1. General introduction to principle in T,F

2. The principle in running

3. The principle in jumping

4. The principle in throwing

Chapter TwoThe technical principle of Track and Field

Target

1. Knowing the concept of Track and Field technique,

The standard of evaluating the Track and Field

techniques and the forces effecting the movements of

body and material.

2. Knowing how to divide running ,jumping and throwing

into several phases. Understanding the main factors that

decide the results of running , jumping and throwing. 

3. Knowing the basic requirement of

techniques

1. General introduction to principle in T,F

Concept of Track and Field technique

The standard to evaluating the Tech. Of T.F

Forces that effect on body and equipment

Definition: It is the way of movement that people could run faste

r ,jump higher and throw longer in practice by rationally using

themselves ability of organism.

The technical principle of Track and Field:It is the analysis a

nd explain about basic regulation and scientific reasons in popul

ar by using related sports theory.

Concept of T.F technique

The standard to evaluating the Tech. Of T.F

1.Actual effect: means the player can use sufficiently

body’s sport ability and make the biggest function and

obtain/gain the best sport effect during doing movements

2.Economical efficiency: means rationally use energy and avoid to used up /consume energy unnecessarily in the condition of done the movement smoothly. without surplus / excess and nervous/intensive movements

2. External force: come from the interaction

produced by body or apparatus that interact with

the outside

A.reaction force of support B.air action force

C.friction D.gravity

Forces that effect on body and equipment

1. Internal force: means force come from the

interaction produced by motor organs of

body

A. muscle contractive force

  B.ligament resistance power in or out of joints

C.inside friction: Inside muscle tissue

The principle in running

Definition OF Running , period and phase

The fact deciding speed

Technical requirement for each phase

Definition OF Running , period and phas

Running is a basic motion formation and a cyclical/periodic movement with single leg support alternating with flight through the coordination of driving and swinging

One period is composed of/formed by two supp

orting periods and two flight periods.

The supporting period: From foot contacting

with the ground to leaving the ground.

The flight period: From one foot leaving the gr

ound to other foot contacting the ground.（如图）

period

supporting flight supporting flight

phase

Right leg

Supporting

forward

Driving back

Swing back Swing forward

Left leg Swing forward

Supporting

forwardDriving

backSwing back

The facts are

Length of stride and Stride frequency 。

The fact deciding speed

speed ＝ Length of stride × Stride frequency

（如图）　

 

(1)Length of leg and height

1.Back drive distance (2)driving distance

Length of stride (3)Driving angle

2.Distance of flight (1)initial speed

(2)Leaving angle

(3)Air action

3.Buffer distance (1)Length of leg and height

（ 2)Angle of contacting the ground

  1. Support period (1) Buffer time (2)Driving timeStride frequency

(1)Initial speed 2.Flight period (2)The angle of leg thrust

(3) Initial speed

Technical requirement for each phase

Start

Technical requirement

Once the starting gun is fired ,the starting action is initiated by an explosive and almost simultaneous push by the legs and the arms. The back leg and upper body should form a straight line, in turn form an angle about 42-45° with the track surface. In the first two strides, the feet contact the ground behind the vertical projection of the center of gravity, and there is a pronounced forward lean of the body.

Acceleration

Technical requirement

The feet are placed below the vertical projection of the center of gravity, allowing quick/ short ground contacts, and the body gradually straight to reach “ tall posture” at about 20-35m.

Running on the way:

Optimal use of driving forces in the driving phase and for

ce must act in horizontal, there is an elastic strength extension

of foot, knee and hips joints. Linear swinging movements of th

e arms by an active lift of the elbow in the rear swing.

Make the duration of the support phase as short as possible.

Maximum knee angle in the thrust phase is about 160 degrees.

The foot plant as close to the vertical projection of the body’s

center of gravity as possible.

Knee lift phase, the angle of the lifting knee is around 15 deg

rees below the horizontal. the lower leg has a active pawing, th

e leg must move downwards/backwards.

Technical requirement

The finish running;

In the last stride, the upper body leans forwards and two arms swing backwards

Technical requirement

Definition and phases of jumping

The factors deciding the result of jumping

Technical requirement of each phases

The technical principle of jumping

Jumping is a event that athletes make their bodies move a

s high/long as possible, they do work by themselves, or with so

me equipment.

Jumping is periodic and none periodic

Definition of jumping

请单击图： high jump

请单击图： long jump

请单击上图： triple jump

请单击图： pole vault

The technical phase

the movement of body is horizontal

⑴Run-up phase ：

the horizontal movement of body is shifted

parabola. 。

⑵ Take off phase ：

parabola phase

⑶ Flight phase ：

Landing the ground 。

⑷ Landing phase ：

The factors deciding the result of jumping

㈠ high jump

Formula H= H1+H2+H3 （如图）

it is the height of body’s gravity before the athlet

e flight

It is decided by height of body, length of leg and the

posture before lift

H1H1

the vertical distance of gravity from flight beginnin

g to the top of flight

It is decided by initial speed and the angle of flight

H2H2

The vertical distance from gravity to the bar when the bo

dy reaching the top

It is decided by posture and technique

Take off is the key

H3H3

Requirement for take off

  1.buffer the body by bent the knee, lean the upper body backwards when take off.

