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Course Focus

1. Programming (any language)

PP (Procedural Programming) OOP (Object-Oriented Programming)

2. Problem solving Understand the problem & requirements (I P O S) Design modular program structure Design algorithms Code Test & Debug

3. Java language (the basics)

4. IDE: NetBeans (the basics)

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What’s “a computer”?Laptop, desktop

Mainframe, supercomputer

Tablet, smart phone, Tivo, Xbox, …

Server: print server, file server, DB server, web server, …

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2 parts of a computerHardware (HW)

1. CPU2. Memory (RAM, …)3. Storage: Disk, CD, DVD, thumb drive, SD card,…4. I/O devices 5. Connectivity: network, wifi, bluetooth, ethernet,…

Software (SW) programs makes the computer “smart” controls HW hides most HW from user

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HW – CPU

1) CU (Control Unit) - Boss fetch & decode instruction

(the one specified in PC (program

counter) ) call & pass data to/from other HW units

2) ALU (Arithmetic & Logic Unit) - Worker arithmetic + - * / comparisons == != < > <= >=

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IPO (Input/Processing/Output)

Instruction (input) Result (output)

ArithmeticLogicUnit

ControlUnit

CPU

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HW – Storage

1 - Primary storage = Memory (RAM) internal storage temporary, volatile, small, fast-access e.g., 512MB . . . 4GB, . . .

2 - Secondary storage disk, CD, DVD, SD card, thumb drive external storage permanent, large capacity, slow-access e.g., 500GB, . . . 1TB, . . . HD

(or 8GB flash drive in netbook) . . .

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HW – Storage - RAM “Random Access Memory” contains

Currently running PROGRAMS DATA used by those programs

RAM divided into bytes,grouped into words Each word has a unique address

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bits & bytes & words A byte = 8 bits

a bit is either ON (1) or OFF (0) A word = 4 bytes (32-bit system)

= 8 bytes (64-bit system) Bytes/words contain:

Machine language instruction Data:

1 char (‘A’) stored in 1 byte 1 integer (2763101) stored in 4 bytes

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HW – I/OInput:

keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, . . .camera, scanner, microphone,

. . . file, DB, internet, . . .

Output: screen, printer, AV device, . . . controller for machine / robot, . . . file, DB, internet, . . .

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SW (programs)

system SW OS, utilities, device drivers, compilers,

text editors, network SW, . . .

application SW general-purpose

DBMS, MS Office, browser application-specific

Payroll, WMU registration

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Programmer Application programmer Systems “ Database “ Network “ Web “ . . . . . . Games, AI, graphics, . . . programmer

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Program recipe detailed step-by-step

set of INSTRUCTIONS tells computer EXACTLY what to do controls HW processes data an algorithm to solve a problem

implemented in a programming language

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Algorithm

set of well-defined steps to complete a specific task steps performed sequentially (unless…)

algorithm translated to machine language algorithm written in

pseudocode or flowchart or . . . developer implements algorithm in a

high-level language (like Java) compiler produces machine language

(all 0’s and 1’s)

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Software EngineerProgrammer - “Developer”Systems Analyst - “Designer”

SW Engineering activities: Plan, design, test, document Code (= write program) Develop GUI Develop modules (classes) Customize package Build SW from components . . .

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IPO model (IPSO model)

Input Processing Output & Storing

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IPO (IPSO) modelHUMAN

see/hear [think & remember] speak/write

HW mouse/KB … [CPU & RAM & disk] screen, …

SW (traditional program)

data [process & store] data(user/file/DB) (user/file/DB)

^^^^^^^^^^ [= the PROGRAM]

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Data text, numbers

graphics, sound, images, movies, . . .

mouse clicks (single/double, left/right), mouse hovers, . . .

web page, text message, . . .

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Types of applications Batch processing

Typically: file in, file/printer out Interactive

simple text I/O with user (Console App)

GUI (Windows App)(Web App)

Java can do all of theseCS1110 – mainly Console Applications

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IPSO - SWwindows application

user input [process & store] screen display mouse clicks DB data in a form

a SW module (a method)

input parameter [procedure] return value [& local variables]

[& class’s instance variables]

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Types of Programs/Programming

Event-driven program Modular program Visual program Structured program Procedural program (next time & …)

Object-oriented program (couple weeks) OOP

Java can do all of these

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Event-driven programmingIPO: event [handler module

in program] effectsEvents:

left-mouse-click on button/slider bar/menu item, mouse hovers over X,user hits Enter key, hit F5 key,sensor detects change,change made to the DB,. . .

