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1
Global Effects – Remote Sensing and GIS
Lecture #24HNRT 228 Spring 2015Energy and the Environment
Adapted from Fiorentino / Rutgers U.
2
Chapter 10+ Overview
• Earth as a planet• The polar regions and sea ice effects• The stratospheric ozone situation• Another look at greenhouse gasses• Climate change• Global warming• Remote Sensing• Geographic Information Systems• Geomatics
3
iClicker Question
Which of the following layers of the atmosphere is highest above the surface of the Earth?
A TroposphereB StratosphereC ThermosphereD MesosphereE Ozone Layer
4
iClicker Question
What is the primary ingredient of the Earth's atmosphere?
A NitrogenB OxygenC Nitrogen and oxygen in equal partsD HydrogenE Carbon dioxide
5
iClicker Question
In what part of the atmosphere does weather occur?
A HydrosphereB StratosphereC IonosphereD TroposphereE All of the above
6
iClicker Question
How rapidly a planet loses its atmosphere depends on the planet's
• I. mass• II. atmospheric composition• III. temperature• IV. rotation period
A I & IIB III & IVC I, II, & IIID II, III, & IVE I, II, III, & IV
7
iClicker Question
The presence of Earth’s magnetic field is a good indication that
A there is a large amount of magnetic material buried near the North Pole.
B there is a quantity of liquid metal swirling around in the Earth's core.
C the Earth is composed largely of iron.D the Earth is completely solid.E there are condensed gasses in the core of
the Earth.
8
iClicker Question:
The dinosaurs were most likely wiped out by:A: disease
B: hunting to extinction by cavemen
C: a giant meteor impact
D: the close passage of another star
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iClicker Question:
A leading cause of Global Warming is:A: Increased soot (smog) in the atmosphere.
B: Increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
C: The Earth is getting closer to the sun.
D: The luminosity of the sun is steadily increasing.
10
iClicker Question:
The greenhouse gas effect would not occur ifA the Earth had no atmosphere.
B: the amount of carbon dioxide doubled.
C we got rid of all the forests.
D the Earth didn’t have an ocean.
11
iClicker Question:
Sunlight absorbed by the Earth’s surface is reemitted in the form of?A: radio waves
B: infrared radiation
C: visible radiation
D: ultraviolet radiation
E: X-ray radiation
12
Geomatics refers to earth (geo) measuring (matics) technologies
…the discipline of gathering, storing, processing, and delivering of geographic information. This broad term applies both to science and technology, and integrates the following more specific disciplines and technologies: geodesy, surveying, mapping, positioning, navigation,
cartography, remote sensing, photogrammetry, geographic information systems, & global positioning systems
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomatics
Organize and solve problems involving spatial analysis – still typically just called
GIS (geographic information systems)
13
Data and Information
To some: Information is not Data Data needs to be transformed into
information (and vice versa) Information can be defined as an answer to
a question using data –or– Information is what we know that must be
organized into data for use in analysis
With GIS we transform information into data
Image Process Air Photo Satellite Images Photogrammetry
Raster GIS Vector GIS 3D Modeling GPS
Visualization Networking Databases Internet
Geomatics or More Commonly GIS
Remote Sensing
GIS
Geomatics has application in:
Policy Transportation Demography Global environment Wildlife management Business
Regional and Urban Planning Defense and Intelligence Forestry Archaeology Natural resource management Water/soils/agriculture Telecommunications Emergency Response
ANY problem that has a spatial aspect ANY scale from the local to the global
“Applied Geography, in the form of maps & spatial information has
served discovery, planning, cooperation & conflict for at least
the past 3000 years” Bolstad
FIVE major functions Inherent to Geomatics
Collect ManageManipulate Analyze Display
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Primary Disciplines of Geomatics
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Remote Sensing
Air photo Satellite imagery
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) More commonly called GPS for
Global Positioning Satellite [System]
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Geographic Information System
“…“…a computer based system to aid in a computer based system to aid in the collection, maintenance, storage,the collection, maintenance, storage,
analysis, output, and distribution of analysis, output, and distribution of spatial data and information…”spatial data and information…”
FIVE major functions Inherent to Geomatics
CollectCollect ManageManageManipulateManipulate AnalyzeAnalyze DisplayDisplay
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Why GIS?
Expanded capabilities - do it with a geographic twist
Improved efficiency - reduce duration of analysis 10-fold or more
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What is GIS?
Paper, pencil, and person can be a GIS
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Why computerize manual methods?
