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Outline
• Motivations
• Related works– Purely Geographic-Based Addressing and Routing– Geographic Overlay Addressing and Routing– Geographically Informed Inter-Domain Routing
• Comparisons
• My Model– Internet Service Provider-Separated Geographic-
Based Addressing and Routing (ISPSG)
3
Motivations
• Supporting Provider-Independent address
• Preventing inflation of DFZ routing table
• Supporting routing policies
4
Related works1.Purely Geographic-Based Addressing and Routing
LOCATION ID
latitude longitude
continent country city
SUBNET ID INTERFACE ID
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Related works1.Purely Geographic-Based Addressing and Routing
• Routing table: – all its direct lower-levels’ and its direct higher-level’s routing information
Seoul Internet…
ASIA Internet
A.A A.B
K.A
K.X C.X
Seoul Internet
S.X
ASIA Routing Table
A.BChina
A.AKorea
Next hopPrefix
Korea Routing Table
K.XDefault
K.ASeoul
Next hopPrefix
Korea Internet
China Routing Table
C.XDefault
C.ABeijing
Next hopPrefix
…
C.A
B.X
China Internet
Beijing InternetSeoul Internet…
ASIA Internet
A.A A.B
K.A
K.X C.X
Seoul Internet
S.X
ASIA Routing Table
A.BChina
A.AKorea
Next hopPrefix
Korea Routing Table
K.XDefault
K.ASeoul
Next hopPrefix
Korea Internet
China Routing Table
C.XDefault
C.ABeijing
Next hopPrefix
…
C.A
B.X
China Internet
Beijing Internet
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Related works1.Purely Geographic-Based Addressing and Routing
Internet
PA’s China.Beijing Networks PB’s China.Beijing Networks
China. Beijing. IDBChina. Beijing. IDA
Beijing Networks
Internet
PA’s China.Beijing Networks PB’s China.Beijing Networks
China. Beijing. IDBChina. Beijing. IDA
Beijing Networks
• ISPs interconnect at all locations
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Related works1.Purely Geographic-Based Addressing and Routing
• Address format– < LOCATION, ID >
• Pros– Scalable – Supporting PI address
• Cons– Dense internal connection– Unable to support routing policy
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Related works2.Geographic Overlay Addressing and Routing
Underlying Networks
Overlay Networks
Korea Overlays
ChinaOverlays
LOCATION ID
LOCATION IDIP
Underlying Networks
Overlay Networks
Korea Overlays
ChinaOverlays
LOCATION IDLOCATION ID
LOCATION IDIP
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Related works2.Geographic Overlay Addressing
• Address format: – using distinct addresses in both underlying
and overlay networks
• Pros– Deploy incrementally
• Cons– Introducing additional address space– Inflation of DFZ routing table– Additional mapping service
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Related works3. Geographically Informed Inter-Domain Routing
GEOLOCATION IDASN SIDGEOLOCATION IDASN SID
A
B
C
SID = 1
SID = 0C.New York (NY)
AS A’s Routing Table
DABCC.NY.1
DACC.NY.0
AS_PATHPrefix
A
B
C
SID = 1
SID = 0C.New York (NY)
AS A’s Routing Table
DABCC.NY.1
DACC.NY.0
AS_PATHPrefix
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Related works3. Geographically Informed Inter-Domain Routing
• Address format– < ASN, GEOLOCATION, SID, ID>
• Pros– Supporting routing policy– Preventing inflation of DFZ routing table
• Cons– Not supporting PI address
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Comparisons
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My ModelISP-Separated Geographic-Based Addressing and Routing
ASN IDLOCATION
• ASN: AS number
• LOCATION: Geographical position
• ID: Interface ID
Unfixed component: Invisible by end user
Fixed component: Globally unique
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Transit network
AS A AS B
Null Location A ID A
source destination
Location B ID B
1. Before exiting AS A
AS B
2. Just exiting AS A
Location A ID A
source destination
Location B ID BAS BAS A
3. After entering AS B
NullLocation A ID A
source destination
Location B ID BAS A
My Model
ISP-Separated Geographic-Based Addressing and Routing Routing Process
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My ModelISP-Separated Geographic-Based Addressing and Routing
AS Number System
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My ModelISP-Separated Geographic-Based Addressing and Routing
• Address format– < ASN, LOCATION, ID >
• Pros– Scalability – Supporting PI address– Support routing policy– Avoiding dense internal connection
• Cons– Additional AS Number System
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My ModelISP-Separated Geographic-Based Addressing and Routing
13%
18%
27%31%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
1997 2000 2003 2006
ISPS
G T
able
Siz
e/ B
GP
Tab
le S
ize
ISPSG table size
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My ModelISP-Separated Geographic-Based Addressing and Routing
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
10 100 190 280 370 460
TTL Value (s)
Hit
Rat
e
ASNS hit rate goes up with the increasing of TTL
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Conclusion
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References• [1] "Growth of the BGP Table - 1994 to Present", Huston, G., http://bgp.potar
oo.net, 2006.• [2] R. Oliveira, M. Lad, B. Zhang, L. Zhang, Geographically Informed Inter-d
omain Routing, in: Proceedings of 15th IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP2007), Beijing, China, 2007.
