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1
Developing TechnologiesThe Gateway to a Sustainable Energy Future
Thusitha SugathapalaDirector General
Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy AuthorityMinistry of Environment and Renewable Energy
2nd September 2013
CURRENT STATUS AND ISSUES OF SUSTAINABLE ENERGY DOMAIN IN SRI LANKA
2
Content
• Sustainable Energy Domain
• National Energy Balance
• Electricity Sector
• Transport Sector
• Energy Resources
• Future Trends in Electricity Sector
• Energy Conservation & Management
• Key Challenges / Strengths
• Possibilities for TT and R&D
3
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY DOMAIN• The Pathway of Sri Lanka
A. Developing Renewable EnergyB. Energy Efficiency Improvements, Conservation and
ManagementC. Less Energy Intensive Economy (Energy Modesty)
A
B C
Pathway for Green Economy
4
NATIONAL ENERGY BALANCE• Primary Energy Supply by Source
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Pri
mar
y E
ner
gy
Su
pp
ly (
kTO
E)
Year
New RE
Large Hydro
Coal
Petroleum
Biomass
5
NATIONAL ENERGY BALANCE• Primary Energy Supply by Source in 2011
Source ktoe %Biomass 4944.40 43.66Petroleum 4914.80 43.39Coal 324.00 2.86Major Hydro 964.20 8.51New Renewable Energy 178.40 1.58
Biomass43.7%
Petroleum43.4%
Coal2.9%
Major Hydro8.5%
New Renewable
Energy1.6%
6
NATIONAL ENERGY BALANCE• Energy Consumption by Sector
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Ener
gy C
onsu
mpti
on b
y Se
ctor
s (kT
OE)
Year
Household, Comercial & Others
Transport
Industry
7
NATIONAL ENERGY BALANCE• Energy Consumption by Sector in 2011
Sector ktoe %Industry 2175.7 24.39Transport 2459.7 27.57Household, Commercial & Others 4284.9 48.00
Industry24.4%
Transport27.6%
Household, Commercial &
Others48.0%
8
NATIONAL ENERGY BALANCE• Sectoral Energy Consumption by Source in 2011
Biomass72.8%
Petroleum11.6%
Coal2.3%
Electricity13.4%
Industrial Sector
Biomass78.0%
Petroleum8.8%
Electricity13.3%
Household, Commercial & others Sector
Gasoline27.3%
Diesel60.5%
Av. Fuel12.1%
Transport Sector
9
ELECTRICITY SECTOR• Gird Electricity – An Overview in 2012
Electrification Level of HHsTotal 94%National Grid 92%Off-Grid 2%
Grid Emission FactorIn 2009: 0.6520 t-CO2/MWhIn 2010: 0.6302 t-CO2/MWhIn 2011: 0.7269 t-CO2/MWh
Installed CapacityTotal Capacity 3,316 MW
Hydro 1,357 MWCEB Thermal 854 MWPPP Thermal 784 MWNRE 321 MW
Peak Demand 2,146 MWElectricity GenerationGross Generation: 11,800 GWh
Hydro 23%Thermal-Oil 59%Thermal-Coal 12%NRE 6%
Small Hydro Wind Biomass Solar Total
No. MW No. MW No. MW No. MW No. MW
107 234.1 9 73.7 3 11.5 3 1.4 122 321
New Renewable Energy
10
ELECTRICITY SECTOR• Total Installed Capacity by Type of Power Plant
11
ELECTRICITY SECTOR• Gross Generation by Type of Power Plant
12
ELECTRICITY SECTOR• Gross Generation by Type of Power Plant - 2011
Large Hydro34.6%
Thermal (Oil)
50.4%
Thermal (Coal)8.8%
New RE6.2%
13
ELECTRICITY SECTOR• Consumption by Consumer Category
14
ELECTRICITY SECTOR• Consumption by Consumer Category in 2011
Sector Annual Consumption
GWh % Industry & Commercial - Large & medium 4,677 46.7 Industry & Commercial - Small 1,167 11.6 Religious 60 0.6 Domestic 3,980 39.7 Street Light 140 1.4 Total 10,024 100
Indus-try & Com-
mercial - Large & medium46.7%
Indus-try & Com-
mercial - Small11.6%
Reli-gious 0.6%
Domes-tic
39.7% Street Light 1.4%
15
ELECTRICITY SECTOR• Consumption by Consumer Category in 2011
Garment industry
Food industry (including farms and
restaurants)
Metal crushing
Coconut estate and fiber products
Leather and Rubber, including rubber
