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CognitionCognition
Study of how the mind works. Study of basic Study of how the mind works. Study of basic
mental functions of the mind.mental functions of the mind.
Includes a variety of mental process: perception, Includes a variety of mental process: perception,
pattern recognition, language, etc.pattern recognition, language, etc.
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Cognition =
Organization ofKnowledge
Memory
Attention
DecisionMaking
PerceptionProblemSolving
PatternRecognition
Language
Reasoning
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Cognitive PsychologyCognitive Psychology
Theoretical orientation emphasizing mental Theoretical orientation emphasizing mental structures and processes and breaks them down structures and processes and breaks them down into component structures and processesinto component structures and processes
How sensory information is acquired, stored, How sensory information is acquired, stored, transformed and used.transformed and used.
Mental activity or acquisition, storage, Mental activity or acquisition, storage, transformation, and use of knowledgetransformation, and use of knowledge
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Neisser’s Defintion of Cognitive Neisser’s Defintion of Cognitive PsychologyPsychology
“Cognitive Psychology refers to all processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced elaborated, stored, recovered, and used.”
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Perception
Attention
Pattern Recognition
Memory
Organization of Knowledge
Language
Reasoning
Problem Solving
Decision Making
Levels of Cognition
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CodesCodes
System of signals used to System of signals used to representrepresent
something -- e.g. code for the alphabetsomething -- e.g. code for the alphabet
Neural Code: e.g. the word ‘hat’ encoded as Neural Code: e.g. the word ‘hat’ encoded as
a pattern of light on the retinaa pattern of light on the retina
Cognitive Code: the word ‘hat’ --> phonemes Cognitive Code: the word ‘hat’ --> phonemes
(language sounds), letters, meaning(language sounds), letters, meaning
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Level of DescriptionLevel of Description
Mental LevelMental Level
Cognitive LevelCognitive Level
Neural LevelNeural Level
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QuestionQuestion
Answer this question as quickly as you Answer this question as quickly as you can:can:
How many hands did Aristotle have?How many hands did Aristotle have?
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Cognitive Process AnalysisCognitive Process Analysis
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Cognitive Psycholgy Development TimelineCognitive Psycholgy Development Timeline
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Thinking as a Sequence of Thinking as a Sequence of StatesStates
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Wilhelm WundtWilhelm Wundt
“ “ Conscious Conscious processes and processes and immediate immediate experience”experience”
Introspection or “self Introspection or “self observation”observation”
Rigorous MethodsRigorous Methods
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TitchenerTitchener
StructuralismStructuralism
Training of observersTraining of observers
StructuralismStructuralism
Imageless thought Imageless thought
controversycontroversy
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Herman EbbinghausHerman Ebbinghaus
Study higher mental Study higher mental processes using processes using scientific methodscientific method
Process of Process of association formationassociation formation
Non-sense syllablesNon-sense syllables Savings MethodSavings Method
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Nonsense SyllablesNonsense Syllables
DAX
GIK
TEB
KOV
SUV
HET
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Ebbinghaus’ MethodEbbinghaus’ Method
1.1. Learn list to 2 perfect recitations (# trials)Learn list to 2 perfect recitations (# trials)
2.2. Set aside (varied delay)Set aside (varied delay)
3.3. Relearn (# trials)Relearn (# trials)
4.4. Measurement of SavingsMeasurement of Savings
# Trials to Learn - # Trials to Relearn
# Trials to Learn
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Measurement of SavingsMeasurement of Savings
# Trials to Learn - # Trials to Relearn
# Trials to Learn
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Forgetting CurveForgetting Curve
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William JamesWilliam James
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William James - FunctionalismWilliam James - Functionalism
Interested in the Interested in the functionsfunctions of consciousness of consciousness
Infer mental mechanisms or processes from the Infer mental mechanisms or processes from the
way organisms behave in different situations.way organisms behave in different situations.
Functions of MemoryFunctions of Memory
Primary MemoryPrimary Memory
Secondary MemorySecondary Memory
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20th Century20th Century
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BehaviorismBehaviorism
John B. Watson (1924)John B. Watson (1924)
Reaction to IntrospectionReaction to Introspection
Emphasis on observable, quantifiable Emphasis on observable, quantifiable
behaviorbehavior
No unobservables, no No unobservables, no internalinternal mental mental
states, no images, ideas, or thoughtsstates, no images, ideas, or thoughts
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BehaviorismBehaviorism
Psychology = Scientific study of behaviorPsychology = Scientific study of behavior
Humans as passive reactors to external Humans as passive reactors to external
stimulistimuli
““Tabular Rasa” - Environmental Tabular Rasa” - Environmental
determinants of behaviordeterminants of behavior
Rats in mazes, puzzle boxes, etc.Rats in mazes, puzzle boxes, etc.
