an organization’s flexibility to meet rapidly changing market conditions, focus on core competencies and develop competitive advantage.

• As a result, the need for World Class Supply ManagementSM has intensified and positioned supply managers as agents of strategic change critical to supply chain success.

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Views on Outsourcing

• “Today’s manufacturing focus means learning how not to make things - how not to make the parts that divert a company from cultivating its skills - parts its suppliers could make more efficiently.” (Ravi Venkatesan)

• “Manufacturing strategy is about creating operating capabilities a company needs for the future.” (R.H. Hayes and G.P. Pisano)

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Outsourcing: A Growth Industry

• Outsourcing is increasing rapidly

» Not just materials, many business functions are being outsourced

• Outsourcing can enable:

» Leveraging of the supplier’s expertise

» Increases in innovation

• And result in:

» lower staffing levels

» reduced costs

» more flexibility7

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Strategic Issues

• Core Competencies

• Supplier Dominance

• The Creation of Strategic Vulnerabilities

• The Dangers of Vertical Integration

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Horizontal Integration

• Outsourcing all non-critical activities is a trend

» The idea is to achieve significant cost leverage

• To identify non-critical activities, the firm’s core competencies must be defined

» All other activities are candidates for outsourcing

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From A Strategic Level: What Should Not Be Outsourced

1. An item that is critical to the success of the product

2. An item that requires specialized design, manufacturing skills or equipment

3. An item that fits well within the firm’s core competencies

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Strategic Analytic Procedure for Subsystems and Components

Is thesubsystemstrategic?

Outsource

No

Can thesubsystem be broken

into families?

Yes

Are familiesstrategic?

Yes

Yes

No

Make In-House

NoNo

Based onBased onIllustration 7-1Illustration 7-1

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Make or Buy at Tactical Level

• Poor supplier performance

• Changing sales demand

• Restricted manufacturing capability

• Modification of product

• Increased manufacturing capability

• Improved supplier capability

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Considerations Which Favor Making

1. Cost considerations

2. Desire to integrate plant operations

3. Use of excess plant capacity

4. Control over production and/or quality

5. Design secrecy required

6. Unreliable suppliers

7. Desire to maintain a stable work force

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Considerations Which Favor Buying

1. Limited production facilities2. Cost considerations (less expensive

to buy)3. Small-volume requirements4. Suppliers’ specialized know-how5. Stable work force (rising sales)6. Multiple-source policy7. Indirect managerial control

considerations8. Procurement and inventory

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Major Elements Includedin a “To Make” Cost Analysis

1. Delivered purchased material costs

2. Direct labor costs

3. Any follow-on costs stemming from quality and related problems

4. Incremental inventory carrying costs

5. Incremental factory overhead costs

6. Incremental managerial costs

7. Incremental purchasing costs

8. Incremental costs of capital15

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Major Elements Includedin a “To Buy” Cost Analysis

1. Purchase price of the part

2. Transportation costs

3. Receiving and inspection costs

4. Incremental purchasing costs

5. Any follow-on costs related to quality or service

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Cost Considerations

• The time factor (two views)

» Short-term view

– Focus on direct measurable costs

» Long-term view

– Also measure hidden costs (storage, inspection, tooling, quality, etc.)

• The capacity factor (2 possibilities)

» 1. We are at capacity

– Fixed costs are an issue

» 2. We are not at capacity

– Fixed costs are not as much an issue17

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Incremental Costs from “Make” Decision When Operating at 80% Capacity

Figure 7-1Figure 7-1

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Netsourcing

• Many companies are not readily staffed to keep a company competitive in e-business

• As a result, companies are outsourcing infrastructure development and maintenance to “Netsourcers”

• Netsourcing has become popular since it allows:» A quick e-business presence

» Flexibility to make changes

» Sustained performance

» Support without the need to train or hire specialized personnel

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The Volatile Nature of the Make-or-Buy Decision

• Beware of rigid formulas and rules of thumb

• The make‑or‑buy question is influenced by a multitude of diverse factors constantly changing

• Under such conditions, few easy decisions turn out well in both the short and the long run

• Moreover, the relevant factors vary immensely from one firm to another

• Every company should periodically evaluate the effectiveness of its past decisions to generate information helpful in guiding future decisions

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Dangers of Outsourcing

• Loss of control

• Loss of client focus

• Loss of clarity

• Loss of cost control

• Ineffective management

• Loss of confidentiality

• Double outsourcing

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Administration of Make-or-Buy Activities

• Chief Resource Officer

» Manages and initiates outsourcing for direct support to the company’s bottom line

• Framework for outsourcing

» Information gathering

» Strategic roadmap

» Decision flowchart

» Transition back plan

» Review system

• Executive level involvement22

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• Firms are becoming more aware of the strategic dimension of the make-or-buy decision

• As technology has advanced, most manufacturing firms have become much more specialized

• Cost of materials has continued to increase in many industries

Concluding Remarks

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