1 Comparative Social System Presented by Md. Abdullah-Al-Helal Lecturer, GED Northern University Bangladesh

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Comparative Social System Comparative Social System

Presented byPresented by

Md. Abdullah-Al-HelalMd. Abdullah-Al-HelalLecturer, GEDLecturer, GED

Northern University BangladeshNorthern University Bangladesh

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Comparative Social System _contd.Comparative Social System _contd.Defining Social Science:Defining Social Science:The social sciences The social sciences are a group of academic are a group of academic disciplinesdisciplines that study that study human aspectshuman aspects of the world. of the world.

They differ from the arts and humanities in that the They differ from the arts and humanities in that the social sciences tend to emphasize the use of the social sciences tend to emphasize the use of the scientific methodscientific method in the study of humanity, including in the study of humanity, including quantitative and qualitativequantitative and qualitative methods. methods.

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Comparative Social System _contd.Comparative Social System _contd. Defining Social Science:Defining Social Science:

The social sciences in studying subjective,inter-The social sciences in studying subjective,inter-subjective and objective or subjective and objective or structural aspects of structural aspects of societysociety are traditionally referred are traditionally referred to as soft sciences.to as soft sciences.

It is a matter of fact that It is a matter of fact that some social science some social science subfieldssubfields have become very quantitative in have become very quantitative in methodology. methodology.

Conversely, the interdisciplinary and cross-Conversely, the interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary nature of scientific inquiry into human disciplinary nature of scientific inquiry into human behavior and social and environmental factors behavior and social and environmental factors affecting it.affecting it.

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Comparative Social System _contd.Comparative Social System _contd.

Development of Social Science:Development of Social Science:The word "science" is older than its modern use, which is as The word "science" is older than its modern use, which is as

a short-form for "natural science".a short-form for "natural science". Ancient GreeceAncient GreeceIn ancient philosophy, there was In ancient philosophy, there was no difference no difference

between mathematics and the study of historybetween mathematics and the study of history, , poetry or politicspoetry or politics. Only with the development of . Only with the development of mathmatical proof did there gradually arise a mathmatical proof did there gradually arise a perceived difference between "scientific" perceived difference between "scientific" disciplines and others, the "humanities" or the disciplines and others, the "humanities" or the liberal artsliberal arts

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Islamic Civilization:Islamic Civilization:

Significant contributions to the social sciences Significant contributions to the social sciences were made by Muslim scientists in the Islamic were made by Muslim scientists in the Islamic civilization. civilization. Al- Biruni(973–1048) has been Al- Biruni(973–1048) has been described as "the first anthropologist".described as "the first anthropologist".

Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406)Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) is regarded as the is regarded as the father father of demography, historiography, the philosophy of of demography, historiography, the philosophy of history, sociology, and the social sciences,history, sociology, and the social sciences, and and is viewed as one of the forerunners of modern is viewed as one of the forerunners of modern economics. He is best known for his economics. He is best known for his MuqaddimahMuqaddimah..

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Comparative Social System _contd.Comparative Social System _contd.European enlightenment:European enlightenment:During the European Age of enlightenment, this During the European Age of enlightenment, this

unity of science as descriptive remains, for unity of science as descriptive remains, for example, in the example, in the time of Thomas Hobbestime of Thomas Hobbes who who argued that argued that deductive reasoningdeductive reasoning from Axioms from Axioms created a scientific framework. His great work created a scientific framework. His great work was was LeviathanLeviathan..

Nineteenth century: Nineteenth century: Auguste Comte (1797– Auguste Comte (1797–1857) argued that ideas pass through three 1857) argued that ideas pass through three rising stages, theological, philosophical and rising stages, theological, philosophical and scientificscientific. . Karl MarxKarl Marx was one of the first writers was one of the first writers to claim that his methods of research to claim that his methods of research represented a represented a scientific view of history in this scientific view of history in this model.model.

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Comparative Social System _contd.Comparative Social System _contd.Twentieth century:Twentieth century:The The rise of industrialismrise of industrialism had created a series of had created a series of

social, economic, and political problems, social, economic, and political problems, particularly in particularly in managing supply and demand in managing supply and demand in their political economy, the management of their political economy, the management of resources for militaryresources for military and developmental uses and developmental uses..(Impact of World War I)(Impact of World War I)

Conversely, the interdisciplinary and cross-Conversely, the interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary nature of scientific inquiry into disciplinary nature of scientific inquiry into human behavior and social and environmental human behavior and social and environmental factors affecting it have made many of the so-factors affecting it have made many of the so-called hard sciences dependent on social called hard sciences dependent on social science methodologyscience methodology

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Social Science Disciplines / impact :Social Science Disciplines / impact :

Anthropology, economics, education, Anthropology, economics, education, geography, law, history, Linguistics,Political geography, law, history, Linguistics,Political science,psychology,sociology,communication science,psychology,sociology,communication studies, development studies, information studies, development studies, information science, sociobiology etc.science, sociobiology etc.