Synthesis of sourcesSynthesis of sourcesAnalytical powerAnalytical power
Measure distance, density, Measure distance, density, areaareaOverlay and bufferOverlay and bufferAdjacency and proximityAdjacency and proximityVicinity (neighborhood)Vicinity (neighborhood)NetworksNetworksInter-visibilityInter-visibilityInteroperabilityInteroperability
FlexibilityFlexibilityRepeatabilityRepeatabilityOutput QualityOutput Quality
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FIVE major functions Inherent to Geomatics
CollectCollect ManageManageManipulateManipulate AnalyzeAnalyze DisplayDisplay
Tools of GIS
Geographic
Data describing objects from the real world in terms of:
Position (x,y in some coordinate system) Spatial relationships
Streets may be “connected” There is a distance between two points Areas overlap, be adjacent or not touch
Information
Organized knowledge about locations facilitates analysis and new knowledge
Predictable data “schema”
…compared to paper maps stored in different rooms in different drawers, at different scales and projections
(time consuming and sometimes impossible to analyze)
Systems
Consistent storage in a database Retrieve and manipulate information in
a consistent manner Flow of data can be documented Spatial data from a variety of sources,
scales and projections can be converted into one logical structure allowing access and analysis using a set of rules
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Phenomena that Exist Computer
Representation
1.2 , 4 .75 .8 , 3 .68 .9 , 7 .2..
Real W or ldDat a M odel Dat a
S t r uct ur e
Abstraction of relevant phenomena and properties
Abstracting the Real World
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GIS exists in an institutional context…
Effective GIS use depends on a set of protocols and an integration into the data collection, analysis, decision, and
action loop of an organization
GIS Data Examples
If it can be mapped it can be entered into a GIS Points
archeological sites, trees, fire hydrants, crime locations, cellular towers, etc.
Linesroads, streams, political boundary lines
Polygonsarcheological sites, soils, geology, vegetation cover, watersheds, political subdivisions
"GIS is simultaneously the telescope, the microscope, the computer, and the Xerox machine of regional analysis and synthesis of spatial data."
(Abler, 1988)
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GIS Data
SPATIALREFERENCE
TABULARATTRIBUT
EDATA
Hydrology Soils Roads Elevation Land use / land
cover
(from satellite imagery or air photos)
The landscape (in all its complexity)
Each type of data forms a data layer that is geo-referenced to a common map projection and datum
GIS Data
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REPRESENTATION AND DATA STRUCTURES
Most commondata models define thematic layers
Typically there is one layer for each distinct theme
La yer 1
La yer 2
La yer 3
Ea r t h su r f a ce
e.g., soils, roads, or elevationsurface features, or themes,layers which represent specificGeographic data are often in
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GIS - The Concept of Layers
Assessment of Soil Erosion HazardAssessment of Soil Erosion Hazard
LAND DATA DERIVED DATA ANALYSIS
Ownership Class
Hydrology
Topography
Soils
Land Cover
Base Map
Slope
Erodability
Runoff
Potential Soil Erosion
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A Forest Area…. Delineated to make patches
Overlaid with Species Data to… Create Ranked Critical Areas
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35
TABULAR RELATIONSHIPS
36
GIS operates On All Scales
A GIS Schematic
Collect
Digitize Maps
Digitize &ClassifyImagery
Input Existing Spatial Files
Input Tabular
Data
Manage
SpatialData Base
Non SpatialResourceData Base
Manipulate& Analyze
SpatialProcessing
System
Data Base Management
System
Display
MAP OUTPUTS
Composite MapsPerspective MapsInterpret MapsScaled Maps
•Area•Lengths•Data Base Summaries
TABULAR ANDSTATISTICAL
INFO
GIS is Generic
• Policy• Transportation• Demography• Global environment• Wildlife management• Business
• Regional and Urban Planning• Defense and Intelligence• Forestry• Archaeology• Natural resource management• Water/soils/agriculture• Telecommunications• Emergency Response
• ANY problem that has a spatial aspect• ANY scale from the local to the global
“Applied Geography, in the form of maps & spatial information has served
discovery, planning, cooperation & conflict for at least the past 3000 years”
Bolstad
Some GIS Applications Areas
Policy Education Cartography Hazards – EMS, first
responders Hydrology Land Resources Zoning Use value Taxation Transportation Environmental impact
assessment Parks and forest management Planning Agriculture Soils management
Marketing Global environmental issues Demographics Wildlife management Route selection Civil engineering Network analysis – e.g.
telecom Public health Toxic waste management Archaeology and history Police, fire, 911, emergency Oil and other toxic spills Landscape architecture Many, many others, and
more to come
40
Remote Sensing
“Remote sensing is the science and art of obtaining information about an
object, area, or phenomenon through the analysis of data acquired by a
device that is not in contact with the object, area, or phenomenon under
investigation.”
