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Gergely Tóth1, Luca Montanarella1,
György Várallyay2, Tibor Tóth2 and Nikola Filippi1
1European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Land Management and Natural Hazards Unit
2Research institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Strengthening optimal food chain element transport by Strengthening optimal food chain element transport by minimizing soil degradationminimizing soil degradation::
RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS FORFOR S SOILOIL T THREATSHREATS
IDENTIFICATION IDENTIFICATION ONON D DIFFERENTIFFERENT S SCALESCALES
IN THE EUROPEAN UNIONIN THE EUROPEAN UNION
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Framework of soil protection in the EU
Based on the upcoming Directive on Protection and Sustainable Use of Soil and on EC Communication (2002/179)
Preservation of soil functions- biomass production, - physical and cultural environment for humans
- biodiversity pool - archive of geological and acheological heritage
- source of raw material - acting as carbon pool
- storing filtering and transforming nutrients, substances and water
Prevention of threats to soil- erosion, - soil organic matter decline,
- salinization - compaction,
- landslides - (soil sealing, contamination)
Integration of soil protection measures and principles to other policies
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The ’Two Tiers’ concept
Tier 1, is a step to provide tool for risk area identification based on qualitative or model-based descriptions using lower data resolution. (European level)
Tier 2, is a second step, to provide tool, for risk area delineation and characterization based on higher resolution data. (Member States level)
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Flow of information on soil threat
Identification andlocalization of risk zones
Specification andcorrection of risk zones anddelineation of risk areas
Adjustment andreformulation ofrisk zones
Tier I.European level
Tier II.Member States (regional) level
Characterization /reporting of risk areas
Identification andlocalization of risk zones
Specification andcorrection of risk zones anddelineation of risk areas
Adjustment andreformulation ofrisk zones
Tier I.European level
Tier II.Member States (regional) level
Characterization /reporting of risk areas
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Conditions exemined for each threats (to define common criteria of risk identification throughout Europe)
identification of factors/hazards related to the threat („external” factors)
characterization of the receptor relevant to the threat („internal” soil factors)
performance specification, model selection (with data requirements)
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Application of the two tiers approach
Tier Target Description
Tier 1 Broad risk zones identification (problem identification and
localization)
available data at European-levelGeographical scale of 1:1,000,000/1:250,000
Soil-specific qualitative approach, and/orModel-based (pedo-transfer rule) approach
combined with thresholds indicators
Tier 2Detailed risk zone delineation.
Measures/implementation plans to protect and/or prevent soils
within the risk zones
Data available/relevant at the Member State level (e.g. regional soil maps)
Qualitative/quantitative/model approach
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Summary Table Common Criteria: Salinization
Common criteria
Data source/type of information
Data Quality /Resolution
Tier 1 Tier 2
soil typological unit European Soil Database; National soil databases
1:1,000,000 (1:250,000)national
soil texture texture class; Sand, Silt, Clay content texture class particle size
soil hydraulic properties
hydraulic conductivity, water retention, drainage
not required for in Tier 1national profile data base; soil inventory / monitoring
irrigation areas and chemical properties of irrigated water
irrigated area, irrigation intensity, salt content, sodicity, alkalinity of irrigation water
national registries regional registry
groundwater information
depth, salt content, sodicity, alkalinity
European Groundwater Database (salt concentration, type of salt)
regional database
climate annual rainfall, annual potential evapotranspiration
1 km raster size (modelled from national weather station network)
same or higher
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Salt affected soils in Europe (source: I. Szabolcs, 1974)
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Summary Table Common Criteria: Compaction
Common criteria
Data source/type of information
Data Quality /Resolution
Tier 1 Tier 2
SMU/STU delineation
National soil databases national regional
STU topsoil and subsoil texture
