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Computing for Todays
Yumei HuoFall 2006
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Contents Discussion of the syllabus,
requirements, topics to be covered, etc. Essential Computer Concepts Exploring the basics of Windows XP
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Contents Discussion of the syllabus,
requirements, topics to be covered, etc. Essential Computer Concepts Exploring the basics of Windows XP
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Contents Discussion of the syllabus,
requirements, topics to be covered, etc. Essential Computer Concepts Exploring the basics of Windows XP File Management
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What is a Computer?
A computer is a device that:
Accepts input
Processes data
Stores data
Produces output
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What is a Computer?
A Computer System is made up of:
Hardware—the physical components
Software—the programs or lists of instructions
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What is a Computer?
Architecture or configuration is the design of the computer.
As in, what does the computer consist of?
Specification is the technical detail about each component.
As in, how big is the monitor?
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How a Computer Works
The hardware, software, and you work together to complete tasks.
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How a Computer Works
The data you type into the computer is called input.
The result of the computer processing your input is called output.
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Types of Computers
The categories of computers are:Personal or microcomputers
Desktop
Laptop
Hand-held or PDAs
Mainframes
Supercomputers
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Computer Hardware
Computer hardware includes:Input devices
Output devices
Processing hardware
Storage devices and media
Keyboard,Mouse,Wireless pointer,Touch pad
Monitors(CRT monitors and LCD) and Printers
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Computer Hardware
The most important computer function is data processing.
Processing hardware is used to process data.
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Processing Hardware Computers interpret every signal
as “on” or “off.”
1 (“on”) and 0 (“off”) are referred to as bits.
Eight bits is a byte. Each byte represents a unique character.
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Data Representation
Storage and memory capacity is the amount of data the storage device can handle.
Kilobyte (KB) is about one thousand bytes
Megabyte (MB) is about one million bytes Gigabyte (GB) is about one billion bytes
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Processing Hardware
The two most important components of personal computers hardware are the microprocessor and memory.
These two factors directly affect the computer’s price and performance.
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The Microprocessor
The microprocessor is a silicon chip designed to manipulate data.
Its speed is determined by: Clock speed Word size Cache size
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Memory
Computer memory is a set of storage locations on the motherboard.
There are four types of memory: Random access memory (RAM) Virtual memory Read-only memory Complementary metal oxide
semiconductor memory (CMOS)
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Memory
A storage device receives data from RAM and writes it on a storage medium. Later, it can be read and sent back to RAM.
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Storage Devices
Data is stored as files.
Executable files tell computers how to perform specific tasks.
Data files are created by the user, usually with software.
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Storage Devices
Files are kept on storage devices.
There are:Magnetic storage devices andOptical storage devices.
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Storage Devices
Some common magnetic storage devices are:
Floppy disks Hard disk drives Tape drives Zip drives
A floppy disk
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Storage Devices
Some common optical storage devices are:
CD-ROM drives DVD drives CD-R drives CD-RW drives
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Storage Devices
CD-ROMs are for “read-only” access.
CD-R drives allow you to record data on a CD-R disk.
CD-RW drives allow you to write data on a CD-RW disk and access and modify data.
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Data Communications
Data Communications is the transmission of text, numeric, voice, or video data from one computer to another.
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Data Communications
The four essential components of data communications are:
Sender Channel Receiver Protocols
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Data Communications
A sender is the computer that originates the message.
The message is sent over a channel, such as a telephone.
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Data Communications
The receiver is the computer at the message’s destination.
Protocols are the rules that establish the transfer of data between sender and receiver.
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Data Bus
The data bus is the communication between microprocessor, RAM, and the peripherals.
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Data Bus
An external peripheral device has a port or cable that connects it to the computer.
Each port connects to a controller card, which plugs into expansion slots.
The transmission protocol is handled by a device driver.
