1 CAPTREVIEW. 2 3 WHAT ARE THE BIG IDEAS IN EARTH/PHYSICAL SCIENCE? Matter Energy How they interact How do we use them?

1

CAPT REVIEW

2

3

WHAT ARE THE BIG IDEAS IN EARTH/PHYSICAL SCIENCE?

• Matter• Energy• How they interact• How do we use them?

4

HOW DO WE OBSERVE MATTER?

• Senses• Tools

5

• Physical Change is the same substance

• Chemical Change new substance (compound)

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PHYSICAL CHANGE and a CHEMICAL CHANGE?

6

WHAT MAKES UP MATTER?

• Molecules, atoms, elements, mixtures, etc…

7

PUT THESE IN ORDER OF SIZE: Cell atommolecule grain of sand

• Atoms make up molecules which are in cells which are smaller than a grain of sand

8

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

9

WHAT'S AN ATOM?

• Smallest part of an element that is still an element.

10

WHERE DID YOUR ATOMS COME FROM?

• The atom of oxygen inside the molecules of water in the cells in your body….

• …have been traveling around the earth since it was formed

11

Does anything ever go away?

• No!, just recycled around and around

12



13



14

Where do we get our resources?

• We use minerals, metals, compounds from the ground (mostly).

• We change/refine them.• Everything we use is a chemical.

15

16

Where does our waste go?

• Some items get decomposed.• Some items get burned, atoms in the air.• Some items get dumped, landfills forever.

17

18



19



20

WHAT MAKES UP AN ATOM?

• Protons and neutrons in the center (nucleus)

• Electrons orbiting around

21



22

HOW ARE ELEMENTS DIFFERENT?

• Elements…. Different number of protons

23

24

HOW IS THE PERIODIC TABLE PERIODIC?

• Arranged by similar properties that repeat.

• Elements in the same columns (groups) are alike, because the same number of outside electrons

25

26

27

28

WHAT'S A COMPOUND?

• 2 or more atoms joined together.

• Like H2O, water (di hydrogen monoxide), or O2 (oxygen gas)

29

30

WHY DO ATOMS JOIN?

• Atoms join to exchange or share outer electrons

31

RULE OF EIGHT

• Lose an electron is POSITIVE (metals)Gain an electron is NEGATIVE (non metals)

• OPPOSITES ATTRACT: Form Compounds IONIC (Give/Get)

32

33

34

35

COVALENT (Share)

• Organic compounds, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, share outer electrons.

36

What’s the structure of plastic?

• Chains of Sharing carbons

37


are needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor


38

39

What are plastics used for?

• Come from petroleum, used for strength, flexibility, lightness.

• Tough to decompose!

40

WHAT'S A CHEMICAL EQUATION MEAN?

• Combining elements and compounds, rearranging their electrons to make a new substance.

41

State this in words:HCl + NaOH ---> H2O + NaCl

• Acid + Base make Water and a Salt

• Same number of atoms on left as right.

42

WHAT ARE THE STATES (PHASES) OF MATTER?

• SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, GASES

43



44

What are the differences in the phases?

• Gases: like preschoolers in a gym!

• Liquids: like middleschoolers at a dance!

• Solids: like elderly at a Bingo dinner!

45

46

HOW DO THEY CHANGE FROM ONE TO THE OTHER?

• Solid --> Liquid --> Gas Take In heat to break bonds

• Gas --> Liquid --> Solid Give Off heat to form bonds (you could say take in cold)

47

WHAT's THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HEAT AND TEMPERATURE?

• Temperature is the AVERAGE movement energy of each molecule.

• Heat is the TOTAL energy transferred.• Campfire and Wood Match, same temperature, different heat

48

WHAT ARE THE WAYS IN WHICH HEAT CAN BE TRANSFERRED?

• Conduction: molecules touch like dominos

• Convection: hot molecules spread apart from each other and rise, or cool and fall.

• Radiation: Light/Heat travel to move molecules

49



50

51

WHAT HAPPENS TO THE TEMPERATURE OF ICE AS IT MELTS?

• It stays the same ( 0° C ) while melting… it takes in heat from the air to break the bonds NOT to make molecules move faster



52



53

WHY DO YOU FEEL HOTTER ON A HUMID DAY?

• You cool yourself by sweat evaporating (Liquid to Gas) and taking in heat from…

• Your skin!• If the sweat can’t evaporate (air is “full”) you stay HOT!

54



55

WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF ENERGY?

• Types NOT sources• Heat (movement of molecules)• Kinetic (movement)• Chemical (electrons)• Light/Radiation• Electrical• Nuclear • And each kind can have POTENTIAL

56



57

HOW CAN ENERGY BE TRANSFORMED FROM ONE KIND TO ANOTHER?

• Devices/Things change energy from one kind to another

58



59

What are the energy transformations for a TOASTER?

• Coal is burned at plant (chemical)• Heats up water (heat) to make steam• Steam turns a turbine (mechanical), which turns wire near a magnet

• Makes electricity, travels to your house• Toaster changes electricity to heat.

60

WHAT IS ELECTRICITY?

• Electrons moving (pushing) each other

61

WHAT CAUSES STATIC ELECTRICITY?

• Extra electrons on the surface

62

63

WHAT CAUSES CURRENT ELECTRICITY?

• Electrons moving… • Completing a circuit

64

WHAT'S A CIRCUIT?

• A complete electrical path• Has a source (battery) to push the electrons

(voltage)• Has a conductor (wire) (current)• Has resistance (light bulb)

65



66

HOW DO THEY GENERATE ELECTRICITY?

• Move a magnet near a wire• (or a wire near a magnet).• Generator is the opposite of a Motor

67



68



69



70

WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY?

• RENEWABLE, NON RENEWABLE• Most are Generating HEAT to make steam turn the turbine/wire/magnet: Nuclear (using heat from fission) Burning Fuels: Coal, Oil, Natural Gas, Wood, Ethanol, etc..

• Wind, Water turn the turbine directly

• Solar: causes photochemical reaction

71

72

73



74

HOW DOES CARBON CYCLE THROUGH THE EARTH?

• Normally: Carbon from Animals to Air To Plants, to Ground to Animals.

• Burning Fossil Fuels or Plants causes more carbon to be added

75



76

77

78

79

WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS DUE TO BURNING FOSSIL FUELS?(releasing carbon)

• Non Renewable Resource• Pollution• Acid Rain• Global Warming (Carbon Dioxide in the air traps in heat)

80

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GLOBAL WARMING, OZONE DEPLETION, AND ACID RAIN?

• Ozone Depletion: NOT caused by burning fuels, by CFC’s combining with ozone which protects us from cancer causing UV rays

81



82

Global Watming

• Global Warming caused by: CO2 from burning , water, and methane from rice/cows,

• temperature of earth rises

83



84

85

What are the effects?

• Rise in temperature• Unstable climate (wet places wetter, dry places dryer)

• Rise in sea level

86

87



88

89

How is acid rain caused?

• Something burns (combines with oxygen). Like Sulfur… to make SO3

• Goes into air, combines with water SO3 and H2O make H2SO4, an acid!

• Comes down in the rain

• Acid Rain caused by burning fuels.

90

91

92

What are the effects of acid rain?

• Acid rain reacts with the metals and nutrients (limestone, magnesium, etc..)

• Causes damage, hurts plants, fish, etc..

93



94

Last Hints…..

• Think what you already know!• Draw diagrams!• Write so it makes sense!• Do well!

Documents

1 CAPTREVIEW. 2 3 WHAT ARE THE BIG IDEAS IN EARTH/PHYSICAL SCIENCE? Matter Energy How they interact How do we use them?