texture class or mean silt, clay and sand content
texture class particle size
STU descriptionbulk density, water retention, organic matter content, structure, mechanical properties
pedotransfer functions or rules
measurements
climate rainfall, PETaverage year with monthly or 10-day dataNUTS 3 or 50 km
20 to30 years with one day data10 km
land use
statistical data about agriculture and forestry: crop types and forest areas, types of farming systems (annual crops, vineyards, animal breeding, etc.), type of forests
NUTS 3 NUTS 4
farming and forest systems
typology of farming systems or forestry systems in relation to land use data
expert knowledge survey data
land coverlocalisation of agricultural areas, forest areas, etc. using data like CORINE land cover
250 m 100 m
slope Digital Elevation Model 250 m 90 m
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Susceptibility to Subsoil Compaction in Europe
(source: Jones, R.J.A. et al., 2004)
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Summary Table Common Criteria: Erosion
Common criteria
Data source/type of information
Data Quality /Resolution
Tier 1 Tier 2
soil typological unit (STU) (soil type)
European/national soil databases national level regional level
soil texture (STU level) sand, silt, clay content texture class particle size
soil density, hydraulic properties (STU level)
bulk density, packing density, water retention art field capacity and wilting point
pedo-transfer-rules (PTR) or functions
measured data
topography gradient (slope), length 250m (SRTM) 90m
land cover land cover type 250m 100m
land use land use, agricultural statistics NUTS3 NUTS4
climateprecipitation, rainfall, snowfall, number of rain days, storm events, PET, temperature
10 km daily average50km daily average
1 km raster (modelled from national
hydrological conditions
catchment information system, DEM 10km 1km
agro-ecological zone based on soil, climate, landscape 50km 1km
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Source: Pan-European Soil Erosion Risk Assessment (PESERA)
Soil erosion risk in Europe
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Summary Table Common Criteria: SOM Decline
common criteria
data source/type of information
minimum data quality /resolution
Tier 1 Tier 2
soil typological unit (soil type)
soil type: provide 1:1,000,000 (1:250,000) 1:250,000 or larger
soil texture/clay content
standard textural analysis; textural classes according to official classification
not required for Tier 1national profile data base; soil inventory/monitoring
soil organic carbon (concentration)
analysis: dry combustion, [g/kg], or pedo-transfer function
not required for Tier 1forest floor, peaty layers, 0-30 cm
soil organic carbon (stock)
[kg/m2], [t/ha]; requires:- stone content- bulk density
not required for Tier 1forest floor, peaty layers, 0-30 cm
climateannual average precipitation; annual average temperature
10 km grid climatic data
1 km raster size (modelled from national weather station network)
slope, exposition, position in relief
DEM 250m same or higher
land cover/land useCORINE; LUCAS SSU extended by soil type; management statistics
250mNUTS III
same or higher
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Organic Carbon (%) No Data 0 - 1 1 - 2 2 - 5 5 - 10 10 - 25 25 - 35 > 35
Organic carbon content in the surface horizon (0-30 cm) of soils in Europe
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Bringing soil carbon to policy & decisions
0
1020
30
4050
60
70
8090
100
0 5 10 15 20
Max tC
Min tC
Actual tC
Max
& M
in t
C a
re s
oil
spec
ific
Years
tC
Potential Carbon Sequestration,
PCS
Carbon Sequestration Rate, CSR
Potential Carbon Loss, PCL
Carbon Loss Rate, CLR
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Conclusions
- A proposal for common criteria for delineation of areas in risk of soil degradation has been prepared (by SIWG, JRC and ESBN).
- It should be achievable to develop a common framework, which attempts to keep the linkage of soil information in EU Member States with pan-European data.
- Much efforts still have to be conducted to establish an efficient workflow for updating and maintaining thematic layers with highly detailed information (in a participatory approach).
- The new "Multiscale EUropean Soil Information System" should be integrated into more comprehensive/multi-layer monitoring and reporting programmes, for example the Commission's Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe (INSPIRE) initiative.
- In this manner the infrastructure and access to soil information transfer can be developed to assist the protection of the multifunctionality of soils and contribute to optimal food chain element transport.
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