1. Briritsh Painting

8/3/2019 1. Briritsh Painting

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International Gothic: 14th - 15th century AD

Skilled immigrants

The Europe of the Middle Ages, dominated by a powerful

church and criss-crossed by pilgrim routes, has enjoyed a

culture which largely transcends geographical regions. It is

appropriate therefore that the final style of medieval art

should also be common to much of the continent. This style,

flourishing between about 1375 and 1425, is known to art

historians as International Gothic - or sometimes simply the

International Style. It is characterized by figures of a slender

and even winsome elegance, painted with great confidence but

looking somewhat ill-equipped for the hurly-burly of everydaylife.

England is exceptionally late, among the wealthier regions of

Western Europe, in developing a native school of artists of

sufficient distinction for their names to survive.

From the period when the great Renaissance masters are at

work in Italy, the Netherlands or Germany, there is no English

artist whose name survives. When English kings and nobleswant their portrait painted, they look to continental Europe for

someone with the necessary skills

The exquisite Wilton Diptych (c. 139599) is a small portable

diptych of two hinged panels, painted on both sides. It is an

extremely rare survival of a late Medieval religious panel

painting from England. The diptych was painted for King

Richard II who is depicted kneeling before the Virgin and

Child in what is known as a votive portrait. The painting is an

outstanding example of the International Gothic style, and the

nationality of the unknown artist is probably French or

English.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diptychhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votive_portraithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diptychhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votive_portrait


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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/The_Wilton_Diptych_%28left%29.jpg


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illuminated manuscripts = manuscript in which the text is supplemented by the additionof decoration:

decorated initials,

borders (marginalia) and

miniature illustrations

The earliest surviving substantive illuminated manuscripts are from the period AD 400 to

600, initially produced in Italy and the Eastern Roman Empire.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginaliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empirehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/The_Wilton_Diptych_%28Right%29.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginaliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire


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The majority of surviving manuscripts are from the Middle Ages. The majority of these

manuscripts are of a religious nature. A very few illuminated manuscript fragments

survive on

papyrus,

vellum or parchment (most commonly ofcalf, sheep, or goat skin)

paper (Late Middle Ages)

The introduction of printing rapidly led to the decline of illumination.

Miniature ofChrist in Majesty from the Aberdeen Bestiary
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parchmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calfskinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_in_Majestyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Bestiaryhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/AberdeenBestiaryFolio004vChristInMajesty.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parchmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calfskinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_in_Majestyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Bestiary


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The Book of Kells/ Book of Columba (Irish:Leabhar

Cheanannais) (Dublin, Trinity College Library): an

illuminated manuscriptGospel bookin Latin, containing the

four Gospels of the New Testament together with various

prefatory texts and tables. It was created by Celticmonks ca.800 or slightly earlier.

The books of Kells (Durham Cathedral)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminated_manuscripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christian_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_monasticismhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/KellsFol292rIncipJohn.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminated_manuscripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christian_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_monasticism


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JOHN BETTES the elder

- by far the most distinguished painter to fulfill the function of the Royal Court painter

between 1526 and 1543-nothing is known of his life life. According to a documented court case, he is first

recorded as working forHenry VIII at Whitehall Palace and paid for "lymning" (painting

in miniature) the king's and queen's portraits, and for six other portraits.-He provides the images by which we know members of the Tudor court, and in

particular Henry VIII himself.

Man in a Black Cap, by John Bettes the Elder, 1545. Oil on oak, Tate

Gallery, London
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehall_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bettes_the_Elderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_Britainhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Man_in_a_Black_Cap%2C_by_John_Bettes_the_Elder.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehall_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bettes_the_Elderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_Britain


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English aristocrats now like to be depicted

in sumptuous clothes and jewellery,

half- or full-length (thus showing more of a spectacular

costume) and

frequently with pale faces and distant, reserved expressions

Portrait of Thomas Wentworth 1549, attributed to John Bettes the

Elder
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/1stLordWentworth.jpg


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John Bettes the Younger (died 1616) = an English portrait painter

- his father, John Bettes the Elderdied in, or before 1570

- lived in London on Grub Street in St Giles Cripplegate

- he is thought to have made a number ofportraits of Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I of Englandattributed to John Bettes the Younger or his studio
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bettes_the_Elderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portraiture_of_Elizabeth_I_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_Englandhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Elizabeth_I_attrib_john_bettes_c1585_90.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bettes_the_Elderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portraiture_of_Elizabeth_I_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England


