Upload
alexander-evans
View
230
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1
Factors driven
Investment Driven
Innovation Driven
2
3
4
BASIC MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT
The Free Economic Zone (FEZ) is “a geographic economic area in which goods enter duty free for processing and export, and in which investors are offered a variety of incentives (WEPZA)”.
Industrial District: Firms consciously network with each other and active trade associations provide shared infrastructure. Firms merge with Community
Porter’s cluster is a “geographic concentration of an array of linked, competitive firms that either have close buy-sell relationships,
5
6
7
8
QUALIFIED INDUSTRIAL ZONE (QIZ)
9
10
Emilia-Romagna. Some I ndicators
•Population 4.037.095
•Total labour force 53,0%
•Total unemployment rate 3,8%
•Female labour force 44,3%
•Female unemployment rate 5,3%
•GDP per head (€) 21.132
•Employees in themanufacturing industry 645,648
•Manufacturing local units 94.817
•Firms with less than 50 empl. 98%
11
EmiliaEmilia--Romagna: industrial districtsRomagna: industrial districts
PIACENZA
RIMINI
PARMA
REGGIO EMILIA
MODENA
FORLI ’
BOLOGNA
FERRARA
RAVENNA
Machine tools
Farm machinery
Food processing
Textile-clothing industry
Upholstered furniture
Packaging machines
Ceramic products and machines for
ceramic industry
Shoes
Biomedical products
Wood – processing machines
12
2
Emilia-Romagna at a glance
• Area: 22,120 km2
• Population: 4,000,000• Per capita GP: 25,733 €• Municipalities: 341• Enterprises: 415.000
13
•Cooperatives make up over 40% of the GDP of the ER region
•In Bologna two out of three citizens are members of a cooperative
•In Bologna over 85% of the city's social services are provided by social co-ops
•Per capita income in ER has risen from 17th to second among Italy's 20 regions
•Per capital income is 50% higher than the national average
•Of the European regions, ER is number 11 of 122 regions in terms of GNP per inhabitant
•Bologna has the highest disposable income of any of Italy's 103 provinces
•Bologna has the highest per capita expenditure on the arts of any city in Italy
•The unemployment rate of 4% is virtually full employment
•70% of Bologna's households have home ownership
14
ERVETERVET
The ERVET SystemThe ERVET System
I nnovation I nnovation -- Technology Transfer Technology Transfer
ASTER
ConstructionConstruction
QUASCO
CENTRO CERAMI CO
FashionFashionCITER
CERCAL
Quality Quality -- Technology Technology -- EngineeringEngineering
CERMETDEMOCENTER
CESMA
15
16
The new Players SystemThe new Players System
ERVET
TA and support to PA and Local
Authorities for Promotion and
Improvement of the regional territory
ASTER
Co-ordination, financing, managing
the Network forApplied Research and
TT
Research and TT
Laboratories
Innovation Centres
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Models of Industrial Development
Community Industry Synergy
Clustering Specialization Process
Free Economic Zone
Industrial District
Porter’s Cluster
Hybrid Industrial District Cluster
Strong
Weak Strong
Hybrid FEZ-C
Hybrid ID-FEZ
27
COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE IN THE MIDDLE EAST
Factor Conditions & Government• Egypt lowest labor cost• PA highest labor cost• Jordanian universities not adapted to
needs.• Israeli high skilled labor,• Knowledge sharing (QIZ)
Demand Conditions• Mutual impact of demand sophistication (irrigation)• Economies of scale for Israeli
producers• Arab software
Strategy, Structure & Rivalry
• Competition between
Jordan, Egypt and PA on
Israeli contracts
• Israeli new specializations,
product differentiation
Related & Supporting Industries
• Textiles (Egyptian upper level)
• Mining ,Chemicals(Phosphates)
• Tourism
28
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTS
Culture = Way of Living Culture universals: George P. Murdock, common
denominator of culture: global not uniform Athletic sports, body adornment, cooking, rituals, religion, family feasting, medicine, meal time.