• [3] S. Deering. Metro-Based Addressing: A Proposed Addressing Scheme for the IPv6 Internet. Presentation, Xerox PARC, July 1995.
• [4] "GSE-An Alternate Addressing Architecture for IPv6", Mike O'Dell, http://www.watersprings.org/pub/id/draft-ietf-ipngwg-gseaddr-00.txt, February 1997.
• [5] G. Finn. Routing and Addressing Problems in Large Metropolitan-Scale Internetworks. Technical Report ISI-TR-2001-552, Information Sciences Institute (ISI), March 1987.
• [6] S. Deering. Metro-Based Addressing: A Proposed Addressing Scheme for the IPv6 Internet. Presentation, Xerox PARC, July 1995.
• [7] T. Hain. Application and Use of the IPv6 Provider Independent Global Unicast Address Format. Internet Draft, August 2006. draft-hain-ipv6-pi-addr-use-10.txt.
• [8] CCITT, CCITT E.163, Numbering Plan for the International Telephone Service, Blue Book, 1988.
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References• [9] P. Francis. Comparison of geographic and provider-rooted internet addre
ssing. In JENC5: Selected papers of the annual conference on Internet Society/5th joint European networking conference, pages 437–448, 1994.
• [10] F. Kamoun, L. Kleinrock. Hierarchical Routing for Large Networks: Performance Evaluation and Optimization. Computer Networks, 1(3): 155-174, January 1977.
• [11] http://www.wgs84.com/files/wgsman24.pdf• [12] Touch, J., “Dynamic Internet Overlay Deployment and Management
Using the X-Bone”, Computer Networks, Jul. 2001, pp. 117-135.• [13] Greg Finn, Joe Touch. Network Construction and Routing in
Geographic Overlays. ISI Technical Report ISI-TR-2002-564, July 2002.• [14] RFC 2009: GPS-Based Addressing and Routing Imielinski, T., Navas, J.,
Nov. 1996.• [15] R. Oliveira, M. Lad, B. Zhang, L. Zhang, Geographically Informed Inter-
domain Routing, in: Proceedings of 15th IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP2007), Beijing, China, 2007.
• [16] "Separating Identifiers and Locators in Addresses: An Analysis of the GSE Proposal for IPv6", M. Crawford et. al., http://ietfreport.isoc.org/idref/draft-ietf-ipngwg-esd-analysis/, October 1999.
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References
• [17] http://www.juniper.net/techpubs/software/junos/junos57/swconfig57-getting-started/html/software-overview7.html.
• [18] Matthew Caesar, Jennifer Rexford, "BGP Routing Policies in ISP Networks," IEEE Network Magazine, special issue on Interdomain Routing, Nov/Dec 2005.
• [19] L. Gao. On inferring Autonomous System Relationships in the Internet. In IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, volume 9, pages 733–745, 2001.
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