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Behaviorism - Positive Behaviorism - Positive ContributionsContributions
Insistence of precise & careful definition of Insistence of precise & careful definition of
conceptsconcepts
Operational ConstructOperational Construct e.g. performance = # trials necessary to e.g. performance = # trials necessary to
complete a maze with no errorscomplete a maze with no errors
Experimental ControlExperimental Control
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Gestalt PsychologyGestalt Psychology
Laws of organizationLaws of organization
Law of proximityLaw of proximity
Law of similarityLaw of similarity
Insight problem solvingInsight problem solving
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Law of SimilarityLaw of Similarity
O O O OO O O OX X X XX X X XO O O OO O O OX X X XX X X X
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Law of ProximityLaw of Proximity
O O O O O O OOX X X X X X XXO O O O O O OOX X X X X X XX
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Frederick C. BartlettFrederick C. Bartlett
Remembering: An Experimental and Remembering: An Experimental and
Social StudySocial Study (1932) (1932)
Meaningful materials -- e.g. storiesMeaningful materials -- e.g. stories
Human memory constructive processHuman memory constructive process
Original material interpreted and Original material interpreted and
transformedtransformed
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The Cognitive RevolutionThe Cognitive Revolution
Return to mentalistic ideas (1940’s and 50’s)Return to mentalistic ideas (1940’s and 50’s)
MIT – Sept. 11, 1956MIT – Sept. 11, 1956
Neisser’s book Neisser’s book Cognitive PsychologyCognitive Psychology (1967) (1967)
Information processing perspectiveInformation processing perspective
Diverse Influences/ CausesDiverse Influences/ Causes
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Dissatisfaction with Dissatisfaction with BehaviorismBehaviorism
Challenges to “tabular rasa”Challenges to “tabular rasa”
Innate structure or knowledgeInnate structure or knowledge
Complex human behavior not explainable Complex human behavior not explainable
in terms of stimulus-response relations in terms of stimulus-response relations
alonealone
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World War IIWorld War II
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World War IIWorld War II
Practical ProblemsPractical Problems Problems of perception, judgement, Problems of perception, judgement,
thinking, and decision-makingthinking, and decision-making Operating technical equipmentOperating technical equipment Performance over LearningPerformance over Learning Human FactorsHuman Factors
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Information ProcessingInformation Processing
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Verbal LearningVerbal Learning
Flourishing of Ebbinghaus traditionFlourishing of Ebbinghaus tradition Different types of memory, memory Different types of memory, memory
organization, modelsorganization, models Active nature of learner--what is brought Active nature of learner--what is brought
to learningto learning Formation of Formation of new associationsnew associations --> Use --> Use
of of pre-existingpre-existing associations. associations. Emphasis on Memory over learningEmphasis on Memory over learning
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Bousfield (1953)Bousfield (1953)applebicycleshirtchairbananacarsocksdeskpeachtruckcouchorangetrainhatdesk
Words presented in this order:
deskcouchchairpeachapplehatshirtdress…
Etc.
But recalledIn this order
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Verbal Learning …Verbal Learning …
Existing memory associations lead to Existing memory associations lead to reorganization of words during recallreorganization of words during recall
Mental Processes: rehearsal, storage, Mental Processes: rehearsal, storage, organization, retrievalorganization, retrieval
Acceptance of objective methods & Acceptance of objective methods & proceduresprocedures
But increased commitment to But increased commitment to inferred inferred processesprocesses -- e.g. encoding, storage, -- e.g. encoding, storage, retrievalretrieval
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Noam ChomskyNoam Chomsky
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LinguisticsLinguistics
Rejection of behaviorist notions of languageRejection of behaviorist notions of language
Emphasis on mental processes underlying Emphasis on mental processes underlying
language learninglanguage learning
Novelty of utterancesNovelty of utterances
2 Major Claims2 Major Claims Language knowledge innateLanguage knowledge innate
Grammatical rules/systemGrammatical rules/system
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EvidenceEvidence
Same age of acquisitionSame age of acquisition Similar stages and length of time to Similar stages and length of time to
acquireacquire Limited # of GrammarsLimited # of Grammars Novel utterancesNovel utterances Evidence for rule use: Irregular past tense Evidence for rule use: Irregular past tense
verbsverbs
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Evidence for Rule Use: Evidence for Rule Use: Irregular past tense formationIrregular past tense formation
InitiallyInitially
‘‘go’ --> ‘went’go’ --> ‘went’
‘‘eat’ --> ‘ate’eat’ --> ‘ate’
Later (after acquiring regular past tense Later (after acquiring regular past tense
rule)rule)
‘‘go’ --> ‘goed’go’ --> ‘goed’
‘‘eat’ --> ‘eated’eat’ --> ‘eated’
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Telephone exampleTelephone example
““UD has improved the appearance of the UD has improved the appearance of the university over the last few years.”university over the last few years.”
