11

Ch. 20 - ProtistsCh. 20 - Protists

22

20–1 The Kingdom Protista20–1 The Kingdom Protista

What Is a Protist?What Is a Protist? diverse group diverse group may include more than 200,000 species may include more than 200,000 species eukaryotes eukaryotes most protists are unicellular most protists are unicellular Protista,Protista, comes from Greek words comes from Greek words

meaning “the very first meaning “the very first appeared nearly 1.5 billion years ago appeared nearly 1.5 billion years ago

33

44

Classification of ProtistsClassification of Protists

classify protists according to the way they classify protists according to the way they obtain nutrition obtain nutrition

heterotrophs are called heterotrophs are called animal-like protistsanimal-like protists produce their own food by photosynthesis produce their own food by photosynthesis

are called are called plant-like protistsplant-like protists obtain their food by external digestion—obtain their food by external digestion—

either as decomposers or parasites—are either as decomposers or parasites—are called called fungus-like protistsfungus-like protists

55

20–2 Animal-like 20–2 Animal-like Protists: ProtozoansProtists: Protozoans

66

Animal-like protists were called Animal-like protists were called protozoa, which means “first animals” protozoa, which means “first animals”

heterotrophs heterotrophs four phyla of animal-like protists four phyla of animal-like protists

(distinguished by their means of (distinguished by their means of movement) movement) zooflagellates - flagellazooflagellates - flagella sarcodines - move by extensions of their sarcodines - move by extensions of their

cytoplasm (pseudopodia)cytoplasm (pseudopodia) ciliates - ciliaciliates - cilia sporozoans - do not movesporozoans - do not move

77

ZooflagellatesZooflagellates

phylum Zoomastigina phylum Zoomastigina Flagella (one or two, a few have more)Flagella (one or two, a few have more) absorb nutrients through cell membrane or absorb nutrients through cell membrane or

live inside other organismslive inside other organisms Most reproduce asexually Most reproduce asexually Some have a sexual life cycle (form Some have a sexual life cycle (form

gametes)gametes) Ex: TEx: Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Giardia, rypanosoma, Leishmania, Giardia,

Trichonympha Trichonympha

88

trypanosomatrypanosoma

LeishmaniaLeishmania

GiardiaGiardia TrichonymphaTrichonympha

99

SarcodinesSarcodines

phylum Sarcodina phylum Sarcodina heterotrophic; some parasitic heterotrophic; some parasitic Move by pseudopodsMove by pseudopods form food vacuoles form food vacuoles Foraminiferans are abundant in the warmer Foraminiferans are abundant in the warmer

regions of the oceans (shells of calcium regions of the oceans (shells of calcium carbonate (CaCOcarbonate (CaCO33))

Heliozoans - Heliozoans - heliozoaheliozoa means “sun animal” means “sun animal” spikes of cytoplasm, supported by spikes of cytoplasm, supported by

microtubules, project from their silica (SiOmicrotubules, project from their silica (SiO22) ) shellsshells

1010

Foraminiferans

Amoeba

Radiolaria

Heliozoans

1111

CiliatesCiliates

phylum Ciliophora phylum Ciliophora HeterotrophicHeterotrophic use cilia for feeding and movement use cilia for feeding and movement Most ciliates are free living Most ciliates are free living

Fresh or salt waterFresh or salt water Trichocyst = small, bottle-shaped Trichocyst = small, bottle-shaped

structure used for defense by parameciastructure used for defense by paramecia

1212

CiliaCilia Trichocyst = small, bottle-shaped structure used Trichocyst = small, bottle-shaped structure used

for defense by parameciafor defense by paramecia Macronucleus (working genes) and one or more Macronucleus (working genes) and one or more

smaller micronuclei (backup copy)smaller micronuclei (backup copy) Gullet = indentation in one side of a ciliate that Gullet = indentation in one side of a ciliate that

allows food to enter the cellallows food to enter the cell anal pore = region of the cell membrane of a anal pore = region of the cell membrane of a

ciliate where waste-containing food vacuoles fuse ciliate where waste-containing food vacuoles fuse and are then emptied into the environmentand are then emptied into the environment

contractile vacuole = cavity in the cytoplasm of contractile vacuole = cavity in the cytoplasm of some protists that collects water and discharges it some protists that collects water and discharges it from the cellfrom the cell

