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Chapter
11Introduction to Earth Science
Science
What Is Science?
Is a way of learning about the natural world and the knowledge gained by that process• Science is dynamic
• Changes: Smallest particle; No longer a planet; Dinosaurs; kingdoms(started w/2 now 6)
(Dynamic means?) CHANGES
• WHY?
Overview of Earth Science
What Is Earth Science?
Encompasses all sciences that seek to understand
• Earth
• Earth's neighbors in space
Overview of Earth Science Earth science includes
4. astronomy, the study of the universe
3. meteorology, the study of the atmosphere and the processes that produce weather
1. geology, the study of Earth
2. oceanography, the study of the ocean
What Is Earth Science?
5. Environmental science, study of earth’s environment & resources and human’s impact on them
Ecology Ecology - an interdisciplinary field that
includes Biology and Earth science Ecosystems are composed of dynamically
interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment.
How Is Earth Science & Ecology Releted?
Spheres1. Lithosphere – solid rocky outer layerCrust and upper mantleContinents, islands, ocean floor
Four Spheres – divisions of Earth
2. AtmosphereGases surrounding the earthMostly made up of N2 + O2
Spheres3. Hydrosphere all bodies of water and ice (glaciers)
Four Spheres – divisions of Earth
4. BiosphereArea where all living things are foundCrosses into other 3 spheres
Science
What Is Scientific Inquiry?
Science assumes the natural world is
• consistent
• predictable
Goals of science are
• to use the knowledge to predict
• to discover patterns in nature
What Is Scientific Inquiry?
Scientific Method
• Formulate hypotheses
• Gather facts through observation
• Test hypotheses to formulate theories
Science Methods
What Is Scientific Inquiry?
Scientific knowledge is gained through• following systematic steps
1. Observation/Questioning - Collecting facts
• theories that withstand examination • totally unexpected occurrences
2. Developing a hypothesis
3. Conducting experiments 4. Data Analysis5. Conclusion
Hypothesis
Scientific Method
Hypothesis - an prediction of the possible outcome of an experiment based upon prior research and observation by the scientist.
tentative or untested explanation
Theory Theory - a coherent explanation for a
large number of facts and observations about the natural world.
tested, confirmed, supported hypothesis
Scientific Method
Theory (con’t) Internally consistent and compatible with
the evidence. Firmly grounded in and based upon
evidence Tested against a wide range of
phenomena Demonstrably effective in problem-
solving
Scientific Method
Law a description of a natural phenomenon
or principle that invariably holds true under specific conditions and will occur under certain circumstances.
To become a Law a theory must be proven correct every time it is tested.
Observation & Inference
ObservationUsing 5 senses – taste, touch, smell, see, hearStates something basic – color, shape, feel, transparencyInferenceAn interaction based on your observations and prior knowledge
I.E. cause, use, composition, prediction
Measurements
LengthSI Unit: meterEquipment: meter stickVolumeAmount of space an object takes upSI Unit: literEquipment: graduated cylinder
Regular Solid – sides are flat Volume: V = L x W x H SI Unit: cm3
Are MASS & WEIGHT the same thing?
16
MassAmount of matter in an objectSI Unit: KilogramEquipment: Triple beam balanceWeightForce with which gravity pulls an object towards the center of the EarthSI Unit: Newton
1 Kg = 10 Newtons = 2.2 lbs.
Density
17
Density =Mass
Volume
DensityThe relationship of mass and volume in an object
Accuracy, Precision, and Error
It is necessary to make good, reliable measurements in the lab
Accuracy – how close a measurement is to the true value
Precision – how close the measurements are to each other (reproducibility)
Precision and Accuracy
Neither accurate
nor precise
Precise, but not
accurate
Precise AND
accurate
19
Accuracy, Precision, and Error
20
Accepted value = the correct value based on reliable references
Experimental value = the value measured in the lab
Accuracy, Precision, & Deviation
21
Deviation= accepted value – exp. value Can be positive or negative
Percent Deviation= the absolute value of the deviation divided by the accepted value, then multiplied by 100%
| deviation |
accepted value% deviation = x 100%
GRAPHING
22
Line Graph
X-axis – independent variable
Y-axis – dependent variable
Graphing Relationships
23
• direct linear relationship - when the values of x and y increase
Graphing Relationships
24
• direct nonlinear relationship - when the curve slopes upward from left to right
Graphing Relationships
25
• inverse linear relationship - when x increases and y decreases
Graphing Relationships
26
• inverse nonlinear relationship - when the value of y decreases quickly as x increases
Rate of Change
27
Rate of ChangeHow fast or how slow something changesThe change that takes place over time
RATE =
Final - Initial
TIME