Upload
wilfred-wood
View
220
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1
Chapter 01Lecture and
Animation Outline
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
To run the animations you must be in Slideshow View. Use the buttons on the animation to play, pause, and turn audio/text on
or off.
Please Note: Once you have used any of the animation functions (such as Play or Pause), you must first click on the slide’s background before you can advance to the next slide.
See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes and animations.
2
1.1 The Human Body
3
A. Introduction
1. Anatomy – structure of a part and its relationship to other structures
2. Physiology – function of a part, individually and as part of a system
3. The structure of a part suits the function of a part (they complement each other).
4
B. Organization of Body Parts
1. Levels of Organizationa. Chemical – atoms, molecules, and
macromolecules that compose the cellular organelles that perform the functions of the cell
b. Cellular – basic unit of lifec. Tissue – similar cells that perform a specific
functiond. Organs – several types of tissues that perform a
specific functione. Organ Systems – several organs that work
together to perform related functionsf. Organism – all the systems that interact to make
the whole organism
5
Levels of Organization
6
1.2 Anatomical Terms
7
A. Introduction
1. Anatomical terms are used to describe:a. Location of body partsb. Regions of the bodyc. Imaginary planes by which the body
can be sectioned
8
Introduction, cont
2. Anatomical positiona. Common
reference point for all anatomical terms
b. Standing erect, face, palms, and toes facing forward, arms at sides
9
B. Directional Terms
1. Anterior (ventral)/Posterior (dorsal)2. Superior/Inferior3. Medial/Lateral4. Proximal/Distal5. Superficial/Deep6. Central/Peripheral7. Ipsilateral/Contralateral
10
Directional Terms
11
C. Regions of the Body
1. Axial portion – head, neck, and trunk2. Appendicular portion – upper and lower
limbs
12
Terms for body parts and areas
13
D. Planes and Sections of the Body
1. Sagittal (median) plane – divides body into right and left portions
a. Midsagittal – exactly through the midline
b. Parasagittal – any cut not through the midline
2. Frontal (coronal) plane – divides body into anterior and posterior portions
3. Transverse (horizontal) plane – divides body into superior and inferior portions
14
Body planes and sections
15
1.3 Body cavities and membranes
16
A. Posterior (dorsal) body cavity
1. Cranial cavity – contains the brain2. Vertebral canal – contains the spinal
cord3. Meninges – membranous layers lining
dorsal body cavity; contains cerebrospinal fluid to nourish and support the brain and spinal cord
17
B. Anterior (ventral) body cavity
1. Thoracic cavitya. Medial portion (mediastinum) –
contains the heart (pericardial cavity), thymus gland, trachea, esophagus, and other structures
b. Right and left portions (pleural cavities) – contain the lungs
18
Anterior (ventral) cavity, cont
2. Abdominopelvic cavitya. Superior portion (abdominal cavity) –
contains the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, and most of the small and large intestines
b. Inferior portion (pelvic cavity) – contains the rectum, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, and the rest of the large intestine
19
Major body cavities and membranes
20
C. Ventral cavity membranes
1. Parietal serous membrane – line walls of anterior body cavities
a. Thoracic cavity 1) Parietal Pleura – lines thoracic
cavity2) Parietal pericardium – creates
pericardial cavityb. Abdominopelvic cavity
1) Parietal peritoneum – lines the wall of the abdominal cavity
21
Ventral cavity membranes, cont
2. Visceral serous membrane – covers organs of the anterior body cavity
a. Thoracic cavity 1) Visceral pleura – covers lung tissue2) Visceral pericardium – covers heart
b. Abdominopelvic cavity 1) Visceral peritoneum – covers many
organs in abdominopelvic cavity
22
Ventral cavity membranes, cont
1. A small amount of serous fluid is between the parietal and visceral layers that lubricates and reduces friction
2. Inflammation or infection of these membranes is a serious health issue
23
Relationship between the body wall, serousmembranes, and organs
24
Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
25
D. Abdominopelvic regions and quadrants
1. Abdominopelvic regions - nine regionsa. Right and left hypochondriac, epigastricb. Right and left lumbar, umbilicalc. Right and left iliac, hypogastric
2. Four quadrantsa. Right upper, left upperb. Right lower, left lower
26
Abdominopelvic regions & quadrants
27
1.4 Organ Systems
28
A. Support, Movement, and Protection
1. Integumentary Systema. Skin and accessory organsb. Protection, prevents infection & water
loss, regulate body temperature, sense organ, synthesizes chemicals
2. Skeletal Systema. Bones, cartilage, ligamentsb. Support, movement, mineral storage,
produces blood cells3. Muscular System
a. Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac musclesb. Movement, posture, heat production
29
B. Integration and Coordination
1. Nervous Systema. Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organsb. Communication, control, and responses
2. Endocrine Systema. Hormone producing glands such as the
pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, etc
b. Communication, control, and responses
30
C. Maintenance of the Body
1. Cardiovascular Systema. Heart and blood vesselsb. Transport
2. Lymphatic and Immune Systemsa. Spleen, tonsils, thymus, lymph nodes,
special cells and chemicalsb. Protect from disease
3. Respiratory Systema. Lungs and passagesb. Gas exchange
31
Maintenance of the Body, cont
4. Digestive Systema. Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines,
accessory organsb. Receive and break down food into
nutrients cells can use5. Urinary System
a. Kidneys, urinary bladder, tubesb. Remove nitrogenous waste, regulate
fluid level and chemical content of the blood
32
D. Reproduction and Development
1. Male Reproductive Systema. Testes, ducts, glandsb. Produce sperm and male sex
hormones2. Female Reproductive System
a. Ovaries, ducts, uterusb. Produce ova and female sex hormones,
provide site for young development
33
1.5 Homeostasis
34
A. Introduction
1. Homeostasis is the relative constancy of the body’s internal environment
2. External conditions may change dramatically
3. Internal conditions stay within a narrow range
4. Dynamic equilibrium – internal conditions are not absolutely constant
5. Illness results if internal conditions change to any great degree
35
B. Components of homeostatic mechanisms
1. Sensor – detects a change in the internal environment
2. Control center – activates the effector3. Effector – produces a response to the
change
36
C. Negative feedback
1. Primary homeostatic mechanism2. Effector reverses the change in the
internal environment3. Keeps the variable close to the set point
37
Negative feedback general pattern
38
Mechanical example of negative feedback
39
Body temperature regulation
40
D. Positive feedback
1. Effector continues to stimulate the sensor so that a greater change in the internal environment occurs
2. Helps in completing a process that has a cutoff pointa. Blood clottingb. Childbirth
3. Can be harmful
41
Positive feedback
42
Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
43
E. Homeostasis and body systems
1. All body systems contribute towards maintaining homeostasis.
2. Each system affects the other systems.
44
Human systems work together
45
Human systems work together
46
F. Disease occurs when homeostasis fails
1. Local disease – restricted to a specific part of the body
2. Systemic disease – affects several organs systems or the entire body
3. Acute disease – occurs suddenly and lasts a short time
4. Chronic disease – develops slowly and is long term