Lillesand & Kiefer (1987)
Remote Sensing Platforms
Geostationary
Polar orbit Manned
space High altitude
aircraft Jets low alt.
aircraft Platforms In-situ/
ground
1000 km
300 km
90,000 ft
10-30,000 ft500-10,000 ft
10-100 ft
0-5 ft
30000 km
42
Air photos have been a major source of information for making maps
Air Photos
High resolution Since 1930’s (for
change detection)
Provide most cadastral, utility and infrastructure data for GIS
44
Precision Agriculture and Disease Detection
Color infrared aerial photograph, July, 1999 Source: Ocean Spray Cranberries Inc.
Reservoirs
Cranberry Beds
Disease
DrainageTiles
45
Managing Nutrient Input/Run-off into Watersheds
Phosphorus Distribution Nitrogen Distribution
Satellite Imagery (temporal analysis)
Banda Aceh, Indonesia (source: DigitalGlobe)
47
The Nature of an “Image”
A remotely sensed image is not considered a photograph
An image is a rendition (or model) of target features described through the use of spectral reflectance
These reflectance values are stored in a quantitative, numerical fashion in a manner suitable for input to a computer
…the electromagnetic spectrum
• Note: The EM spectrum is arbitrarily segmented into major divisions
• There are no natural breaks in the EM spectrum
• Humans created the separations for our own convenience
49
Electromagnetic Radiation
Electromagnetic radiation (EM) is the signal collected by most remote sensing instruments
The source of the energy varies depending on the sensor characteristics
Most systems rely on the sun to generate all the EM energy needed to image terrestrial surfaces (passive sensors)
Other systems (active sensors), transmit energy in a certain direction and record the portion reflected back by features within the signal path
50
Remote Sensing Topics
Radiation Laws Light Interactions with Atmosphere
Scatter, Absorption, Windows Interaction of Light with Surface
Spectral signatures, reflection, transmission, illumination
Land Observation Satellite Systems AVHRR, Landsat, MSS, TM, SPOT
Digital Image Analysis vs. Photo Interpretation
A Remote Sensing Schematic
Collect
ClassifyImagery
Input Existing
Spatial Files
Input Tabular
Data
Manage
SpatialData Base
Non SpatialResourceData Base
Manipulate& Analyze
SpatialProcessing
System
Data Base Management
System
Display
MAP OUTPUTS
Composite MapsPerspective MapsInterpret MapsScaled Maps
Data Base Summaries
52
Change Detection
• 1982-1992 land use change 29,860 acres/year
• 1992-1995 land use change 56,640 acres/year
• % total non-federal land developed– 1982 = 27.7%– 1985 = 32.7%– 1992 = 34.4%– 1997 = 40.8%
Where in the World am I?
Unless clouds are in the way… Stars have provided us with the ability to
find our location (method-dependant accuracy from 1 to 10 miles) and determine (night) time
Satellites provide superb location and time to a very high degree of accuracy
55
NAVSTAR GPS
NAVigation Satellite Time And RangingGlobal Positioning System
Developed by US Dept of Defense Satellite-based radio-navigation system
using timing and ranging measurements to accurately determine locations on the earth’s surface
Provides worldwide, 24 hour, 3D coverage
Freely available for civilian use
56
How does GPS work?
Control Segment Space Segment User Segment
Three Segments make up the GPS system
Space Segment
User Segment
Control SegmentColorado Springs
Navigation on Land
Navigation on seas
Navigation in the air
Navigation in space
Harbor navigation
Navigation in rivers
Navigation of recreational vehicles
High precision kinematic surveys on the ground
Guidance of robots and other machines
Cadastral surveying
Geodetic network densification
High precision aircraft positioning
Photogrammetry without ground control
Monitoring deformation
Hydrographic surveys
Active control stations
GPS
World Wide
24 Hours Per Day
GPS Applications
59
….and Integration with Mobile-Collection Devices
Mobile device syncs with office-based servers
For data maintenance, data update, field scouting
60
Now GPS can be connected to most anything!Sprayers, seeders, harvesters
Form factors:Kenwood GPS (top Right)
Automotive GPS:Garmin - Magellan
TomTom
Mobile Phones
GPS Ready digital cameras/video
PathfinderWatch Data loggers
Pocket PCsTransportation:Boats
TruckingCabbies!?!?!
61
Tablet pen based PC with Digital Ink
New GPS Technologies Concentrate on Portability, Data Handling and GIS Workflow model….
Input Tabular
Data
A GPS Schematic
Collect
Digitize Maps
Digitize &ClassifyImagery
Input Existing Spatial Files
Manage
SpatialData Base
Non SpatialResourceData Base
Manipulate& Analyze
SpatialProcessing
System
Data Base Management
System
Display
MAP OUTPUTS
Composite MapsPerspective MapsInterpret MapsScaled Maps
•Area•Lengths•Data Base Summaries
TABULAR ANDSTATISTICAL
INFO
63
“…effective use of GIS depends on a set of protocols and anintegration into the data collection, analysis, and action loop of an organization,”
Bolstad