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Hans Holbein the Younger (1498-1543) - German artist and

printmakerwho worked in aNorthern Renaissance style; he is

called "the Younger" to distinguish him from his father,Hans

Holbein the Elder, an accomplished painter of the Late Gothicschool

Self-portrait, c. 154243. Coloured chalks and pen, heightened with gold,

Uffizi Gallery, Florence
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printmakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uffizi_Galleryhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger%2C_self-portrait.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printmakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uffizi_Gallery


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- the greatest portraitists of the 16th century

- religious art, satire and Reformation propaganda

- book design

- designs for stained glass windows

He made his international mark with portraits of the humanist

Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam

- When the Reformation reached Basel, Holbein worked for reformist

clients while continuing to serve traditional religious patrons

- His Late Gothic style was enriched by artistic trends in Italy, France, and

the Netherlands, as well as by Renaissance Humanism. The result was acombined aesthetic uniquely his own.

- Holbein travelled to England in 1526 in search of work,

with a recommendation from Erasmus

- He was welcomed into the humanist circle ofThomas

More, where he quickly built a high reputation.

- After returning to Basel for four years, he resumed his

career in England in 1532.

- This time he worked for the twin founts of patronage:

Anne Boleyn and Thomas Cromwell

By 1535, he was King's Painter to King Henry VIII.

- portraits of the royal family and nobles = vivid

record of a brilliant court

- festive decorations

- designs for jewellery,

- plate, and other precious objects

- frescoes

Holbein's art

- realist (rare precision)

- layers of symbolism, allusion, and paradox

- art of sureness and economy of statement,

- penetration into character,

- richness and purity of style"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Humanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestheticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Morehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Morehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Humanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestheticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Morehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Morehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England


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Portrait of Erasmus of Rotterdam, 1523. Oil and tempera on wood,

National Gallery, London
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperahttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Holbein-erasmus.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempera


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Portrait of Sir Thomas More, 1527. Oil and tempera on oak, Frick

Collection, New York City
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Hans_Holbein_d._J._065.jpg


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Henry the VIII
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Henry_VIII_of_England%2C_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg


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Portrait of the Merchant Georg Gisze, 1532. Oil and tempera on oak,

Berlin State museum
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Portrait_of_Georg_Gisze%2C_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg


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TRAINING AND INFLUENCES

- The first influence on Holbein was his father. Hans Holbein: an

accomplished religious artist and portraitist (Augsburg)

- Italian element to his stylistic vocabulary:

- (Leonardo da Vinci's "sfumato" (smoky) technique on his

work

- the art of single-point perspective and the use of antique

motifs and architectural forms (Andrea Mantegna)

- drawing with coloured chalks on a plain ground: Jean

Clouet, which he may have seen during his visit to France in

1524
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)


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Double portrait of Double portrait of jean de Dinteville and Georges de

Selve, 1533. Oil and tempera on oak, National Gallery, London
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Holbein-ambassadors.jpg


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Commentary

influence of Early Netherlandish painters (the use ofoil paint on

wood panels; meticulous details that are mainly symbolic:

extensive imagery to link their subjects to divinity, Holbein usedsymbols to link his figures to the age of exploration)

- scientific instruments including two globes (one terrestrial

and one celestial),

- a quadrant, a torquetum (astronomical instrument), and a

polyhedral sundial

- various textiles including the floor mosaic, based on a designfrom Westminster Abbey

- the carpet on the upper shelf, which is most notably oriental

highly fashionable in Renaissance painting

- open books (symbol of religious knowledge and education

(symbolic link to the Virgin, is therefore believed by some

critics to be symbolic of a unification of capitalism and the

Church)

- The figure on the left is in secular attire while

- the figure on the right is dressed in clerical clothes Theirdisplayed open books on the table symbolize religious

knowledge

- the lute with a broken string: symbol of discord, suggesting

strife between scholars and clergy

- The terrestrial globe refers to the Ambassadors' Globe

- the skewed skull, placed in the bottom centre of the

composition (in anamorphic perspective, typical for Early

Renaissance a visual puzzle = vanitas ormemento mori)

The painting represents three levels, encouraging contemplation of

one's impending death and the resurrection
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_painthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_explorationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_planethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrant_(instrument)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_carpets_in_Renaissance_paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_the_Mother_of_Jesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_painthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_explorationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_planethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrant_(instrument)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_carpets_in_Renaissance_paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_the_Mother_of_Jesus


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- the heavens (as portrayed by the astrolabe and other

objects on the upper shelf),

- the living world (as evidenced by books and a musical

instrument on the lower shelf), and

- death (signified by the skull)


