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Chapter 8

Political Geography

PPT by Abe Goldman

An Introduction to Human GeographyThe Cultural Landscape, 8e

James M. Rubenstein

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United Nations Members List 2015 below

http://www.un.org/en/members/

UN increased from 51 members in 1945 to 191 in 2003

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K-1: Problems in Defining States & Develop. of State Concept

A State (country): 1. area w/ organized polit. unit 2. ruled by establ. gov’t. 3. has defined territory4. handles internal & foreign affairs/issues5. defined population6. has sovereignty (independ. from other states;

self-rule)

-NOT “state” like USA’s states (which are really more like provinces)

-only large land mass on world that is NOT part of a state is Antarctica….but parts are claimed (some over-lapping)

FYI: Why USA uses states term “states”

Note: In very beginning, the USA started out to be like Europe — “states” in a loose “union” and use the Articles of Confederation instead of the Constitution

But a “confederation” is too loose to have good connection and function, as later the Confederacy in the 1860’s (Confederate States of America) found out

So they regrouped, re--voted, and came up w/ the Constitution, which gave more power to the federal (Washington, DC) govt.

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Antarctica: National Claims

Antarctica is the only large landmass that is not part of a state, but several countries claim portions of it—just in case it becomes valuable…

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Defining states: Korea: 1 or 2 states? controlled by Japan till 1945

(WWII) then split by US & Soviets (38th N. parallel) (1nation or nationality BUT states) --’50: N. invaded S.; Korean War…both want unification…BUT… NK wanted Commun., SK wanted Democracy

China (People’s Republic of China)

vs. Taiwan (Nationalist Chinese)

China/Taiwan: 1 or 2? 1940’s: Communists rebel & drive Nationalists to Taiwan (‘49) …

who said were still “real” gov’t of China…Comm. said they were, but both said all 1 China

-1999 Taiwan said is separate state…Com-Chi still no

-US had supported Nationalists, but in ’71 said we recognize Com-Chi na as “real” gov’t in the UN (R. Nixon)

--Western Sahara is same type situation 7

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Varying Sizes of states: Russia is the Largest state: 17.1 million Sq km/6.6 mil sq mi 2nd = Canada 3rd = China 4th = USAMicrostates: smallest Monaco = 1.5 sq km/.6 sq mi list: 251

Development of State Concept: Ancient vs. Modern idea: Ancient: idea of states began in Mid-East in Fertile Cresc. -1st states = city-states: town + surrounding countryside

= for gov’t & defense (like GWD city + GWD county)Then 1 gains power, takes over another…then became an

empire EX: Succession of empires in Mesopotamia.: Sumarians..then Assyrians..then Babylonians..then

PersiansThen Egyptian Empire in Southern area (3000 BCE- 4th cent.

BCE) at far W. end of Fertile Crescent, along the Nile River (for almost 2500 yrs!) 5000 yrs ago

9Fertile Crescent: Site of early city-states & a succession of ancient empires.

Early European states:

The height of political unity in the ancient world was the Roman Empire

ROME included Europe…& into Asia & Africa: from Spain to Iran & Egypt to England

-had 38 provinces, all used Roman law, sharing the concept of government

Rome fell in 5th (400’s) CE from attacks from “barbarians” & also from internal problems/disputes

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In Europe former Rome-controlled areas began to form under dukes, earls, barons, etc.; gained strength & about 1100, began to form larger areas that became Fr., Engl., & Spain

-later led to idea of nation-states, (like Denmark)

--Germ. & Ital. stayed in pieces & did not form unified country until 19th century…

Colonies: area legally tied to another sov. state; not independence

Colonialism: technically is taking over uninhabited or

sparsely inhabited lands

European colonialism:

Was based on 3 main reasons (God, gold, glory):

1. Missionaries were used to promote Christianity & give justification for taking over (p. 252) (God) 2. Gain resources to help the European “mother” country (gold) 3. # of colonies was related to how powerful you were (glory)

Began in 1400’s in W. Hemisphere & then later in Afr. & Asia

“Imperialism”, or empire building: taking over widely inhabited land by another country (EX: India) Technically, “colonies” or “colonialism” refers to

taking over land not all that widely inhabited EX: much of the “New World”—aka the Americas

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After 1500’s UK put together largest empire: Famous QUOTE: “The sun never sets on British Empire.” What does this mean? With breakaway of USA, British began to lose

places… though they took others in Africa & Asia after USA formed

Europe had large areas of colonies there, but also islands

Difference between the French & British Way of controlling colonies:

-France tried to make the colonials = French, but Brits allowed them to keep more diversity…their old ways

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End of Euro. Imperialism: African & Asian colonies broke away after WWII…began

in late 1940’s, lots during 1950’s thru 60’s (Dates for WWII: 1939 – 1945), When U.N. was established in 1945, then were only 15 African/Asian countries…now there are over 105 (2000)

Most colonies today are islands in Pacific or Caribbean

Most populous colony today is Puerto Rico (USA)Least populous: Pitcairn Isl., S. Pacific. The pop. there

came from British ship The Bounty’s mutineers who settled

(There is a book & movie: Mutiny on the Bounty and no, we won’t watch it…. )

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Colonial Possessions 1914: By the outbreak of WWI, European states held colonies thru the world, espec. in Africa & in much of Asia.

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Colonial Possessions, 2003 (p. 254-5 = 2000)

Most remaining colonies are small islands in Pacific or Caribbean

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K-2 Why boundaries Cause problems:Boundaries: invisible line marking extent of state

territoryUsed to be that almost all boundaries were frontiers,

with few if any inhabitants, but now most all land is claimed & defined.

Only Antarctica & parts of the Arabian Peninsula are now true frontiers

2 ways to define (determine) boundaries: 1) 3 types of Physical features: rivers + seas (water) deserts mtns. 2) 4 types of Cultural features to determine: language religion ethnicities geometric (often latitude & longitude lines) Both of these can = conflict w/ neighbors

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After WWI, The Treaty of Versailles states used “language” as the #1 way to determine boundaries of new states & to adjust borders of existing states:

The US &

Mexico used which 3 methods to determine

the border?

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5 basic SHAPES of states: Compact, prorupted, elongated, fragmented, perforated

1. Compact: efficient; ideal = shaped like circle…or close -good for small 1’s b/c communication, esp. if capital in

center2. Prorupted: most compact + large projecting extens. (often

for water) --also can do to avoid borders (Afgh. w/ Russia?)3. Elongated: isolation? EX: Chile; problems w/ communic. --cap. usually at center, so end, not easily accessible to it4. Fragmented: broken up by water, other states, etc --EX: Indonesia; E/W Pakistan? -problems = communication, integration of pop.; also sometimes "pieces" didn't come in voluntarily -EX: E. Timor…got indep.('75); Indon. invades; still fight5. Perforated: EX: S. Afr.: Lesotho in middle, surrounded by S. Afr….depends on SA for imports/exports by ship Next slide: ID each of the shapes for the states shown

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Chile, Poland, Indonesia, S. Africa: Can it be 2+ ?

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Italy, France, Thailand, Japan (See the dominant shape)

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Landlocked: again, Lesotho; (also Uruguay) Africa has most of any continent w/ 15/56 landlocked

(includes S.Sudan)

These have no seaports Comes from colonial

era…had others on coast could ship to by rail

Now it’s problem for the local economies

...When landlocked AND have hostile ethnic group(s) in between. sea & borders is a Major problem for international trade

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African States

Southern,central, & eastern Africa include states that are compact,elongated, prorupted, fragmented&perforated.

NEW African country of

South Sudan!Darfur is the

troubled region with examples

of genocide/ethnic

cleansing: Arabs Africans attacking black Africans (mainly

Christians)

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India:

The Tin Bigha Corridor fragmented2 sections of the country of Bangladesh. When it was leased to Bangladesh, a section of India was fragmented.

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Frontiers in the

Arabian Peninsula:

Several states in

the Arabian Peninsula

are separated

by frontiers rather than

precise boundaries.

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Aozou Strip:

A Geometric

Boundary

The straight boundary between Libya & Chad was drawn by European powers, & the strip is the subject of controversy between the two countries.

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WHY BOUNDARIES CAUSE PROBLEMS (p. 261)

State w/ many nationalities: Cyprus: 2 nationalities

*After WW I, was divided by languages into Greek & Turk areas…were more Greeks there, but is closer to Turkey THEN… Britain gained it

* Brit. gave independence In 1960;

*Gks/Tur shared govt…til ’74 when some Gks tried to take it for Greece, then Turkey invaded to protect for Turks

*The 2 groups used to associate w/ each other & mingle, but now isolated at ends, w/ bufferzone in middle w/ UN soldiers

(Are called “Greek Cypriots” & “Turkish Cypriots”)

Turks declared independence, but no one recognizes this except them

NOTE: Greece w/ Turkey & Island of Cyprus

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Division of Cyprus

Cyprus has been divided into Greek & Turkish portions since 1974.(Ppl called Cypriots)

Think it kinda looks like a horseshoe crab??!