estatesWater pumping
Dessicated coconut industry Inland transport
Metal Industry (iron, aluminium etc)
Cement, roofing materials, porcelain Tea industry Rice millsRecreation and sports
Hotel industryChemical and mining Industries
Property development and large scale building management
Supermarket chains
Electricity generation and distribution
Non-classified industries
Airport and sea portsHospitals
Wood products
EducationTelecommunicationFinancial institutions
Plastic, polythene, pvc
Nonclassified government organization
Defence
Mass media Packaging industry
Other, mainly commercial buildings
16
ELECTRICITY SECTOR• System Load Profile
ELECTRICITY SECTOR• Rural Electrification
Solar Home Systems About 150,000 systems Hindered the progress due to lack of after-sale services
Village Hydro About 280 plants catering for 7000 households About 30 villages received grid electricity Three pilot projects on feeding to national grid
Pico Hydro About 2000 systems
Small wind turbines About 20 plants of capacities 100 – 200 W
Biomass (Dendro-Power) Biomass Gasifier – IC Engine technology Few plants installed but not very successful
18
TRANSPORT SECTOR• Active Vehicle Fleet - Estimates
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Acti
ve V
ehic
le P
opul
ation
Year
Motor Cycles
Three Wheelers
Motor Cars
Buses
Dual Purpose
Lorries
Land Vehicles
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Acti
ve V
ehic
le P
opul
ation
Year
Motor Cycles
Three Wheelers
Motor Cars
Buses
Dual Purpose
Lorries
Land Vehicles
19
Buses56.9%
Motor Cars8.8%
Vans11.6%
Three Wheelers
9.3%
Motor Cycles13.4%
TRANSPORT SECTOR• Active Vehicle Fleet - 2011
Motor Cycles52.6%
Motor Cars9.9%
Three Wheelers16.9%
Dual Purpose6.3%
Buses1.0% Lorries
6.4%
Land Vehicles7.0%
Vehicle Category Number %Motor Cycles 1,762,195 52.6Motor Cars 329,977 9.9Three Wheelers 565,362 16.9Dual Purpose 210,313 6.3Buses 33,245 1.0Lorries 213,939 6.4Land Vehicles 234,053 7.0Total 3,349,084 100.0
Modal Share
(% Passenger km)
20
ENERGY RESOURCES• Main Categories
Fossil Fuels Global resources Renewable (RE) Resources Indigenous resources
• Fossil Fuels Petroleum Oil
Furnace Oil Diesel Kerosene / Aviation Oil Petrol Naphtha
LPG Coal
Refined from Imported Crude Oil/Importation of Refined Oil
21
ENERGY RESOURCES• RE Resources
Conventional RE Resources New Renewable Energy (NRE) Resources
• Conventional RE Resources Conventional Biomass Thermal Energy Large Hydro Grid Electricity
• NRE Resources Small Hydro Wind Solar Modern Biomass Biofuels Geothermal Ocean Thermal/ Wave/ Tidal
Already being harnessed
Yet to be harnessed
ENERGY RESOURCES• Solar Resource Map
22
Spatial distribution of annual average Global Horizontal Irradiation (kWh/m2/year)
ENERGY RESOURCES• Wind Resource Map
23
Mannar Region
Classification Extent ( km2 ) Wind power potential ( MW) Excellent 13 65 Very good 59 295 Good 13 65 Moderate 41 205 Poor 42 210 Restricted 152 760
Spatial distribution of annual average Wind Speeds (m/s)
ENERGY RESOURCES• Small Hydro Resource Map
24
Low
Medium
High
ENERGY RESOURCES• Biomass
Biomass potential from dedicated plantation
25
Availability of Land
Intercropping / under-cropping with other plantations: Coconut, Tea
Homeland (Out growers)
Land for dedicated plantation- Scrub land- Sparsely used cropland- More than 1 million ha- 10 - 20 dry tons/ha/yr
Scrub Land
• Biomass Biomass potential from dedicated plantation:
Declaration of “Gliricidia” as 4th plantation crop, Sustainable plantation concepts for not only monoculture farming
but also intercropping / under-cropping in agricultural lands.