Internal AnatomyInternal Anatomy

1313

ParameciumParamecium

1414

Conjugation Conjugation 

exchange genetic material exchange genetic material increase in genetic diversity increase in genetic diversity sexual process sexual process

1515

SporozoansSporozoans

phylum Sporozoans phylum Sporozoans Do not move on their Do not move on their

ownown ParasitesParasites complex life cycles that complex life cycles that

involve more than one involve more than one host host

1616

Animal-like Protists and DiseaseAnimal-like Protists and Disease

Ex: malaria and African sleeping sicknessEx: malaria and African sleeping sickness

Malaria:Malaria: 2 million people still die from malaria every year. 2 million people still die from malaria every year. Caused by: Caused by: PlasmodiumPlasmodium (sporozoan) (sporozoan) Carried by: Carried by: AnophelesAnopheles mosquito mosquito infects liver cells and then red blood cells infects liver cells and then red blood cells severe chills and fever severe chills and fever Drugs and vaccines are onlyDrugs and vaccines are only

partially effectivepartially effective

1717

1818

African sleeping sickness:African sleeping sickness: Caused by: Zooflagellates of the genus Caused by: Zooflagellates of the genus

TrypanosomaTrypanosoma Carried by: tsetse fly Carried by: tsetse fly chills and rashes, can infect nerve cellschills and rashes, can infect nerve cells

1919

Amebic dysentery: Amebic dysentery: severe diarrhea severe diarrhea Caused by: Caused by: EntamoebaEntamoeba Found in contaminated drinking waterFound in contaminated drinking water Common in areas with poor sanitation Common in areas with poor sanitation also found in ponds and streamsalso found in ponds and streams

2020

20–3 Plantlike Protists: 20–3 Plantlike Protists: Unicellular AlgaeUnicellular Algae

Photosynthetic, often motilePhotosynthetic, often motile Often called algaeOften called algae Base of the ocean food chainBase of the ocean food chain Use chlorophyll and accessory pigmentsUse chlorophyll and accessory pigments 4 phyla of unicellular algae:4 phyla of unicellular algae:

EuglenophytesEuglenophytes ChrysophytesChrysophytes DiatomsDiatoms Dinoflagellates Dinoflagellates

2121

Group of small photosynthetic organisms Group of small photosynthetic organisms that float near the surface of the water. that float near the surface of the water. Oceanic phytoplankton is the primary food Oceanic phytoplankton is the primary food source, directly or indirectly, of nearly all source, directly or indirectly, of nearly all sea organisms. Composed of groups such sea organisms. Composed of groups such as diatoms, dinoflagellates, and as diatoms, dinoflagellates, and coccolithophores, phytoplankton varies coccolithophores, phytoplankton varies seasonally in amount, increasing in spring seasonally in amount, increasing in spring and fall with favourable light, temperature, and fall with favourable light, temperature, and minerals. (From: US Britannica and minerals. (From: US Britannica Online)Online)

20–3 Plantlike Protists: 20–3 Plantlike Protists: Unicellular AlgaeUnicellular Algae

2222

EuglenophytesEuglenophytes

2 flagella2 flagella No cell wallNo cell wall Eyespot = helps the Eyespot = helps the

organisms sense lightorganisms sense light Pellicle = tough and Pellicle = tough and

flexible cell membrane, flexible cell membrane, folded like a ribbonfolded like a ribbon

2323

ChrysophytesChrysophytes

yellow-green algae and the golden-brown algae yellow-green algae and the golden-brown algae cell walls of some chrysophytes contain the cell walls of some chrysophytes contain the

carbohydrate pectin instead of cellulosecarbohydrate pectin instead of cellulose store food in the form of oil rather than starch store food in the form of oil rather than starch

2424

Phytoplankton -DiatomsPhytoplankton -Diatoms

Among the most abundant and beautiful organisms on Among the most abundant and beautiful organisms on Earth Earth

produce thin, delicate cell walls rich in silicon (Si)—the produce thin, delicate cell walls rich in silicon (Si)—the main component of glass main component of glass

shaped like the two sides of a petri dish or flat pillbox, shaped like the two sides of a petri dish or flat pillbox, with one side fitted snugly into the other with one side fitted snugly into the other

2525

Phytoplankton -DinoflagellatesPhytoplankton -Dinoflagellates

half are photosynthetic; half live as heterotrophs half are photosynthetic; half live as heterotrophs two flagella two flagella Many species are luminescent Many species are luminescent