Edward T. Hall: Low context culture (paper work, US), High context culture (persons’ value, Japan-Saudi Arabia)
29
CONTEXT ORIENTATION IN MAJOR CULTURES
Japan
China
Arab
Germany
Scandinavia
United States
High Context
Low Context
30
THE CULTURE ENVIRONM ENT
A rtifac tsh earm sm e ll,tas te , tou ch
V a lu esR u les
L azy
V a lu e
H u m anN atu re
R ig h ts
O b lig a tion s
R e la tion sh ip
D om in a te
S u b m iss ive
E n viron m en t
C rea te P lan
R eac t
A c tivity
O b jec tive
S oc ia l
Tru th
A ssu m p tion sR oots
E S S E N C E O FTH E C U L TU R E
31
IMPACTS OF CULTURE ON MANAGERIAL BEHAVIORS
Culture Context Explicit Implicit
Negotiations Planning Non Task Time
Time, Location Short Formal Long Informal
ParticipantsSame Level LargeRelevant level Small
Decision Making Position Consensus
32
HOFSTEDE’S CULTURAL TYPOLOGY
Power
Distance
Equal
IndividualMasculinity
Uncertainty
Power
Distance
Unequal
CollectivistFemininityPredictability
33
HOFSTEDE INDEX
Power Distance
IndividualismMasculinity
Uncertainty
Avoidance
Germany 35 67 66 65U.K. 35 89 66 35France 68 71 43 86Japan 54 46 95 92USA 40 91 62 46Arab Countries
80 38 53 68
Israel 13 54 47 81
34
EMERGING CULTURAL PROFILES
Village Market(Anglo-Nordic)
Decentralized, Entrepreneurial,
Flexibility, Delegation, Output Control
Family (Asian)
Centralized, Paternalistic, Loyalty, Personal relations
Well-oiled Machine (German)
Decentralized, Narrow Control, Compartmentalized, Routines & Rules
“Pyramid of People”(Latin)
Centralized, Elitist, Less Delegation, Input Control
HighLow
``
HighHierarchy
Uncertainty AvoidanceLow(Formalization)
35
HOFSTEDE’S MAPS
Uncertainty AvoidanceLow
High
Power Distance Small Large
DEN
SEW IRE GBRNZL NOR USA CAN
SIN HOK IND MAL PHI
AUT SWI FIN GER, ISR
IRA THA PAK
JAP SPA KOR
TUR FRA MEX POR
36
CULTURE & BUSINESS PROCESSESPolicy & Procedures:US, low u.a., high formal reportingUK, low u.a., detailed jobs descriptionGermany, high u.a., well internalized Systems & Controls:French = control(hierarchy), British=coordinate)US-UK reporting proceduresFrench: hiring elites German operational planning Planning strategic(UK)
Information & Communication:
French: Compartmentalized
Sweden: Communication open informal, transparency
Decision Making:
Participation in decision making (Sweden, Germany-
less hierarchy)
PDG in France –Italy (Zanussi)
37
CUSTOMS IMPACTS
TAX
LOCAL CUSTOMER
PURSHASING
POWER
LOCAL
MANUFACTURER
PROTECTION
INCOME
ALLOCATION
CHANGE
38
PARTIAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS OF A TARIFF
S D
Pw1
Pw2
Q2 Q4 Q4 Q1
Sw1
Sw2
Price
Quantity
39
IMPACT OF CUSTOMS UNION AGREEMENTS
ProductLocal Country
Foreign Partner
Country
Foreign Third Country
Trade Flow
Results
A Cost
Prior CU
After CU
20
20
20
14
21
14
12
18
18
Import Source
Change
Trade Diversion
B Cost
Prior CU
After CU
17
17
17
12
18
12
14
21
21
Import
Trade Creation
40
IN T ER N AT IO N AL EC O N O MIC IN T EG R AT IO N
F R E E TR A D E A G R E E M E N TA b o lit ion o f Tariifs & Q u ota
M O N E TA R Y U N IO NC om m on M on etary
P o lic y
E C O N O M IC U N IO NH arm on iza tion o fE con om ic P o licy
C O M M O N M A R K E TR em ova l o f R es tric t ion son F ac to rs M ovem en ts
C U S TO M U N IO NA b o lit ion o f Tariffs & Q u otas
C om m on E xte rn a l Tariffs
41
THE EUROPEAN UNION MILSTONES
• 1945 Two Super Powers• 1948-52 Marshall Plan• 1951 Schuman
Declaration• 1951 Paris Agreement
ECSC• 1957 Roma Agreement
EC• 1968 Custom Union
• 1985 Cockfield’s White Paper
• 1987 Single European Act• 1991 Maastricht Treaty• 1992 SEA Implementation• 1997 Amsterdam Treaty• 1999 Monetary Union• 1999 Nice Treaty• 2002 Euro• December 2007 Lisbon
Treaty
42
43
ENLARGEMENT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
1956: Germany, France, Benelux, Italy 1971: UK, Ireland, Denmark 1981: Greece 1986: Spain, Portugal 1995: Sweden, Austria, Finland 2004: Poland, Hungary, Czeck Republic,
Cyprus, Slovakia, Malta, Slovenia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia
2007: Romania, Bulgaria
44
THE INSTITUTION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
THE COUNCIL• Commission Proposals• Legislative Power• Co-decision with the
Parliament• Foreign & Security• Ministers• The European Council
THE COMMISSION• Executive Power• Proposes Amendments• Manages Policies• Controls Policies
Implementation• President Barrosso+ 26
Ministers, 24 DG
45
From 1 November 2004, a qualified majority will be reached if the following two conditions are met:
1. if a majority of member states approve in some cases a two-thirds majority);a minimum of 232 votes is cast in favour of the proposal, i.e. 72 % of the total (roughly the same share as under the previous system).
2. In addition, a member state may ask for confirmation that the votes in favour represent at least 62% of the total population of the Union. If this is found not to be the case, the decision will not be adopted.