26
ENERGY RESOURCES
• Geothermal
Local resource potential Ten sites have been
identified in preliminary studies
Detailed studies are yet to be carried out
ENERGY RESOURCES
• Sea Wave Technologies
Yet to be commercialized
Potential in Sri Lanka Total potential - 2000 MW Potential HEZ - 200 MW
ENERGY RESOURCES
FUTURE TRENDS IN ELECTRICITY SECTOR• Sri Lanka Energy Demand – Projections
Electricity
29
Year Installed Capacity (MW)
Small Hydro Wind Biomass Solar Total
2015 350 230 40 30 650
2020 400 400 140 160 1100
FUTURE TRENDS IN ELECTRICITY SECTOR• CEB Generation Plan – Base Case
Energy Mix (without NRE)
30
FUTURE TRENDS IN ELECTRICITY SECTOR• NRE Road Map
31
No District Biomass Solar Wind Hydro Total1 Ampara 30 0 0 0 302 Anuradhapura 15 30 0 2 473 Badulla 15 0 60 61 1364 Batticaloa 15 0 0 0 155 Colombo 40 0 0 0 406 Galle 15 0 0 12 277 Gampha 5 0 0 0 58 Hambantota 15 100 60 1 1769 Jaffna 0 0 100 0 10010 Kalutara 30 0 0 3 3311 Kandy 15 0 30 80 12512 Kegalle 0 0 0 94 9413 Kilinochchi 15 30 60 0 10514 Kurunegala 30 30 0 0 6015 Mannar 0 0 260 0 26016 Matale 0 0 30 38 6817 Matara 15 0 0 13 2818 Monaragala 30 15 0 6 5119 Mullaittivu 15 0 30 0 4520 Nuwara Eliya 0 0 60 133 19321 Polonnaruwa 15 30 0 8 5322 Puttalam 15 0 260 0 27523 Ratnapura 0 0 30 151 18124 Trincomalee 15 0 30 0 4525 Vavuniya 15 15 0 0 30 Total 360 250 1010 602 2222
32
FUTURE TRENDS IN ELECTRICITY SECTOR• NRE Road Map
Progress as at 15th August 2013) 334 MW, 7% Grid-electricity generation
TechnologyStatus
Small Hydro Wind Biomass Solar Total
No. MW No. MW No. MW No. MW No. MW
Commissioned 118 243.2 9 73.0 4 16.5 3 1.4 134 334.0
Energy Permits 95 191.0 5 32.3 18 99.75 1 10.0 119 332.0
Provisional Approvals 75 98.0 2 20.0 8 45.0 8 72.0 94 235.0
FUTURE TRENDS IN ELECTRICITY SECTOR
• Off-grid / Rural Electrification Solar Home Systems
About 30,000 systems Capacity Range: 20 – 60 W
Village Hydro About 25 plants catering for 500 households About 30 villages catering for 500 households About 50 projects feeding to national grid
Pico Hydro About 500 systems
Electrification of Remote Islands Four Wind-Solar-Diesel Hybrid systems catering to 2000
households
ENERGY CONSERVATION & MANAGEMENT
34
• Energy Intensity and Industrial CompetitivenessAbility to produce and export manufactured goods competitively
Sri Lanka
Energy Intensity (ToE per US$ 1000 Manufacturing Value Added)
Co
mp
etit
ive
Ind
ust
rial
Per
form
ance
In
dex
Japan
ENERGY CONSERVATION & MANAGEMENT
35
• Activities of SLSEA
35
Regulations Energy Services Awareness Financing
Accred
itation
of
En
ergy M
anag
er / En
ergy A
ud
itor
Energy Efficient Building
Code
Secto
r specific en
ergy efficien
cy p
rog
ramm
es (Ho
tel, Tea, Water
Pu
mp
ing
, Go
v. Secto
r Bu
ildin
gs,
…)
Energy Labeling of Appliances
Pro
ject form
ulatio
n an
d
imp
lemen
tation
thro
ug
h E
SC
Os
Pro
vide so
ph
isticated in
strum
ents
for en
ergy au
ditin
g
Su
stainab
le Gu
arantee F
acility
Co
nd
uct Train
ing
and
Aw
areness P
rog
ramm
es
Introduction of Energy subject to School curricula
Imp
lemen
ting
Natio
nal E
nerg
y A
ward
Industry
Commercial
General Public
Man
dato
ry En
ergy A
ud
iting
/ C
on
sum
ptio
n D
ata Rep
ortin
g
Fuel economy standards Transport
ISO
50001 E
nerg
y Man
agem
ent S
ystem
• National Energy Management Plan (EnMAP) Developed for the 5-year period from 2012 to 2016.
It shall serve as a guide to embark on an integrated and cohesive programme of work with a long term perspective to realize better energy efficiency in all sectors.