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Communications TheoryCommunications Theory
Information processing ideaInformation processing idea
Similarity between communication devices and Similarity between communication devices and
peoplepeople
1st approximation analogy for psychology to 1st approximation analogy for psychology to
describe mental processesdescribe mental processes
Channel, information processing filters, Channel, information processing filters, limited limited
capacitycapacity, serial vs. parallel processing., serial vs. parallel processing.
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Information TheoryInformation Theory
InformationSource
Transmitter Channel Receiver Destination
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Computers & Computer Computers & Computer ScienceScience
Numerous contributionsNumerous contributions
Analogy of computers & humansAnalogy of computers & humans Both process information: Take in Both process information: Take in
information, transform, manipulate, store, & information, transform, manipulate, store, & output information (or some type of product--output information (or some type of product--e.g. behavior)e.g. behavior)
Humans & computers as symbol Humans & computers as symbol
manipulatorsmanipulators
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Schematic Diagram of Schematic Diagram of Computer SystemComputer System
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Atkinson & Shiffrin Memory ModelAtkinson & Shiffrin Memory Model
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Many Contributions Many Contributions
Borrowing of concepts & characteristics Borrowing of concepts & characteristics of computers to describe human of computers to describe human system: sensory store, short-term store, system: sensory store, short-term store, long-term storelong-term store
Limited capacity--immediate memory & Limited capacity--immediate memory & attentionattention
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Additional ContributionsAdditional Contributions
Computer programs/processes analagous to Computer programs/processes analagous to
mental processesmental processes
Simulation modelingSimulation modeling
AIAI
Computer as toolComputer as tool
ModelingModeling
Stimulus PresentationStimulus Presentation
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Current Issues Related to Current Issues Related to Cognitive PsychologyCognitive Psychology
Ecological ValidityEcological Validity
Cognitive ScienceCognitive Science
Cognitive NeuroscienceCognitive Neuroscience
Artificial IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence
Parallel Distributed Processing ApproachParallel Distributed Processing Approach
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Cognitive NeuroscienceCognitive Neuroscience
Examines how the structure & function Examines how the structure & function
of the brain explain cognitive processesof the brain explain cognitive processes
Kossylyn’s MessageKossylyn’s Message ComplexityComplexity
Necessity of cognitive/functional analysesNecessity of cognitive/functional analyses
New Tools/TechniquesNew Tools/Techniques
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Cognitive Neuroscience Cognitive Neuroscience TechniquesTechniques
Brain LessionsBrain Lessions Brain Imaging TechniquesBrain Imaging Techniques
PETPET MRIMRI fMRIfMRI
Event-related PotentialEvent-related Potential Single-cell Recording TechniqueSingle-cell Recording Technique
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PET ScanPET Scan
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Pet Scan 2Pet Scan 2
PET Scan while PET Scan while
listening to a listening to a
language task language task
(unpracticed)(unpracticed)
PET Scan after PET Scan after
practice with the task practice with the task
(spelling)(spelling)
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Event-related PotentialsEvent-related Potentials
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An ERP RecordingAn ERP Recording
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Artificial IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence
Machine MetaphorMachine Metaphor
Artificial Intelligence (Pure AI)Artificial Intelligence (Pure AI)
Computer SimulationComputer Simulation
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PDP - Parallel Distributed PDP - Parallel Distributed ProcessingProcessing
Cognitive processes can be understood in terms Cognitive processes can be understood in terms
of networks of ‘neuron-like’ unitsof networks of ‘neuron-like’ units
Connectionism vs. neural networksConnectionism vs. neural networks
Parallel vs. Serial DistinctionParallel vs. Serial Distinction
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Matlin’s 5 ThemesMatlin’s 5 Themes
Cognitive processes are activeCognitive processes are active
Cognitive processes remarkably efficient & Cognitive processes remarkably efficient &
accurateaccurate
Cognitive processes handle positive Cognitive processes handle positive
information better than negativeinformation better than negative
Cognitive processes are InterrelatedCognitive processes are Interrelated
Many cognitive processes rely on both Many cognitive processes rely on both
bottom-upbottom-up and and top-downtop-down processing processing
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What do you see?What do you see?
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Context EffectsContext Effects