Study Guide - (BIOA.3.1, BIO.A.3.2)

Name: ________________________________________ Period: _______

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Directions: Use the book starting on page 225 to answer the following questions for your notes.

1. Read the chapter mystery on page 225. What was Jan van Helmont trying to find out?

2. Chemical Energy and ATP a. Energy can come in many forms. What are four forms that energy can comes in?

b. What is the compound that stores chemical energy for living things? _______________

c. What does ATP stand for? _____________

d. Look at Figure 8-2 --- How many phosphates does ATP have? _______

e. Look at Figure 8-2 --- How many phosphates does ADP have? _______

3. Heterotrophs and Autotrophs

a. What is a heterotroph?

i. Give two examples of heterotrophs: ______________________________________

b. Where does almost all the energy in food molecules originate or come from? _____________

c. What are autotroph / producers?

i. Give an example of an autotroph: ______________

d. Why are autotrophs so important?

e. What are the two high-energy molecules that the autotrophs produce? ___________________ an __________________

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f. Describe the process of photosynthesis.

i. What does photo mean? ____________________

ii. What does synthesis mean? ____________________

g. REVIEW :

i. What are the three monomers of a carbohydrate?

ii. _________________, __________________ and _________________

iii. What is the chemical formula for these monosaccharides? ____________

4. Let me know when you complete the above outline. When I tell you to, complete the assignment below on a separate piece of paper.

a. Page 228 #1-2

5. Sunlight – The energy source :

a. Sunlight appears _______________________ but it’s actually composed of

______________________________________________________

b. Different wavelengths have ________________________________________________.

i. Shorter wavelengths = ____________________ii. Longer wavelengths = _____________________

6. Pigments –

a. Light they don’t absorb is reflected = _________________________

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7. What is the main photosynthetic pigment?

a. Typically ______________________________________b. (Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b)

8. What are the accessory pigments?

9. When do you see carotenoids?

a. These are usually __________________________ by the higher amount of _________________________________ pigments (see them in the fall when chlorophyll breaks down)

b. Carotenoid color? _______________________________

10. Look at the graph: What colors does a plant primarily use for photosynthesis?a. Plants primarily use ____________ and ____________ light for photosynthesis (not green)

11. Photosynthesis Overview :

a. What is needed for photosynthesis?

b. What happens?

i. The _____________________ converts _____________________ and

______________________ into ___________________________ and

_______________________________

c. What is the equation for photosynthesis?

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A.

B. C.

12. Where does photosynthesis occur?a.

b. Which organelle? ___________________________

13. Parts of a chloroplast:

a. Thylakoids –

b. Grana –

c. Stroma –

14. Label the chloroplast to the right

15. What are the two stages of photosynthesis ?a.

b.

16. FIRST STAGE: Light Dependant Reactions :

a. Occurs on ________________________________________________

b. __________________________ absorbs light and ______________________get excited and

flow on ___________________________

c. Energy in excited electrons is used to create _________________________________

d. These are temporary ___________________________________________

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e. Water – H20 – is needed to donate an ____________________________

i. This also releases ________________

ii. __________________________ is also released

1. This abundance of ____________________________________ creates a

concentration gradient that is used to _____________________________.

f. ATP and NADPH are then used to create glucose in the _____________________________

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STEPS:

What happens during step # 1 above? ______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

What happens during steps # 2-3 above? _____________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

What happens during step # 4 above? ________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

What happens between steps 4 and 5 above? __________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

What happens during step # 5 above? ________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

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Explain what’s going on with protons above:

1. ____________ splits apart producing PROTONS, electrons, and oxygen.

2. Protons can only leave the thylakoid through an

_______________________________________________. The movement of protons through this carrier

protein provides the energy needed to form __________ from

______________________________________.

3. Some of the protons are pumped back into the thylakoid and some are used to make

_________________ from NADP+ and H+.

Write a narrative explaining what happens during the light reactions. Be sure to include the following:

sunlight, thylakoid membrane, chlorophyll, electrons, water, electron transport chain, protons, oxygen, ATP,

and NADPH

______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

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17. LIGHT DEPENDANT REACTIONS – Summary a. Inputs Outputs

18. SECOND STAGE: Calvin cycle (Light Independent Reactions ):

a. Cycle in which plants use _________________to produce _____________________from

________________________________________________

b. Process by which _______________________ are used to produce __________________.

c. Occurs in the _________________________of the chloroplast

d. Does not need _______________________ (but usually happens during the day)

e. __________________________ and ________________________, produced from the light

reactions are used to create _____________________________ using ______________.

f. The _____________________ and __________________________then goes back to the

light reactions to be “__________________________”.

19. Carbon Fixation –

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20. Calvin Cycle (Light independent reactions) – Summary a. Inputs Outputs

21. WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE CALVIN CYCLE!

a. It is a “cycle” because the molecule that you end with is also the molecule that you start with.

b. Energy from ATP and NADPH (created during the light-dependent reactions) is used to power the Calvin Cycle.

c. As ATP and NADPH are broken down, they go back to the thylakoid and are recycled.

d. It is here that carbon dioxide is turned into glucose (a 6 CARBON sugar)

22. Summarizing Photosynthesis – Review Questions :a. What is needed for plants to survive (and for photosynthesis to take place)?

b. What is produced in the light reactions? What is the waste product?

c. What is the function of the products produced in the light reactions?

d. What is the main purpose of the Calvin cycle?

e. What are the by-products of the Calvin cycle? Where do these by-products go after the cycle?