Above all these disciplines of the faculty of Above all these disciplines of the faculty of knowledgeknowledge

influence directly on our society to developed, influence directly on our society to developed, because- because-

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Social Science Disciplines / impact : Social Science Disciplines / impact : 1. Anthropology1. AnthropologyThis is the holistic discipline that deals with theThis is the holistic discipline that deals with theintegration of different aspects of the Socialintegration of different aspects of the SocialSciences.Sciences.The word ‘anthropos’ is from the Greek forThe word ‘anthropos’ is from the Greek for""human being" or "personhuman being" or "person." Eric Wolf described." Eric Wolf describedsociocultural anthropology as "sociocultural anthropology as "the most scientificthe most scientificof the humanities, and the most humanistic of theof the humanities, and the most humanistic of thesciences."sciences."

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2. economics:2. economics:

Economics is a social science that seeks toEconomics is a social science that seeks to

analyze and describe the analyze and describe the production, distribution,production, distribution,

and consumption of wealth. and consumption of wealth.

Economics is "the science which studiesEconomics is "the science which studies

human behavior as a relation betweenhuman behavior as a relation between

scarce means having alternative uses." scarce means having alternative uses."

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Comparative Social System _contdComparative Social System _contd

3. 3. Education: Education:

Education encompasses teaching and learningEducation encompasses teaching and learning

specific skills.specific skills.

Positive judgementPositive judgement and well-developed and well-developed wisedomwisedom..

Realisation of Realisation of self-potential and latent talentsself-potential and latent talents of of

an individualan individual..Education is the harmonious development of body,Education is the harmonious development of body,

mind and soul.mind and soul.

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4.Geography:4.Geography:

Geography as a discipline can be split broadlyGeography as a discipline can be split broadly

into into two main sub fieldstwo main sub fields: human geography and: human geography and

physical geography.physical geography.

Environmental geography combines physical and Environmental geography combines physical and human geography and human geography and looks at the interactions looks at the interactions between the environment and humans.between the environment and humans.

It understand It understand how the world has changed in how the world has changed in terms of human settlementterms of human settlement and natural and natural patterns. (rural to urban and others)patterns. (rural to urban and others)

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Comparative Social System _contd.Comparative Social System _contd.5. History:5. History:

History is the continuous, systematic narrative History is the continuous, systematic narrative and research of and research of past events as relating to the past events as relating to the human species;human species;

As well as the study of all events in time, in As well as the study of all events in time, in relation to humanity.relation to humanity.

6. 6. Political science:Political science:

Description and analysis of Description and analysis of political systems andpolitical systems and

political behavior.political behavior.

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Comparative Social System _contdComparative Social System _contd7. 7. Psychology:Psychology: It study various spheres of human It study various spheres of human

activity, problems of individualsactivity, problems of individuals‘‘..8. sociology:8. sociology:Sociology is the study of society andSociology is the study of society and

Human social action. Human social action.

It generally concerns itself with The It generally concerns itself with The social rules andsocial rules and

processesprocesses (individuals , but as members of (individuals , but as members of

associations, groups, communities and institutions).associations, groups, communities and institutions).

The social sciences are The social sciences are sometimes criticizedsometimes criticized as as being being less scientific than the naturalless scientific than the natural scienc. scienc.

Others, however argue that the social world is much Others, however argue that the social world is much too complex to be studied.too complex to be studied.

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Comparative Social System _contd.Comparative Social System _contd.Law as a Social Science:Law as a Social Science:LawLaw is a system of rules usually enforced is a system of rules usually enforcedthrough a set of institutions. through a set of institutions. It affects politics, economics and societyIt affects politics, economics and society in innumerous ways. Such as-numerous ways. Such as-Contract law regulates everything from buying a Contract law regulates everything from buying a

bus ticket to trading swaptions on a derivatives bus ticket to trading swaptions on a derivatives market. market.