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Former USSR: (262) Largest multi-national state: former members now = 15 new indep. states, in 5 groups

1- Baltic States (3-on Baltic Sea): Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania 2-European (3): Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine (in Ukr. some

problems w/ Crimean Peninsula’s pop.) 3-Central Asian (5): Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan,

Turkmenistan, & Uzbekistan 4-Caucasus (Cauc. Mtns., Eurasian border--3): Azerbaijan,

Armenia, & Georgia -Azeris: pop. = 90% of Azerb.…but 6 mill. live in Iran -Armenia = Christian enclave; historically slaughtered by Muslim Turks; after USSR, became Armenia again -90% of country = Armenians; fight w/ Azeris over border lands in which both nationalities exist--Georgia: more diverse than Azer. & Arme. = problems 5-Russia: now largest multi-natl. state; recognize 39 natls. -1 of these is Chechnya …these = Sunni Muslims w/ distinct culture; Russ. says if it goes, others will also

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## Notes on enclave & exclave (see next slide): These are not in your book… but have appeared on AP’s…

1) enclave: an area surrounded by an area that does not rule (control, ID w/ ) it.

EX’s: Vatican City; Lesotho; Gambia (actually a penne-enclave b/c it has a small outlet to the sea):

2) exclaves: parts of a national territory separated from the main body of the country

EX’s: Alaska; Kaliningrad (part of Russia but on Baltic Sea); former E. Pakistan, separated from W. Pakistan

--is a kind of fragmentation

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Exclaves:

*Kalingrad on Baltic

*Old E & W Pakistan

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Enclaves (Gambia = actually a penne

enclave b/c it

opens to the sea) Lesotho in S. Afr.

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Eastern Europe “satellites” (controlled by USSR) & Former USSR (another needed term!!!)

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Some have 1 nationality in more than 1 state: Kurds: Sunni Muslims; in 1920’s became nation-state

-now 25 mill. split among 6 countries: Turkey (15), Iran (5), Iraq (4), & less in Azerbai. Armenia, & Syria

--Kurds are a “stateless nation” --Turks don’t allow their lang. or culture; other prob.

alsoPan-Arab Nation: 1 nation, many states; lang. & relig.

same for about 24 countries: Islam & Arabic-main reason split up is Euro. colonialism & Ottoman

rule --except for Israel, are well-united, but wealth not equal b/c some have oil (petroleum), others don’t -p. 267: What happened from 1980-1991 that ended unity?

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Stateless Nations:Nation: Part of which state(s)?

Region/Location

ScotlandTibetKurdistan BasqueCataloniaKashmirN. Ireland (aka Ulster)PalestineWestern SaharaTaiwanGreenlandSicilyMaoriPuerto RicoHawaii

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Kurdish nation … & the “Pan-Arab” nation

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Kurdish distribution: Label ALL & indicate areas by color

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Mid-East(aka

__?__Asia)

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The main trouble spot for

the Middle East(SW Asia)

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So many of the Caucasus Nationalities b/c of … ?

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Unitary vs. Federal: Internal organization of states

Unitary state: Power in hands of 1 central govt. -unitary usually best for country w/ single nationality,

like Europeans -but many w/ multi-national use unitary to force 1

nation’s culture, lang., etc., onto another

EX: USSR & Chinese Comm., to promote communist ideas

Also--several African nations w/ many divided ethnicities & 1 dominates to hold it all together

Characteristics that tend to work for Unitary system: --smaller size, good central or accessible location for

capital (for good communication); --nation-states w/ few cultural differences, strong

national unity (like many of European states)

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Federal system:

Gov’t in which a written constitution divides the powers of gov’t between a central (national) gov’t & several regional governments, usually called states or provinces

Local units of govt. are stronger than in unitary system –works well for a) larger countries that may b) have long

distance for some to capital (US, Can., India) Also when have several nationalities, or c) ethnic regions,

local control helps keep peace w/ less influential grps.

EX: Even though small, Belgium is Fed. b/c of its 2 nationalities (??)