Cost: Around LKR 1.2 billion; Benefits: LKR 135 billion in 5 yrs
ENERGY CONSERVATION & MANAGEMENT
36
National Energy Management Plan
2012 - 2016
EnMAP
Sri Lanka
Sustainable Energy Authority SLSEA
March 2012
Main Activities: Conducting awareness & training
programmes and promoting services Secure funds Establishment of Energy Management Cells Providing Advisory & Counseling services Promoting ISO 50001 Introducing Standards & Regulations Carrying out Research & Development Establishment of Pilot Projects Introducing Market Based Instruments Rewarding of achievements
• Other National Programmes ISO 50001 Certification – Technical assistance and certification
jointly with SLSI. Energy productivity improvement in small and medium
institutions – National Productivity Secretariat Regional Operations (Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency
– RE3 Zones) – With Provincial / Local governments Energy efficiency improvement in hospitals – With Ministry of
Health Energy efficiency improvement in tea sector – With Tea
Research Institute Energy efficiency improvement in Hotel sector – With Ceylon
Chamber of Commerce (CCC) Formulation of nationally appropriate mitigation actions
(NAMAs) for energy sector – both renewable energy and energy efficiency
ENERGY CONSERVATION & MANAGEMENT
37
38
ENERGY CONSERVATION & MANAGEMENT• Energy Saving Target for 2020
Technology/Process-wise (Total Saving ~ 2,000 GWh)Technology / Process Annual Saving Potential - GWh
Energy Labeling Program Ceiling Fans 35 Tubular Fluorescent Lamps 65 Ballasts 80 Refrigerators 16 Efficient lighting 173Air Conditioning 250ISO 50001 375Efficient motors 185Building Management System (BMS) 20Efficient office equipments 16Solar water heaters 5Telecomunication 10Efficient air compressors 11
Eliminating Incandescent Lamps 205
Green Buildings 550
Total 1,990
• CFL Energy Performance Star Rating:
Mandatory programme in full implementation More than 80% penetration in households Annual demand:
CFL – 20 million, Incandescent - 10 million
• Ceiling Fans Energy Performances: Star Ratings
about to implement
39
ENERGY LABELING OF APPLIANCES
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Eff
icie
ncy
Regulator Setting
Fan 1
Fan 2
Fan 3
Fan 4
Fan 5
Fan 6
Fan 7
Fan 8
Fan 9
Fan 10
Average
• Electric Motors Star Rating based on three Energy Efficiency Classes :
Final stage of implementation
• Magnetic Ballast Star Rating - Already developed, will be implemented within 2013
• Other Appliances in consideration Refrigerators Air conditioners 40
ENERGY LABELING OF APPLIANCES
Efficiency classes – (IE1,IE2,IE3)Rated Energy consumption per hour –(kWh)
41
ENERGY EFFICIENCT BUILDING CODES• A code of practice established to improve
energy performance of buildings Implemented in 2008 for commercial buildings Now under revision for further improvements Energy Efficiency Building Guideline for domestic buildings is under
development .
• Implemented with the objective of improving energy efficiency and conservation in industrial & commercial organizations.
• Target Group: Any institution whose Annual Electricity Consumption > 600,000 kWh or Annual Thermal Energy Consumption > 4500 TOE
ACCREDITATION OF ENERGY MANAGER / ENERGY AUDITOR
42
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
116
633
149
666
182
699
111
5613
2114
8616
5118
1619
8121
4623
1124
7626
4128
0629
7131
3633
0134
6636
3137
9639
6141
2642
9144
5646
2147
8649
5151
1652
8154
4656
1157
7659
4161
0662
7164
3666
01
Cum
ulat
ive
Ener
gy C
onsu
mpt
ion
(MW
h)
Consumers
80% of the Consumption –2735 MWh
1525 Consumers
The Energy Manager Accreditation Programme has been implemented and about 180 Energy Managers have been appointed
Over 90 have been trained for Energy Auditor Accreditation
43
KEY CHALLENGES• Technological Developments
Lack of expertise / Local capacity Information Management / gaps Lack of coordination Absence of case studies on success stories and
demonstration projects
• Constraints in national grid in absorbing RE based electricity Variable / Non-dispatchable generations Limited options for demand side electrical load
management to flatten the load curve Geographical mismatch of supply and demand Non-consideration of integrating to non-electrical
energy loads (thermal / mechanical)
44
KEY CHALLENGES• Higher costs of NRE
Limited market potentials Limited local value addition Lack of R&D Lack of conducive environment for local manufacture
• Lack of funding / financial schemes for project implementation• Transport sector is not properly addressed
45
STRENGTHS
• Provisions in the SLSEA Act for both RE and EM interventions• Inherently low energy intensive economy• RE and EM targets for 2020 under national
action plan of the Government• 100% electrification target of the Government• Pioneering experience in mini-hydro
development• Diverse RE resource – technology – application
options• Climatic conditions conducive for solar, biomass,
hydro and wind
46
POSSIBILITIES FOR TT and R&D
• Railway Electrification / Electric Vehicles• Demand Response through Smart Grid /
Intelligent Control• Hydrogen as an Energy Storage Option• Pump Storage / Thermal Storage / Battery
Storage• Emerging REs (Geothermal, Ocean Thermal, etc.)
47
SUMMING UP
• Special Thanks for NEDO for Sharing Experiences,
• Future Collaboration of Key Stakeholders for Sustainable Energy Journey of Sri Lanka.