Property law defines rights and obligations related Property law defines rights and obligations related to transfer and title of personal and real to transfer and title of personal and real property, for instance, in mortgaging or renting a property, for instance, in mortgaging or renting a homehome..

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Comparative Social System _contd.Comparative Social System _contd.Law as a Social Science:Law as a Social Science:

Trust law appliesTrust law applies to assets held for investment to assets held for investment and financial security, such as pension funds. and financial security, such as pension funds.

Tort law allows claimsTort law allows claims for compensation when for compensation when someone or their property is injured or harmed.someone or their property is injured or harmed.

Constitutional lawConstitutional law provides a framework for provides a framework for creating laws, protecting people's human right, creating laws, protecting people's human right, and electing political representativesand electing political representatives

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Comparative Social System _contd.Comparative Social System _contd.Law as a Social Science: Law as a Social Science:

Legal systems around the world elaborate legal Legal systems around the world elaborate legal rights and rights and responsibilities in different ways. responsibilities in different ways.

Laws and legal systems Laws and legal systems reflect the society and reflect the society and cultureculture out of which they arise. out of which they arise.

A basic distinction is made between civil law A basic distinction is made between civil law jurisdictions and systems using common law.jurisdictions and systems using common law.

Some countries Some countries base their law on religious textsbase their law on religious texts, , while in others traditional customary law or while in others traditional customary law or Socialist legal theory are strong influencesSocialist legal theory are strong influences..

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Law as a Social Science:Law as a Social Science:

Scholars investigate the nature of law through Scholars investigate the nature of law through many perspectivesmany perspectives, including , including legal history and legal history and philosophyphilosophy, or , or social sciencesocial science such as such as economics and sociologyeconomics and sociology..

Social science includes every aspects of human Social science includes every aspects of human life. life.

Law and/ or legal activities on our society had Law and/ or legal activities on our society had been started from the very beginning of human been started from the very beginning of human civilization.civilization.

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Comparative Social System _contdComparative Social System _contd


Law spreads far beyond the core subjects intoLaw spreads far beyond the core subjects into

virtually virtually every area of life.every area of life. Three (3) categoriesThree (3) categories are presented for convenience:are presented for convenience:

1.Law and society:1.Law and society:

►►Labour lawLabour law is the study of a tripartite is the study of a tripartite industrial relationship between worker, industrial relationship between worker, employer and trade union.employer and trade union.

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►►Human rights, civil rightsHuman rights, civil rights and human rights law and human rights law are important fields to guarantee everyone are important fields to guarantee everyone basic freedoms and entitlementsbasic freedoms and entitlements..

►►Evidence law involvesEvidence law involves which materials are which materials are admissible in courts for a case to be built.admissible in courts for a case to be built.

►►Immigration law and nationalityImmigration law and nationality law concern law concern the rights of foreigners to live and work in a the rights of foreigners to live and work in a nation-state that is not their own and to acquire nation-state that is not their own and to acquire or lose citizenshipor lose citizenship

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►►Social security law refersSocial security law refers to the rights people to the rights people have to social insurance, such as jobseekers' have to social insurance, such as jobseekers' allowances or housing benefits.allowances or housing benefits.

►►Family law covers marriage and divorceFamily law covers marriage and divorce proceedings, the rights of children and rights to proceedings, the rights of children and rights to property and money in the event of separation. property and money in the event of separation.

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2. Law and Commerce:2. Law and Commerce:

►►Commercial law covers complex contract and Commercial law covers complex contract and property law. property law.

►►The law of agency, insurance law, bills of The law of agency, insurance law, bills of exchange, insolvency and bankruptcy law and exchange, insolvency and bankruptcy law and sales law are all important.sales law are all important.

►►Intellectual property Intellectual property deals with patentsdeals with patents, , trademarks and copyright.trademarks and copyright.

►►Unjust enrichment is law covering a right to Unjust enrichment is law covering a right to retrieve property.retrieve property.

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Comparative Social System _contd.Comparative Social System _contd.3. Law and regulation:3. Law and regulation:

►►Regulation deals with the provision of Regulation deals with the provision of public public services and utilities.services and utilities.

►►Now a days Now a days privatization become popular. privatization become popular.

But government have been bound by But government have been bound by social social responsibilities to make perfectionresponsibilities to make perfection..

►►Environmental law is increasingly important Environmental law is increasingly important because of climate change.because of climate change.

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Documents

1 Comparative Social System Presented by Md. Abdullah-Al-Helal Lecturer, GED Northern University Bangladesh