--many now moving toward federal from unitary, like France & Poland

-France’s change is going fine, but E. Europeans, like Poland, tend to have more trouble w/ changes

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Unitary vs. Federal states (countries) Blue = Unitary Green = Federal

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The Heartland vs. Rimland Theory of Geopolitics: **Get a few notes on this…not in bk. Basically stated: Whoever rules Eastern Europe

commands the heartland. - Whoever rules the heartland commands the World Island (Eurasia and Africa) - Whoever rules the World Island commands the World.

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Heartland (H. MacKinder) vs. Rimland (N. Spykman) Theory of Geopolitics: Bit of it HAS shown up on AP!!

1904, Halford Mackinder published a theory RE: political strength in Eurasia…analyzed the strengths & weaknesses of the regions

Concluded the Russian Core & areas east of the core had potential to become a world power.

1919: revised his theory to include E. Europe & the theory became known as Mackinder's Heartland Theory.

Basically stated: - Who rules East Europe commands the heartland. - Who rules heartland commands the World Island (Eurasia & Africa)

- Who rules the World Island commands the World. 1942, Nicholas Spykman: countered Mackinder's Heartland Theory.

Spykman stated that Eurasia's Rimland, the coastal areas or buffer zone, is the key to controlling the World Island, not the heartland.

Spykman's book, "America's Strategy in World Politics" was published during World War II dealt w/ political & military strength of the USA at that time.

Today we look at the Rimland in terms of its economic strength & potential, but the book dealt w/ primarily military intervention, control & conquest of the Old World.

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ODD shapes:Gerrymandering:

FL & GA Gerrymandering: designing borders to maximize political influence

State legislature boundaries were drawn to maximize the number of legislators for Republicans in Florida & Democrats in Georgia.

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K-3: Why States Cooperate w/ each other StatesThe UN : began '45 w/ 49…now has 192 (191); job =

peace (It is WHAT kind or organization???) -- Taiwan only populous w/o membership…Taiwan

pulled out when China in came in (1971) -recently tried to join as Taiwan or Repub. of Ch., but Communist China (People’s Republic of China) Switzerland finally joined 2002… (had kept neutral)--all countries supposed to contribute military support

UN had rapid growth 3 times: 1) '55 (16): many former German controlled Euro. nations 2) '60: (17): most former Euro. colonies3) -'90-93 (26): most former Comm. controlled countries

US tried to start League of Nations (Wilson, 1919) after WWI, but US would not join

Then Germany, Italy, USSR, & Japan pulled out in '30's, & League of Nations fell apart

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**Supranationalism: (not in yr bk…but KNOW!)

When 3 or more states join together for the common good

Can be military, econ., political, or cultural------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

UN Security Council’s original 5 permanent members: (2 change out, so there are 7 total)

USA USSR (now Russia) France China UK These 5 have veto power & often used to keep UN

out of situations they were in EX: B/c of S/N Korea in ‘50's: Soviets walked out --often UN tries to keep control over warring ethnic

groups in places like Somalia, Bosnia Tried to be neutral in Bosnia, but couldn't b/c of

Serbs’ (Christian & stronger) treatment of Muslims’ weaker group

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** Devolution: Sorta’ the opposite of supranationalism:

A country breaking apart b/c of conflicting nationalities, etc.

What are some Ex’s U know??

Regional military organizations (p. 270):

B4 Cold War in '40's-70's, there were always more than 2 Superpowers but US & USSR came out as only 2 after WWII b/c others economically hit hard

--2 superpowers joined military alliances to keep balance of power…so you were either "for" US or for USSR (p. 270)

-others became allies or satellites, & could cause trouble

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Military cooperation in Euro:

Most of Eur. joined NATO after WWII --military coop betwn. 16 democratic states: US,

Canada, & 14 Europ (Fr. & Sp. members but contrib. no troops)

Warsaw Pact: 1955, Comm.--7 member coop group -’68 Czech. leader wanted reforms; Warsaw Pact

invaded -NATO to keep USSR’s Warsaw P. straight & vice-

versa -when USSR busted, less need…Warsaw broke

up -NATO troops reduced; some former W-P countries

join NATO by ’97

OAS: 35 states in W. Hemisphere: Cuba was member, but thrown out in ’62 b/c of Castro

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The European Union & NATO

Fig. 8-12: NATO and the European Union have expanded and accepted new members as the Warsaw Pact and COMECON have disintegrated.