46
• Effective and efficient decision-making: From 2014 a decision is taken by 55% of the Member States representing at least 65% of the Union’s population.
• President of the European Council elected for two and a half years,
• Direct link between the election of the Commission President and the results of the European elections,
Treaty of Lisbon
47
the Treaty of Lisbon improves the EU's ability to act in several policy areas of major priority for today's Union and its citizens. This is the case in particular for the policy areas of freedom, security and justice, such as combating terrorism or tackling crime
new High Representative for the Union in Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, also Vice-President of the Commission, will increase the impact, the coherence and the visibility of the EU's external action.
48
Greater powers for the European Parliament• Co-decision procedure' (renamed 'ordinary legislative procedure') has been extended to legal immigration, penal judicial cooperation (Eurojust, crime prevention, alignment of prison standards, offences and penalties), police cooperation (Europol) and some aspects of trade policy and agriculture. • The Parliament and the Council will determine all expenditure together.
49
Greater role for national parliaments enforce subsidiarity means that – except in the areas where it has exclusive powers – the EU acts only where action will be more effective at EU-level than at national level. Any national parliament may flag a proposal for EU action which it believes does not respect this principle. This triggers a two-stage procedure:
Transparency in the Council of Ministers Citizens’ participationcitizens' initiative, whereby one million citizens, from any number of member countries, will be able to ask the Commission to present a proposal in any of the EU's areas of responsibility.
50
Distribution of votes for each member state (from 01/11/2004)
Germany, France, Italy, United Kingdom 29
Spain, Poland 27
Netherlands 13
Belgium, Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, 12 Portugal
Austria, Sweden 10
Denmark, Ireland, Lithuania, Slovakia, Finland 7
Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Luxembourg, Slovenia 4
Malta 3
TOTAL 321
51
POLICIES
• Agriculture & Food
• Business• Cross cutting policies• Economic & Finance and
Taxes• Education, Culture & Youth• Employment and Social
right• Energy and Natural
resources • Environment, consumer
and, health
• External relations and foreign affairs
• Justice and citizen rights
• Regional and local development
• Science and technology
• EU explained
•Transport & travel
52
DG’s
• Agriculture & Rural Development
• Competition• Economic & Financial
Affairs• Education & Culture• Employment, Social Affairs
and Equal Opportunities• Enterprise and Industry• Environment• Fisheries and Maritime
Affairs
• Health & Consumer Protection
• Information Society & Media
• Internal Market & Services
• Joint Research Centre
• Justice Freedom & Security
• Regional Policy
• Research
• Taxation & Custom Union
•Transport & Energy
53
• External Relations
Development, Enlargement, EuroAid, External Relations Humanitarian Aid ofice, Trade
• General Services European anti fraud office,
Eurostat, Press & Communication, Publication Office, Secretariat General
• Internal Services
Budget, Bureau of European Policy Advisers, Informatics, Infrastructure & Logistics,, Internal Audit service, Interpretation, Legal service, Personnel and Administration,
Translation,
54
Vice President
Institutional Relations and
Communication Strategy
Vice President
Enterprise and Industry
Vice President
Transport
Vice President
Administrative Affairs, Audit and
Anti-Fraud
Vice President
Justice, Freedom and Security
Information Society
and Media
55
President
56
57
58
THE PARLIAMENT• Legislative Power co
decision with the Council• Assent Procedure(int.)• Adoption of the Budget• Approval of the
Commission• Participation to the
European Council
THE COURT OF JUSTICE
• 13 Judges for 6 years• Request from Private,
Country, Firm• Unique Legal Power
59
POLITICAL GROUPS IN THE E.U. PARLIAMENT
-DEPPE Group of the European People's Party and European Democrats
PSE Group of the Party of European Socialists
ELDR Group of the European Liberal, Democrat and Reform Party
Verts / ALE
Group of the Greens/European Free Alliance
GUE NGL
Confederal Group of the European United Left/Nordic Green Left
UEN Union for Europe of the Nations Group
EDD Group for a Europe of Democracies and Diversities
NI Non Attached
60
THE EUROPEAN UNION PARLIAMENT 2005-2009
61
62
THE ECONOMIC &
SOCIAL COMMITTEE• Representative of
Economic Forces• 222 Representatives• Sectorial Commissions• Social & Economic
Commissions
THE COMMITTEE
OF REGIONS• Consultative Power• 222 members• Trans European Network,
public, Health, Education, Economic Cohesion
63
Court of JusticePresident
(6 chambers each comprising 3 or 5 juges)
•Action for failure Treaty obligations(Commission against a Member State or Member State against another Member State)•Actions for annulment(judicial review of the legality of Community acts) •Actions for failure to act(against the Parliament, Council or Commission •Actions for damages(against Community institutions or servants) •Preliminary rulings on the interpretation or validity of Communitylaw (references from national courts) •Appeals against judgments of the Court of First Instance