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Nicholas Hilliard (1547 1619) English goldsmith and limner

best known for hisportrait miniatures of members of the courts of

Elisabeth I and James I of England

He mostly painted small oval miniatures, but also some

largercabinet miniatures Technically he was very conservative by European standards

his paintings are superbly executed and have a freshness and

charm (the central artistic figure of the Elizabethan age)

the only English painter whose work reflects, in its delicate

microcosm, the world of Shakespeare earlier plays

He was appointment as miniaturist to the

he was commissioned to decorate important documents, such

as the founding charterof Emmanuel College, Cambridge(1584

The esteem of his contemporaries for Hilliard is testified to

by John Donne (The Storm 1597))

the largest collection of his work is in the Victoria and Albert

Museum, London
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_miniaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_miniatureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_miniaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_miniatureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter


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Nicholas Hilliard: self portrait


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Nicholas Hilliard: Miniature of Elisabeth 1572
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Elizabeth_I_1572_Hilliard.jpg


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AnthonyVan Dyck: 1618-1641

- Antoon Van Dyck was born to prosperous parents in Antwerp

- His talent was evident very early, so he became an independent

painter around 1615, setting up a workshop with his even younger

friendJan Breugel the Younger. (Self-portrait, 161314)

- admitted to the Antwerp painters' Guild of Saint Luke as a free

master;

- chief assistant to the dominant master of Antwerp, and the whole of

Northern Europe, Peter Paul Rubens ("the best of my pupils")

- In 1620 the Duke of Buckingham instigated van Dyck to go to

England to work for King James I and James VI.

- It was in London that he first saw the work of Titian whose use of

colour and subtle modeling of form would influence his stylistic- Van Dyck spends most of the 1620s in Italy. In Genoa he makes an

extremely successful career as a portrait painter, providing elegant and

darkly dramatic full-length portraits of the city's aristocracy

- His elegant painting style with a lighter palette made van Dyck the

favourite portrait painter in English court circles. He moves to London

in 1632 and is immediately encouraged by Charles I who makes him a

knight

- Van Dyck helped King Charles' agents in their search for pictures (the

king was the most passionate and generous collector of art among the

British monarchs, and saw art as a way of promoting his grandiose

view of the monarchy)

- Van Dyck painted many portraits of men with the short, pointed

beards then in fashion; consequently this particular kind of beard was

much later (probably first in America in the 19th century) named a

vandyke orVan dyke beard (which is the anglicized version of his

name)

During the reign ofGeorge III, a generic "Cavalier" fancy-dress

costume called a Van Dyke was popular; Gainsborough's 'Blue Boy' is

wearing such a Van Dyke outfit- The oil paint pigment van Dyck brown is named after him, and Van

dyke brown is an early photographic printing process using the same

colour
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_dyke_beardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gainsboroughhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_dyke_brownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_dyke_brownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_dyke_beardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gainsboroughhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_dyke_brownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_dyke_brown


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Anthony van Dyck: Self Portrait with a Sunflower(the gold collar and medalwere the awards that King Charles I gave him in 1633. The sunflower may represent the

king, or royal patronage)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Anthonyvandyckselfportrait.jpeg


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Anthony van Dyck: King Charles I
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Charles_I_of_England.jpg


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Anthony van Dyck: Samson and Delilah, ca. 1630. (a strenuous history paintingin the manner of Rubens; the saturated use of color reveals van Dyck's study ofTitian)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titianhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Anthonis_van_Dyck_052.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titian


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Anthony Van Dyck: Amor and Psyche, 1638
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Anthonis_van_Dyck_001.jpg


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Danil Mijtens (Delft, c. 1590 The Hague, 1647/48), known in England as

Daniel Mytens the Elder (Dutch portrait painter who spent the central years

of his career working in England

- introduced a new naturalism into the English court portrait,

but after the arrival in England of the far more distinguished

Anthony Van Dyck in 1632 he was superseded as the leading

court portraitist, and around 1634 he appears to have returned

to the Netherlands permanently

Daniel Mytens: James Hamilton in 1629
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delfthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/1st_Duke_of_Hamilton_by_Daniel_Mytens.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delfthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England


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Sir Peter Lely (1618 1680)-Dutch origin (Pieter van der Faes)

His early paintings were

mythological,

religious or

portraits set in a pastoral landscape

influences from Anthony van Dyck and the Dutch baroque

He succeeded Anthony van Dyck as the most fashionable

portrait artist in England

his career was not interrupted by Charles's I execution, and

he served Oliver Cromwell

After the English Restauration in 1660, Lely was appointed

as Charles II's principal Painter

naturalised English subject in 1662

Among his most famous paintings are:

a series of 10 portraits of ladies the "Windsor beauties now

mostly owned by the National Maritime museum in

Greenwich;