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European Boundary Changes

20th century boundary changes in Europe, 1914 to 2003. Germany’s boundaries changed after each world war & the collapse of the USSR.

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Economic Cooperation (274).: EU (?): work toward econ. coop w/ Eur countries

(1958)At 1st = Eur Econ Community, Common Mkt., & Eur.

Commun. began w/ Belgium, Fr., W.Germ., Italy, Luxem., & Nether.; ’73 more…’81 more; ’86, ’95

3 EU capital cities: Strasbourg, Fr; Brussels, Belg.; LuxembourgNow have a European Parlia.; at 1st just helped w/

problems --Now have more free trade among nations --Use “Euro” as money in 11 countries

OTHER supranationalistic econ. organizations:

COMECON (Communist Econ. organization): b4 end of USSR, communist countries had COMECON which promoted trade among those countries

AU: African Union

Replaced older Organization for African Unity (OAU, 1963) that worked to rid Africa of imperialism, apartheid, etc.

AU now focuses more on economic development in African countries

ANC: African Nat’l. Congress: Mandela active in this group 59

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##Shatter belt –

“A region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, & often fragmented by aggressive rivals."Area hit often with outside conflicts and stressesIt has also played the role of a cold war buffer zone.

EX: Southeast Asia: borders the "giants" of India and China. One country of the realm, Myanmar, borders both. To the east, the island State of Indonesia controls the western half of the island of New Guinea, yet the whole island is included in the pacific realm.

Another EX: Eastern Europe: often invaded, cultural differences

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Germany & Europe:German domination of W. Eur? --now the most powerful nation in European economy --has pushed for a stronger, more united Eur. This has led many in Eur. to fear Ger. may again “rise” as it

did before WW I & WWII Ger. was not “state” until 1871 Frederick the Great began process of uniting in 1700’s Then 2nd half of 1800’s von Bismarck united many of the

German speaking people into the German Empire (lasted less than 50 yrs…end of WWI 1919)WWII: Hitler took “German speaking”…or close… countries

of Austria, Poland, Czech., to make true German. nation-state

After WWII, split Ger into W & E; split Berlin to 4 parts

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New European Union Nations:Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia & Slovenia join the Schengen area.

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Germany Divided andBerlin divided:Communist & Democratic Gov’ts.

East & West Germany

East & West Berlin

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Economic: Trading blocs: regional groups that give preferential treatment to those w/in their bloc.

3 most important: 1) Western Hemisphere (NAFTA & now CAFTA?) NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement: -Mexico, USA, + Canada: was Can. + US, then added Mex. & became NAFTA CAFTA: Central Amer. Free Trade Agreement 2) Western Eur.: European Union 3) East Asia: Japan leads; China, S. Korea, some w/ N. KoreaOPEC: ? (not really regional) --economic organization to

protect oil producers Oil embargo of 1973-74 led to gas rationing & long lines in

USA

----ANC: ????????????

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US adjusts to Oil Embargo from OPEC:Could take hrs. to get 5 – 10 gallons!

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K-4: Terrorism: Individuals & Organizations States believed to support terrorism: Libya, Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran…& now PakistanTerrorism: systematic use of violence by a group to

intimidate a population or coerce (force) a gov’t. into granting its demands

-1st used in French Revolution: Reign of Terror (1793-4)

-most times it refers to groups outside of gov’t.’s --differs from assassination…… -terrorism is aimed at ordinary people --but assn. aimed at leaders, etc.

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Terror …or ….retaliation: Which is it? Us vs. them???

Hard to tell at times

EX: w/ Palestinians & Jews gets very difficult…Is it terrorism…or a response to a wartime attack?

Does it depend on your POV?

What other groups do they mention?