Programming: write a module to handleANY event that could happen

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Windows App vs. Console App

Event-driven Windows app Console app

Input: PUSHed into program program by user

PULLed into program by program

Controller: user program (main)

Interface: windows/GUI/visual/web/. . .

console (text)

Mode: interactive batch orsimple text I/O

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Modular programming

Program = a collection of small modulesA module is:

(in Procedural Programming) an IPSO procedure or function

(in Object Oriented Programming) a Class (object) a IPSO method within a class

~ procedure

Programming – write modules Top-down or bottom-up

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Visual Programming

Visual C#, Visual Basic, Java with library of classes

1) Construct GUI from pre-existing components Text box, radio button, slider bar, dropdown list,...

2) Adjust properties of these objects3) Add procedural code (a module) specifying:

WHAT to do for

each EVENT that might happen to this object(Much code is automatically generated for an object)

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Structured ProgrammingAll procedural code (Java methods) is made from stacking or

nesting of:

1) Sequence Structureaction1, action2,

action3, . . .

2) Selection (condition) Structureif conditionX is true

then action1else

action2

3) Repetition (loop) Structurewhile conditionX is

true do{ action1,

action2,...

}

Procedural Programming (PP) Older languages were procedural A procedure = a set of language

statements which do a specific task Program is mainly a set of procedures Procedures

operate on program’s data typically operate on data items separate

from procedure itself data commonly passed from one procedure

to another

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PP

Data tends to be global (available) to entire program & all procedures data being passed to/from (between)

procedures

DISADVANTAGE:If data formats changethen procedures that operate on

that data must be changed

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Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

OOP focus: create objects(vs. procedures)

Objects are combo of1. Data – the attributes of the object2. Procedures that manipulate that data

- methods(behaviors, local procedures,

services)

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OOP Encapsulation - combine data & behavior

Data hiding = object X’s data not visible to other objects in program

Only object X’s methods can directly manipulate object X’s data Other objects can only access/manipulate

object X’s attributes via object X’s methods

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Programming

= problem-solving solution

1) Solve the problem right AND2) Solve the right problem

Determine:WHAT needs to be doneHOW to do it (the algorithm)

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Example Problems iPhone app List Song titles in alpha order on iPod Calculate final grade in CS1110 Candy Pay off a car loan at X% over Y years Google Maps

– find shortest route KZoo NY

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Steps in programming

1. Requirements specification (what) input, processing, output

2. Program design (how) algorithm, modules, GUI

3. Coding (development) [in Java]4. Testing & debugging

compilation & logic & runtime errors validate results

5. Documentation (external)6. Maintenance

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Algorithm (the “P” of IPSO)EXAMPLE: find sum of 1st 100 integers

User’s view: BLACK-boxProgrammer’s view WHITE(“clear”)-box

(write & test actual code)

Program’s processing could: Look it up in a table / file / DB Crowdsource the microtask on the web Calculate it using Algorthm1 or Algorithm2 or ...

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Construct program from

pre-existing classes/methods in library just need to know interface (I/O)

classes/methods written by programmer

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Basic Operations (processing)used in a program

1) Actual Work arithmetic comparison ( =, <, >, and, or, not)

2) Move/store data Assignment Mem Mem I/O (Read)

KB/mouse/text-on-screen/touchscreen/file/… Mem

I/O (Write)Mem screen/printer/file/…

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3) Control the flow(what instruction executes

next) default: do next line maybe do this line (if, switch) jump to specific line (loop, break) goto & return (call)

4) Packaging Methods (procedures) Classes

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1st & 2nd Generation Programming Languages

Machine Languages (ML) 11010010001010011110000111000111 1940’s programmers wrote in ML Machine-dependent

- each CPU has its own ML (Mac vs. PC)

Assembly Languages Add 210(8,13) Machine-dependent

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3rd Generation Languages

High Level Languages (HLL) Java, C, C#, C++, Python, Ruby, PHP,

Visual BASIC, COBOL, Javascript Not processor-dependent

average = (ex1 + ex2 + ex3) / 3;

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3rd Generation Languages

2 main programming paradigms Procedural (PP)

C, COBOL, Fortran, Basic, ... , any OOP language can do PP

Object-oriented (OOP) Java, C#, C++, Visual Basic Revised versions of COBOL

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4th & 5th Generation Languages

Application-specific Languagese.g., SQL for DBS

Select name, phone from studentwhere major = “CS” and state = “MI”;

Natural Languages (English, . . .)If patient is age 65 or older

and is disorientedand has pain in his/her left arm

then patient could have had a heart attack