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Data Bus
Microcomputers have several types of ports:
Parallel Serial Small computer system interface
(SCSI) Musical instrument digital interface
(MIDI) Universal serial bus (USB)
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Networks
A network connects one computer to other computers and peripherals.
In a local area network (LAN), computers and peripherals are close to each other.
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Networks
A client/server network is a network with a file server. A file server acts as the central storage location.
A network without a file server is a peer-to-peer network. All of the computers are equal.
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Networks
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Networks
Each computer that is part of the network must have a network interface card and network software.
Then it becomes a workstation.
Any device connected to the network is called a node.
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Telecommunications
Telecommunications is communicating over a telephone. In the telecommunications process, the modem converts digital signals to analog signals at the sending site and a second modem converts them back at the receiving site.
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Telecommunications
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The Internet
The Internet is the world’s largest network.
E-mail and the World Wide Web are two benefits of the Internet.
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The Internet
A hyperlink is a place on a Web page allowing you to connect to a particular file.
http://www.course.com/newperspectives
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The Internet
A Web browser is the communications software that allows you to navigate the WWW.
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Computer Software
Software is the instructions and data that direct the computer to accomplish the task. It can refer to a single program or a package.
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System Software
System software helps the computer carry out its basic operating tasks.
Application software helps the user carry out a variety of tasks.
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System Software
The four types of system software are:
Operating systems Utilities Device drivers Programming languages
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System Software
The operating system controls the I/O or input/output, the flow of data from microprocessor to memory to peripherals.
The operating system makes multitasking possible.
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System Software
Some types of system software include:
Virus protection software Utilities Device drivers Computer programming
languages
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Application Software
Application software enables you to perform specific tasks. Application software includes:
Document production software Spreadsheet software Database management software Graphics and presentation software
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Application Software
Document production software includes word processing, desktop publishing, and Web authoring software that assist you in writing and formatting documents.
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Application SoftwareIt often has grammar and spell-checking, thesaurus,
search and replace, and template features.
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Application Software
With spreadsheet software, you can create formulas that perform calculations. Spreadsheet software creates worksheets with columns and rows. The intersection of a column and row is a cell.
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Application Software
Database management software creates structured databases to contain information.
Graphics and presentation software allow you to create illustrations, diagrams, and charts to be presented or transmitted. Most allow you to include graphics.
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Application Software
Multimedia authoring software allows you to record digital sound files, video files, and animations that can be included in presentations and other documents.
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Application Software
Object linking and embedding (OLE) is the ability to use data from another file, called the source.
This integration between applications has become an important skill in business.
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Contents Discussion of the syllabus,
requirements, topics to be covered, etc. Essential Computer Concepts Exploring the basics of Windows XP File Management
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Starting Windows XP Windows XP
Starts when computer is turned on Elements of the desktop
Icon Pointer Desktop Date/Time control Taskbar Start button Notification area
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Starting Windows XP
Figure 1-1 shows the Windows XP desktop
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Starting Windows XP
Windows XP desktop uses a graphical user interface
Graphical user interface (GUI) Displays icons to represent items
stored on the computer Icons: Pictures of familiar objects
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The Windows XP Desktop Desktop
Area that appears on the screen when Windows XP starts
A workspace for projects and tools Uses default settings when the
computer is first started Default settings: settings preset by the
operating system Appearance can be changed by the
user
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Using a Pointing Device
A pointing device Helps the user interact with objects
on the computer screen Comes in many shapes and sizes
Mouse Most common pointing device
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Pointing
Pointing device Used to move the mouse pointer over
objects on the desktop Pointing
Positioning the pointer over a specific part of the screen
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Pointing ScreenTips
Appear when the mouse pointer is positioned over certain objects
Display the purpose or function of the object Figure 1-3 shows a ScreenTip
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Clicking Clicking
Pressing a mouse button and immediately releasing it
Menu A list of options which can be used to perform
tasks Submenus
Start menu Appears when the Start button is clicked Provides access to programs, documents, etc.