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23. How does Photosynthesis related to Cell Respiration? Look at the diagram to help you answer the questions.

a. What are the products of photosynthesis?

b. Which organelle in both plants and animals create ATP?

c. What is the main function of cell respiration? Look at the diagram and figure it out.

d. What is needed in cell respiration to produce the product?

e. Where do heterotrophs get the reactants for cell respiration?

f. Where do autotrophs get the reactants needed for cell respiration?

g. What are the waste products of cell respiration?

h. Where do the waste products of cell respiration get reused?

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24. Extra Food: a. Plants make extra ________________________ which are

stored as

__________________________________________

b. These carbohydrates are what ____________________________ rely on for survival

25. Effects on Photosynthesis a. Water :

i. Water shortage slows or stops photosynthesis. Why?

ii. Water loss can also damage plant tissues (plasmolysis)

iii. Plants that live in dry conditions often have waxy coatings on their leaves to reduce water loss. They may also have biochemical adaptations that make photosynthesis more efficient under dry conditions.

b. Light Intensity :

i. BUT, after the light intensity reaches a certain level the rate of photosynthesis levels out

ii. Why?

c. CO2 Levels :

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d. Temperature :i. Look at the graph: What effect does

increasing temperature have on photosynthesis?

ii. _____________________________ are important for photosynthesis function

iii. They function best between 0°C and 35°C.

iv. Above or below this range can affect the _____________________________________ (it can even stop)

26. Alternative Photosynthetic Pathways a. There are different methods in which plants create carbohydrates (we discussed the most

common)

b. Plants in dry climates use the C4 pathway or CAM pathway

c. Why?i. Both deal with controlling water loss

27. Extra Notes :

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28. PHOTOSYNTHESIS REVIEW : a. In which organelle does the process of photosynthesis occur? _________________

b. What is the main photosynthetic pigment? ___________________

c. What is the goal of photosynthesis?

d. What is the equation for photosynthesis? (you need to know the REACTANTS and the PRODUCTS)

e. What is the main function or purpose of the light dependent reactions?

f. What is the main function or purpose of the light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)?

g. What are three factors that affect photosynthesis?i.

ii.

iii.

Summary of Photosynthesis:

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SUMMARY OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS: Fill in the numbered blanks to complete the summary of photosynthesis.

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Chapter Vocabulary ReviewCrossword Puzzle Complete the puzzle by entering the term that matches the description.

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Across4. energy carrier cells use to transport high-energy electrons

6. cluster of pigments and proteins that absorbs light

7. a saclike photosynthetic membrane found in chloroplasts

8. energy carrier made as a result of photosystem II

9. process of using the sun’s energy to make food

10. man who worked out the light-independent reactions

Down1. liquid part of the inside of a

chloroplast

2. chemical that absorbs light for photosynthesis

3. light-absorbing chemical

5. organism that makes its own food

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Energy in a Cell – Practice Questions

1. The Calvin cycle includesa. The light-dependent reactionsb. The light-independent reactionsc. An electron transport chaind. Photolysis

2. The Calvin cycle takes place in thea. Mitochondriab. Nucleusc. Stromad. Thylakoid membrane

3. What product of the light-dependent reactions is used in the Calvin cycle?

a. Oxygenb. Carbon dioxidec. NADPHd. Chlorophyll

4. What gas is used in the first step of the Calvin cycle?

a. Oxygenb. Carbon dioxidec. Hydrogend. Water

5. The light-dependent reactions occur in the

a. Nucleusb. Mitochondriac. Thylakoidd. Stroma

6. The products of the light-dependent reactions that are used in the Calvin cycle are

a. ADP and NADPHb. ATP and NADPHc. ATP and glucosed. Oxygen and NADPH

7. What is the main function of the Calvin cycle?

a. To produce ADP and NADP+b. To create carbon dioxidec. To create oxygend. To create glucose

8. What is the job of NADPH?a. To carry excited electrons from the

electron transport chainb. To make ATP in the Calvin cyclec. To excite chlorophylld. To make carbon dioxide

9. When is carbon dioxide used in photosynthesis?

a. To create glucose in the Calvin cycle

b. To create oxygen in the light-dependent reactions

c. To make ATP for the light reactions

d. To create water for the plant to grow

10. What is the light absorbing pigment in photosynthesis?

a. Electron transportb. Chlorophyllc. ATPd. NADPH

11. The light _______________________ reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane.12. Carbon dioxide is used to make sugars in the light _________________________ reactions13. The light-independent reactions are also called the ______________________________.14. ___________________________ spins to provide the energy for adding a phosphate to ADP.15. The electron ______________________ moves high-energy electrons between photosystems.16. An animal that obtains food by eating other organisms is called a(n) _______________________.

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