Susannah and the Elders at Burghley House

Lely was knighted in 1680. He was buried at St. Pauls Church,Covent garden
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burghley_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burghley_House


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Sir Peter Lely: Self Portrait
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Peter_Lely_Selfportrait.jpg


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Sir Peter Lely: Windsor Beauties
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Stieler_strobl_1827.jpg


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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Stieler_Kruedener.jpg


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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Anna_Hillmayer_1829%2C_by_Joseph_Stieler.JPG


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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Antonia_wallinger_von_ott.jpg


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Sir Godfrey Kneller (1st Baronet) (1646 1723)

leadingportrait painterin England during the late 17th and early 18th centuries

court painter to British monarchs from Charles II to George I

major works include

o The Chinese Convert (1687);o a series of four portraits of Isaac Newton painted at various junctures of

the latter's life;

o a series of ten reigning European monarchs, including King Louis XIV of

France;

o over 40 "Kit-cat portraits" of members of the Kit-Cat Club;

o ten "beauties" of the court of William III

In England, Kneller concentrated almost entirely on portraiture

He founded a studio which churned out portraits on an almost industrial scale, relying ona brief sketch of the face with details added to a formulaic model, aided by the fashion for

gentlemen to wear full wigs.

appointed Principal Painter to the Crown by Charles II.

He founded Kneller Academy of Painting and Drawing1711-1716

His paintings were praised by Whig luminaries such as John Dryden, Joseph Addison,Richard Steele, and Alexander Pope
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_painterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit-cat_portraithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit-Cat_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wig_(hair)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Whig_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_painterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit-cat_portraithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit-Cat_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wig_(hair)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Whig_Party


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Sir Godfrey Kneller: self portrait
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Godfrey_Kneller_Selfportrait.jpg


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Sir Godfrey Kneller: Isaac Newton
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg


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Godfrey Kneller: Kit-cat portrait: Sir John Vanbrugh in considered one of Kneller's finestportraits
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/John_Vanbrugh.jpg


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Sir Godfrey Kneller: Michael Alphonsius Shen Fu-Tsung, "The Chinese

Convert"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Knellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Alphonsius_Shen_Fu-Tsunghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Shen_Fo-tsung.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Knellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Alphonsius_Shen_Fu-Tsung


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William Dobson (1610 1646)portraitist and one of the first

notable Englishpainters

Van Dyck himself discovered Dobson when he noticed oneof the young artist's pictures in a London shop window

When Van Dyck died in 1641, Dobson probably succeeded

him as sergeant-painter to the King

After Oxford fell to the Parliamentarians, in June 1646,

Dobson returned to London. Now without patronage, he was

briefly imprisoned for debt and died in poverty at the age of

thirty-six.

There are examples of Dobson's work at Tate Britain and theNational portrait Gallery in London and at the Dunedin

public Art Gallery in New Zealand
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portraitisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundheadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portraitisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundhead


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William Dobson: The Painter with Sir Charles Cottrell and Sir Balthasar Gerbier,1645
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4f/The_Painter_with_Sir_Charles_Cottrell_and_Sir_Balthasar_Gerbier_by_William_Dobson%2C_circa_1645._Oil_on_canvas..jpg


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William Dobson: Charles II when Prince of Wales, circa 1642 or 1643
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Charles_II_when_Prince_of_Wales_by_William_Dobson%2C_1642.jpg


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William Hogarth (1697 1764)

Englishpainterprintmaker,

pictorial satirist, social critic and

editorial cartoonist (pioneered western sequential art)

realistic portraiture, comic strip-like series of pictures ("modern

moral subjects")

his work is so pervasive that satirical political illustrations in this

style are often referred to as "Hogarthian"

Early satirical works included

Emblematical Print on the South Sea Scheme (c.1721): (the disastrous stock market crash

of 1720 known as the South Sea Buble, in which many English people lost a great deal of

money.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting


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The print shows a London scene, with the Guildhall and its monumental statue of the

giant Gog (or Magog) to the left, a classical column based on The Monument to the GreatFire of London to the right, and the dome ofSt Paul's Cathedral rising behind the

buildings in the background. The base of the column bears an inscription which states:

"This monument was erected in memory of the destruction of the city by the South Sea

in 1720".