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Clicking
Figure 1-6 shows the Start menu
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Selecting
Selecting a menu command Two possible ways of selecting
objects in Windows XP Pointing to an object Pointing to and then clicking an object
A selected object is highlighted
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Selecting
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Viewing the contents of the Recycle Bin
Click the desktop, and then point to the Recycle Bin icon. After a few moments, a ScreenTip appears that describes the Recycle Bin
Click the left mouse button twice quickly to double-click the Recycle Bin icon. The Recycle Bin opens
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Viewing the contents of the Recycle Bin
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Right-Clicking
Right-clicking Clicking an object with the right
button of the mouse Selects an object and opens its
shortcut menu Shortcut menu: a list of options directly
related to the object
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Right-Clicking
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Exploring the Start menu
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Starting and Closing a Program Starting a program
A program must be started before it can be used
To start a program Click the Start button Locate and click the program’s name in
the submenus An open or running program
A program which has been started
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Starting and Closing a Program
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Starting and Closing a Program
Program button Appears on the taskbar for each open
program Click to switch between open programs
Close button Located in the upper-right corner of
the program window Click to close the program
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Starting and Closing a Program
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Running Multiple Programs
Multitasking Ability to run multiple programs on
Windows XP at the same time Allows the user to work on more than
one project at a time The active program is the one you are
currently using
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Switching Between Programs
Program buttons Located on the taskbar Offer the easiest way to switch
between programs
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Closing Inactive Programs from the Taskbar Options for closing a program
Use the Close button on the title bar of the program window
Use the shortcut menu associated with the program button on the taskbar
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Anatomy of a Window
A window A rectangular area of the screen that
may contain A program Text Graphics Data
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Anatomy of a Window Controls
Located in a window Graphical or textual objects used for
Manipulating the window Using the program
Examples Menu bar Sizing buttons Status bar Title bar Toolbar Workspace
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Anatomy of a Window
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Manipulating a Window
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Moving a Window
To drag an object Click an object and then hold down
the mouse button while moving the mouse
To move a window Drag the window by its title bar
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Changing the Size of a Window
Options for changing a window’s size Sizing handle
Located at the lower-right corner of the window
Window borders Can be dragged left, right, up, or down
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Changing the Size of a Window
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Using Program Menus
Menus Organize a program’s features and
available functions Menu bar
Typically located at the top of the program window
Shows the names of the menus
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Selecting Options from a Menu
Menu items or commands Choices for a menu Appear when a menu name is clicked Possible actions when clicked
Immediately carry out an action Show submenus Ask the user for more information about
the desired action
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Selecting Options from a Menu
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Selecting Options from a Menu
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Using Toolbars
Toolbars in the program window Provide one-click access to frequently
used commands Have buttons grouped and organized
by tasks To perform a command
Select a toolbar button by clicking it
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Using List Boxes and Scroll Bars
List box Displays a list of available choices Usually includes
Array buttons A scroll bar A scroll box
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Using List Boxes and Scroll Bars
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Using Dialog Box Controls Dialog box
Opens when a menu command or item followed by an ellipsis is selected
Allows the user to provide more information about how a program should carry out a task
Groups different kinds of information in panes
Panes: bordered rectangular areas
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Using Dialog Box Controls
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Exploring Your Computer
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Changing the View
Change the view by selecting an option from the View menu on the menu bar
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Using Help Windows XP Help
Provides on-screen information about programs
Available by Clicking the Start button and selecting Help and
Support from the Start menu
Windows Help and Support Center window Provides access to
Help files stored on the computer Help information stored on Microsoft’s Web site
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Using Help
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Using Help Windows XP Help and Support window
Organizes information into pages Home page Index page Favorites page History page Support page Options page
Search box Used to search for keywords contained in Help
pages
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Shutting Down Windows XP Turn Off Computer
option Located on the Start
menu Turns off the
computer Log Off option
Located on the Start menu
Logs off Windows XP but leaves the computer on
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End of lecture 1
Thank you!