 2.Stretch the ankle, knee and hips joints

3.Swing leg and two arms swing upwards

4.Short the buffer time by landing fast

the angle of parabola is consist of initial speed direction of body and horizontal direction, it is about 50°-65°

Long jump

The result L=L1+L2+L3 （如图）

is the horizontal distance from the projection of gravity

before take off to the front of broad. It is decided in the acc

uracy of take off, height, the length of leg and posture

L1L1

is the gravity moves horizontal distance. It is decided in

the initial speed of gravity, angle of parabola, the height of

gravity and air resistance.

L2L2

is the horizontal distance from the projection of grav

ity before landing to the landing point. It is decided in lan

ding movement and posture.

L3L3

The projectile formula: s=v sin2a/g

S is decided in initial speed and angle of parabola

The rational angle (a) of parabola is 18°-24°

1.     Relax, natural, moving stability of gravity

2.     The stride and rhythm are stable

3.     The rhythm in the last steps is obvious and

low the gravity suitably

（一） Run-up/ approach

Technical requirement for each phase

The task: gain the necessary vertical speed,

in order to having initial speed of parabola as

large as possible and suitable angle of

parabola.

The technical stage: touchdown, amortization

and extension.

（二） Take off

touchdown: lands quickly on the entire sole of the foot of the almost

fully extended takeoff leg. The foot should move downwards and

backwards in a fast, pawing movement.

The take off leg should be slightly bent (to about 165°), the upper

truck remains upright extension: the jumper extends the knee and

ankle joints of takeoff leg. The upward movement of the arms and

raising of the shoulders should be brought to a sudden halt. This

transfers momentum from the arms and the shoulders to the body,

thus adding height to the jumper .the thigh of jumper’s free leg

should be virtually horizontal, the body should remain straight.

（三） Flight (sail, hang and hitch-kick)

Sail: the takeoff leg is brought forwards, the upper truck

is kept straight in the first part. The knee joint of the free leg

is extended and the truck is bent forward at the stage of landi

ng.

The striding position: it is a body’s position when the jumper l

eaves the ground.

。

Definition and phases of throwing

The factors deciding the throw result

Technical requirement for throwing event

The principle in throwing

Definition and phases of throwing

Definition : The throwing is a movement

event that the thrower uses his ability

to cast a fixed equipment as long as

possible.

请单击图

请单击图

请单击图

请单击图

1. Preparatory stage; hold on equipment, preparatory posture

2 Preliminary acceleration stage; approach run, slide,

rotation

3.Delivery

4.Recovery; body’s balance

Phases (4)

The formula S=S1+S2+S3 （如图）：

The factors deciding the throw result

; it is the distance from the throwing arc to the projection, decided in height, the length of arm, the location of body and posture.

S

1

S

1

; it is the distance from the joint of trajectory to the cross joint, decided in initial speed of trajectory, angle of trajectory and air –action

S

2

S

2

S3; it is the horizontal distance from the cross joint to the landing joint

S

3

S

3

S=S1+S2+S3S=S1+S2+S3

The projectile formula: s=v sin2a/g

the best angle of trajectory is 45° in theory, because the

angle of depression/fall and air-action, the angles of traje

ctory in throwing events are less than 45°.

Shot put is 38°-42 °, Javelin and discus is 30 °-3 5°, Ham

mer throwing is 42 °-44°

出手角与地斜角演示图出手角与地斜角演示图

Result is decided in initial speed of trajectory, angle of

trajectory

  The initial speed of trajectory is decided in the size of

acceleration during delivery

The formula of mechanics F=MA

F means force

M means quality

A means acceleration

So F↑--A↑--S↑

Preparatory stage; hold on equipment, preparatory posture

--Stable,

--Make used of the length of throwing arm

--Have a good feeling to the equipment

--Could control it

Technical requirement for throwing event

Preliminary acceleration stage; approach run, slide, rotatio

--Be natural and harmonious/ coordinative --Make used of the size of ground

--The acceleration is even and certain rhythm--The balance is good

--This stage should connect with delivery closely --Form a good posture of exceeding equipment and have

a good condition for the stage of delivery

Delivery

--Touching the ground of left leg should be fast and forming

support of two legs

--Correct order and direction of force

--The gravity move from low to high

--Have a good left support

--Have a fast work and short the working time

Recovery; body’s balance

--Low the gravity --Exchange the location of two leg

--Change the movement direction of body in order to breaking the rule

1 、 what is the technique ?

2. what is the standard of evaluation ?

3. Explain the facts that effect the internal and external forces

4. Why do we learn the technical principle ？

5 、 how to divide the phase of run,jump and throw ?

6 、 explain the facts that effect the speed.

4 、 what are the stages of run,jump and throw ?

5 、 what are the requirement for above stages?

Homework

退出退出

Chart of the run

To next

Supporting flight supporting

Chart of running periodsChart of running periods

backback

Combination of one stride To next

flight distancedrive back distance Buffer distance

Combination of one stride

backback

Combination of the jump result

H

H2

H1

H3

返回返回

h1

H1

h2

Sectors of H1

backback

The combination of jump result

To next

S1S2

L3 L2L１

Combination of long jump backback

The orbin after flightThe orbin after flight

backback

A sinple chart of throwTo next

Combination of throwing event

S2 S3S1

backback

Show of trajectoryTo next

Heigh

t of pu

t

Vertical lineVertical line

b地斜角b地斜角

A angleA angle

Landing point

The point

S （ distance）

backback

Chart of shot put