Attacks on USA: Several in 1990’s:

1 on WTC, 1 on USS Cole, 2 attacks on U.S. African embassies, but most Americans ignored these…was hard to get U.S. ppl involved

I-D the following in relation to al Quaeda:

• Osama bin-Laden: leader & founder; financed the beginning• Afghanistan: USSR invaded Afghan. (1979-81) …Osama

went there to help fight them (USA helped Afghans w/

weapons, etc.!!) & Taliban took over when drove USSR OUT(‘89)

--later he went for “sanctuary” …began al Quaeda to fight USA b/c on “holy land” of Arabian Penninsula in Gulf War

• Yemen and Somalia: terrorists cells active in these.• “the base”: translation of “al Quaeda”• Majis al Shura: military leadership council w/in groups• Cell: a group in a particular region (EX: Yemen & Somalia• Fatwa: religious decree • Mujahadeen: holy warriors: fundamentalist Muslim fighters• Sharia: Islamic law• Infidels: Non-believers (non-Muslims)

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Amer. Terrorists: OKC bombing, 1995: T. McVeigh said was retaliation against US gov’t. attacks on Branch Davidians in Waco, TX, in ‘93

Sept. 11, 2001: WTC destroyed; Pentagon hit also

Al Qaeda: did most of the 1990’s US attacks -bin Laden: son of Yemen billionaire ($ made

in Saudi Arabia); spent his inheritance building Al Qaeda (“the base”)

-1st fought against USSR in Afghanistan b/c of Soviet hostility to religions …his 1st jihad

(holy war)

OPEC countries voting for

the production increases

are colored in green

while those opposing

are colored in red.

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http://econintersect.com/wordpress/?p=10208

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CHANGE IN OIL PRODUCTION

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1996: USA supported Saudi Arabia & Israel, so called for jihad against US…

-these are “outlaw” Islamic groups, actions NOT condoned by MOST Muslims, even if they disagree w/ many USA’s policies

State sponsored terrorism: 3 increasing levels of involvement:1) providing sanctuary for terrorists wanted by

other countries2) supplying weapons, $$, & intelligence to terrorists3) planning attacks using terrorists

US Response to 9/11: US accused Afghanistan, Iraq, & Iran w/ at least 1 of the 3 levels of support for terrorism

--attacked Afghan. in 2001 & Iraq in 2003Add Pakistan today?

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Libya: 1980’s: al-Qaddafi (Kaddafi) paid for executions of opponents exiled in Europe (Muamar Quadafi)

1981: Libyan plane shot at US plane b/c said was over Libyan airspace; US said international .. US shot down

In Lebanon: Libyan bombers blew up Berlin nightclub used by US soldiers …so US bombed 2 Libyan cities

1988: Pan-Am Flight 103 , over Lockerbie, Scotland, downed by Libyan agents

Afghanistan: 1973: Afghan king overthrown by military1978…replaced by gov’t friendly to Soviets1979, USSR sent in troops b/c of “holy warriors”…USSR

out in 1989 1992, Taliban took over; Taliban-led Afgh. was attacked09/11/2001: US hit Taliban b/c it sheltered bin Laden &

Al-Qaeda …then ethnic grps fought for control -Taliban is again growing in power w/ Pakistan support http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0922041.html crude oil

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SW Asian Ethnic Grps.: Ethnic boundaries don’t match country boundaries...

especially in Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, & Pakistan.

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Iraq: 1st trouble w/ Hussein: 1991 Persian Gulf War b/c he invaded Kuwait… but he stayed til 2003

2003 US attacked in 2003 remove Saddam, saying had WMD’s… --supported by UK & a few others

Difference 1991 & 2003: most of UN supported US in ’91, but not in 2003 US attacked “unilaterally”

All knew Saddam was a tyrant, but said this didn’t justify attacks to them …..most didn’t think WMD’s still in Iraq,

Iraq & al-Qaeda ties? NO--Ba’athists & a-Q have different views on most things, so most UN didn’t see a close tie there

Iran: 1979: Iran’s people forced the pro-US Shah out Militants took over US embassy & held them hostage for 444

days…US was very hostile toward IranIraq & Iran began fighting each other in ’80 & ’81 over a

waterway that flowed into the Persian Gulf…1.5 mill. diedUS lately has begun saying Iran is urging Shi’ites in Iraq to

take over & establish power…also nuclear (WMD’s) issue

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Other countries US has accused of terrorism or aiding terrorism:Yemen: base for al-Qaeda cells & sheltered terrorists who attacked USS ColeSudan: once sheltered bin Laden & other militantsSyria: support for Iranian & Libyan terroristsNorth Korea: developing nuclear weapons

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World Trade Center:

Ikonos satellite images of the World Trade Center June 30, 2000, before the attack.

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Sept. 11 attacks…

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World Trade Center Site 9/15/2001

Ikonos satellite images of the World Trade Center Sept. 15, 2001, after the attack.

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A S_____?_____ Nation

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• Crude Oil Proven Reserves