- the monument= a symbol of the City's greed,

- dwarves St Paul's= a symbol of Christian charity

DESCRIPTION
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildhall,_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_and_Magoghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_to_the_Great_Fire_of_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul's_Cathedralhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/William_Hogarth_-_The_South_Sea_Scheme.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildhall,_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_and_Magoghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_to_the_Great_Fire_of_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul's_Cathedral


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The centre of the print is occupied by a financial wheel of fortune ormerry-go-round

ridden by figures representative of the broad section of society taken in by the scheme,

including a whore and a clergyman on the left, then a boot black and a hag, and a Scottishnobleman to the right, on a fat-faced horse. The ride is surmounted by a goat and the

slogan "Who'l Ride" and surrounded by a jostling crowd below. To the front of the

crowd, a shortpickpocket rifles through the pockets of a larger gentleman. Paulsonidentifies the first as a caricature ofAlexander Pope, who profited from the South Sea

Scheme; and speculates that the other is John Gay, who, refusing to cash in enough of his

stock to enable himself to have "a clean shirt and a shoulder of mutton every day for life",

lost his investment and all his imagined profits. The image of the wheel is a parody ofJacques Callot'sLa Pendaison from the series The Miseries and Misfortunes of War, and

the crowd has elements taken from hisLa Roue. Women line a balcony to the upper left,

queuing to enter a building surmounted by stag's antlers, under a sign which offers"Raffleing for Husbands with Lottery Fortunes In Here".

The six picture series of Marriage a-la-mode (National Gallery, London)= moralistic

warning on the upper class 18th century society showing the miserable tragedy of the ill-considered marriage for money

It shows the story of the fashionable marriage of the son of bankrupt Earl Squanderfieldto the daughter of a wealthy but miserly city merchant, starting with the signing of a

marriage contract at the Earl's mansion and ending with the murderof the son by his

wife's lover and the suicide of the daughter after her lover is hanged at Tyburn formurdering her husband
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rota_Fortunaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merry-go-roundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickpocketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Popehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Callothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Grandes_Mis%C3%A8res_de_la_guerrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuckoldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyburn,_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rota_Fortunaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merry-go-roundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickpocketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Popehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Callothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Grandes_Mis%C3%A8res_de_la_guerrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuckoldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyburn,_London


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The marriage Settlement

In the first of the series, he shows an arranged marriagebetween the son ofbankrupt Earl

Squanderfield and the daughter of a wealthy but miserly city merchant. The son looks

indifferent while the merchant's daughter is distraught and has to be consoled by thelawyer Silvertongue
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arranged_marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankrupthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miserhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/William_Hogarth_038.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arranged_marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankrupthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miser


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The tete-a-tete

there are signs that the marriage has already begun to break down. The husband and wife

appear uninterested in one another, amidst evidence of their separate overindulgences thenight before
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/HogarthMarriage.jpg


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The Inspection

the Viscount visiting a quack ("fraudulent or ignorant pretender to medical skill") with a

young prostitute. The viscount, unhappy with the mercury pills meant to cure his syphilis,demands a refund while the young prostitute next to him dabs an open sore on her mouth,

an early sign of syphilis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilishttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/William_Hogarth_036.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilis


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The toilette

the old Earl has died and the son is now the new Earl and his wife, the Countess. As was

the very height of fashion at the time, the Countess is holding a "Toilette", or reception,in her bedroom. The lawyer Silvertongue from the first painting is reclining next to the

Countess, suggesting the existence of an affair. This point is furthered by the child in

front of the pair, pointing to the horns on the statue ofActaeon, a symbol ofcuckoldry.

Paintings in the background include the biblical story ofLot and his daughters, Jupiterand Io, and the rape ofGanymede
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actaeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuckoldryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lot_(Bible)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_and_Iohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_and_Iohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymede_(mythology)http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/William_Hogarth_042.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actaeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuckoldryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lot_(Bible)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_and_Iohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_and_Iohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymede_(mythology)


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The BagnioThe new Earl catches his wife in abagnio with her lover, the lawyer, and is fatallywounded by the lawyer. As she begs forgiveness from the stricken man, the murderer

in his nightshirt makes a hasty exit through the window. A picture of a woman with a

squirrel on her hand hanging behind the countess contains lewd undertones.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagniohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagnio


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The ladys death

the Countess poisons herself in her grief and poverty-stricken widowhood, after her

lover is hanged at Tyburn for murdering her husband. An old woman carrying herbaby allows the child to give her a kiss, but the mark on her cheek and the caliper on

her leg suggest that disease has been passed onto the next generation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyburn,_Londonhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/William_Hogarth_043.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyburn,_London

Documents

1. Briritsh Painting