2626

Algal Blooms Algal Blooms  absorb organic material absorb organic material vital role in recycling sewage and other waste vital role in recycling sewage and other waste

materials materials Can grow very fast when nutrients are abundantCan grow very fast when nutrients are abundant ““red tide”red tide” Produce a deadly toxin Produce a deadly toxin makes shellfish makes shellfish

dangerous to eatdangerous to eat

2727

20–4 Plantlike Protists: 20–4 Plantlike Protists: Red, Brown, and Green AlgaeRed, Brown, and Green Algae

multicellular multicellular Often called seaweedOften called seaweed most important differences among these most important differences among these

phyla involve their photosynthetic phyla involve their photosynthetic pigments pigments

3 phyla of planktonic algae:3 phyla of planktonic algae: Red algaeRed algae Brown algaeBrown algae Green algaeGreen algae

2828

Red AlgaeRed Algae

live at great depths due to their efficiency in live at great depths due to their efficiency in harvesting light energy harvesting light energy

Color: green, purple, red, blackColor: green, purple, red, black

2929

Brown AlgaeBrown Algae largest and most largest and most

complex of the algae complex of the algae cool, shallow coastal cool, shallow coastal

waters waters giant kelp; sargasso giant kelp; sargasso

sea sea

3030

Green AlgaeGreen Algae

Cellulose cell wallsCellulose cell walls Share common ancestors of modern land plants Share common ancestors of modern land plants

Chlamydomonas

3131

Human Uses of AlgaeHuman Uses of Algae Thickeners for foodThickeners for food Drugs for stomach ulcersDrugs for stomach ulcers Chemicals in paints, plastics, and waxes Chemicals in paints, plastics, and waxes Produce oxygenProduce oxygen

3232

20–5 Fungus-like Protists20–5 Fungus-like Protists

HeterotrophsHeterotrophs damp, nutrient-rich environments and damp, nutrient-rich environments and

absorb food through their cell membranes absorb food through their cell membranes Recycle organic wastesRecycle organic wastes No chitinNo chitin Three groups:Three groups:

cellular slime molds cellular slime molds acellular slime molds acellular slime molds water moldswater molds

3333

3434

Slime mold moviesSlime mold movies http://employees.csbsju.edu/ssaupe/images/Movies/slime%20mold.

avi

http://employees.csbsju.edu/ssaupe/images/Movies/slime%20mold2.avi

http://cosmos.bot.kyoto-u.ac.jp/csm/movies2/Pp_plate_ss.avi

http://cosmos.bot.kyoto-u.ac.jp/csm/movies2/Dd_cul_1s.avi

3535

Ch. 21 - FungiCh. 21 - Fungi

3636

21–1 The Kingdom Fungi  21–1 The Kingdom Fungi  

What Are Fungi?What Are Fungi? over 100,000 species over 100,000 species eukaryotic heterotrophs eukaryotic heterotrophs cell walls made of chitincell walls made of chitin digest food outside of their bodies and then digest food outside of their bodies and then

absorb it absorb it Some live as parasitesSome live as parasites reproduce both asexually and sexually reproduce both asexually and sexually Spread by forming sporesSpread by forming spores

3737

Structure of FungiStructure of Fungi

3838

Types of FungiTypes of FungiYeast

Club Fungi

Black Bread Mold

Sac Fungi

3939

FactsFacts

Some are edible, some poisonousSome are edible, some poisonous Penicillium notatumPenicillium notatum grows on plants and is grows on plants and is

used as an antibioticused as an antibiotic Oldest fossil = 460 million years ago Oldest fossil = 460 million years ago Feed on living and dead organismsFeed on living and dead organisms Many fungi are Many fungi are saprobessaprobes - organisms that - organisms that

obtain food from decaying organic matter obtain food from decaying organic matter Some fungi are carnivorousSome fungi are carnivorous Some cause plant and animal diseasesSome cause plant and animal diseases

4040

Penicillin fungiPenicillin fungi

Poisonous Fungi

Carnivorous Fungi

4141

Fungal DiseasesFungal Diseases

4242

Fungi as DecomposersFungi as Decomposers

essential role in maintaining equilibrium in essential role in maintaining equilibrium in nearly every ecosystemnearly every ecosystem

recycle nutrients by breaking down the recycle nutrients by breaking down the bodies and wastes of other organisms bodies and wastes of other organisms