Upload
laurel-norman
View
219
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1
Digestion and Metabolism
OverviewDigestion, Structures, and Processes
ScalingMeasurement of Metabolism (lab
2/28)More about hormones later…
2/27 and 3/3/08
2
Overview of Digestion
Assimilation –sequential processes of nutrient absorption and breakdownEgestion – expulsion of undigested food
Figure 11.1
3
Feeding, Foods, and Energy (Fig 11.2)
• Gross Energy (whatever is consumed) indigestible energy (feces)
• Digestible Energy unmetabolizable energy (urine)
• Metabolizable Energy Specific Dynamic Action (heat)
• Net Energy
4
Feeding, Energy, and Processing
• Role of salivary amylase beginning digestion
• Continued in duodenum by pancreatic amylaseand disacchridases
• Note lack of interaction forcellulose
Figure 11.3
5
Feeding, Energy, and Processing
• Begins in stomach with pepsin (low pH)
• Additional enzymesand then dipeptidaseshigh pH
• However, some proteins transporteddirectly into cells• endocytosis
Figure 11.5
6
Feeding, Energy, and Processing Table 11.2
7
Feeding, Energy, and Processing Figure
11.7
9
Feeding Structures
Many animals have specialized mouthparts
SiphonsAttachment organsTongues
RadulaProboscis
BeaksJaws
10
Digestive Systems
Evolutionary history: increasing anatomical and functional specialization
Two-way gutOne-way gut with specialized regions
Figure 11.13
11
Surface Area
Nutrients are hydrolyzed in the lumen of the GI tractUptake of end products is slowEfficiency of uptake is improved by increasing surface area in two ways
Increasing gut lengthIncreasing surface undulations
Figure 11.18
12
Gastrointestinal Tract
Key functions and regionsMechanical breakdown of food
mouth, pharynx, esophagusAcidic compartment
stomachMost digestion and absorption
upper or small intestinesReclamation of water
lower or large intestinesRelease of indigestible material
anus
Digestive Systems
13
Figure 11.13
14
Specialized Compartments
Specialized compartments increase the efficiency of digestionCompartments can vary in
pHenzyme compositionand types of secretive and absorptive cells
Muscular valves (sphincters)control the passage of food from one compartment to the next
Complexity of gut morphology varies across taxa
15
Gut Morphology
Figure 11.19
Regulation and Enzyme Production
Control of gastric secretion of acid and pepsinogen (pepsin precursor)Signals from
CNS (sensory)Directly from food via mechanoreceptors (stretch) and chemoreceptors
16
Figure 11.27
Regulation and Enzyme Production (2)
Control of intestinal secretion
Via low pH of stomach effluxAnd also partially digested materials
Secrete bicarbonate ion to increase pH + enzymes + bile (for fats)
17
Figure 11.28