1. God created the universe. 2. God is Holy. 3. We are morally unholy. 4. Holy and unholy do not mix. 5. God is Love. 6. Love for His creation inspires

1. God created the universe. 2. God is Holy. 3. We are morally unholy. 4. Holy and unholy do not mix. 5. God is Love. 6. Love for His creation inspires God to want us to know His Love now and experience it with Him for eternity. 7. 2.-6 create a challenge for God. 8. 1 gives God the right to solve that challenge (as He sees fit).

9. God the Father, requires us to become Holy by assuming the Holiness of God the Son (Jesus) through the action of God the Holy Spirit in our lives. 10. He does this by enabling our unholiness to die with Jesus on the Cross, thereby entombing it, and replacing it with Jesus’ Holiness, which permits us to rise through His resurrection as a new, Holy creation. 11. We can know this is true through the revelation of Himself in His creation, His inspired Holy Word, His incarnate Son, and His involvement in our lives through the Holy Spirit. 12. 1.-11 combine to form a logical and consistent worldview.

The 12 fundamental principles of Christianity

1

2

You currently hear evolutionary atheists such as Richard Dawkins stating something like, “Evolution is all we need to explain why we are here.”

The trouble with this statement is that it reflects a willingness to stop too soon.

Evolutionary atheists do not ask the deeper question:

3

“What are the features of cosmological, chemical, and biological evolution that enabled us to “get here” by evolution?

Which leads to the deeper question,

“Why do these features work the way they do?”

4

As we examine these features, we should be led further to ask,

Why these features, and not others?

And its related question,

Are these features likely to happen elsewhere in the universe?

5

If we conclude, “yes.”

Does that suggest a Creator?

6

“I find that the universe in some sense

must have known we were coming.”

Freeman Dyson. 1979. Disturbing the Universe

(New York), p.250

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

God could create a universe that would unfold

through cosmological, chemical, and biological evolution to produce in

more than one place and more than one time, minds

that would ponder its purpose and origin. It

might even be that these minds would, in every place

and every time, be in a hominoid body.

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Eight Phenomena That Recur Throughout Cosmological, Chemical,

and Biological Evolution(that just might produce something like us elsewhere in the universe)

Carlos F. A. Pinkham, PhDNorwich University, Northfield, VT

Adapted from Presentations given at Oxford Round Table, “Faith and Science, the Great Matter”

Oxford University, England26 July 2006

ASA/CSCA Annual MeetingGeorge Fox University, Oregon

4 August 200815

The Algorithm

The Phenomena

Requisite Conditions with Examples

Conclusion

Approach

16

The universe has produced intelligent life via the processes of

Cosmological Evolution Chemical Evolution Biological Evolution.

For this to be so, a large number of requisite conditions had to have been satisfied/met.

The accuracy and precision found in numerous fundamental constants, forces, and masses established at the moment of

the Big Bang interacted to produce solutions that met these requisite conditions

These solutions almost always are characterized by eight phenomena which separately and collectively imply the universe was designed to produce intelligent life like us not only here, but

elsewhere.

The Algorithm

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The accuracy and precision found in numerous fundamental constants, forces, and masses

Cosmological Constant

Weak Nuclear Force

Strong Nuclear Force

Electromagnetic Force

Gravity

Mass of proton

Mass of electron

Mass of neutron

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“Requisite conditions” exist for the evolution of “human” life. Almost every time a “requisite condition” is met, it has done so because of eight phenomena that

result from the properties of the universe.

1) Each requisite condition presents design considerations which have an “optimal solution.”

2) Each “optimal solution” exists at a “precise peak.”

3) “Compelling detractors” around the precise peak cause the precise peak to be favored.

4) The conditions necessary to produce the optimal solution will occur in an “ample sample.”

5) Thus with an ample sample and adequate elapsed time, the optimal solution will be found by evolution with “statistical certainty.”

6) Once found, each optimal solution results in “narrowing options” for future evolution, thus giving rise to

7) an “essential sequencing" of optimal solutions. The above often results in

8) an “intricate simplicity" in the way the optimal solution meets the requisite condition.

The Phenomena Verbalized

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REQUISITE CONDITIONSmust occur if life is to arise or evolve.Each REQUISITE CONDITION …

has an OPTIMAL SOLUTION:B works best at meeting the requisite condition; not B', B'', b', b'', or 1.

B exists at a PRECISE PEAK:Properties that result in B often operate with great precision to ensurethat precisely B will occur.

B has COMPELLING DETRACTORS:Properties naturally result in B, and while they may also make

B- and B+, these either do not work as well as B at meeting the requisite condition or do not work at all.

B exits in an AMPLE SAMPLE:Properties that result in B are such that B will occur in abundance (andoften, so may B-, B+ , b', b'', and/or 1).

The Phenomena Formulated, 1

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B has STATISTICAL CERTAINTY:

Because of all the above, B, not B-, B+, B', B'', b', b'' or 1 will be found by cosmological, chemical, or biological evolution, to fulfill the requisite

condition. B produces NARROWING OPTIONS:

Furthermore, once found, B C, not 1, nor □, because neither 1 nor □are now possible or effective.

that result in ESSENTIAL SEQUENCING: This leads to optimal solutions occurring in order: A B C D etc, & B cannot occur before A occurs.

INTRICATE SIMPLICITY: Although the above may result in 10,11,12,13,14,15…99, different steps

or different categories of optimal solutions, this intricate variety of differences can be simply summarized as tens, twenties, thirties, etc.

The Phenomena Formulated, 2

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The Requisite Conditions and their Solutions with Examples

The Big Bang and the Cosmological Constant

Carbon

Water

Cell Metabolism

Senses and the Brain22

The Big Bang and the Cosmological Constant

Gibbs, W. Wayt. 1998. Beyond physics: renowned scientists contemplate the evidence for God. Scientific American. 279(2):20-22.

Not ready, yet

Atoms get too far apart too soon to allow forces to produce heavier elements

Atoms never get far enough apart to allow forces to produce heavier elements

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RequisiteCondition Solution

OptimalSolution

Precise Peak

Compelling Detractors

AmpleSample

A universe with the right mix & density of elements and age to allow intelligence to evolve

CosmologicalConstant (CC)(the quantum level of complexity)

As far as we can determine…

Obviously

CC must be accurate to the 100thdecimal point

Conditions on either side of CC that cause the universe to fail to produce us

NA, (unless you subscribe to the Multiverse)

SolutionStatisticalCertainty

NarrowingOptions

EssentialSequencing

IntricateSimplicity

CosmologicalConstant(the quantum level of complexity)

We do have a universe.

Once it and the other Cs, Fs, Msare established,outcome ispredictable

Can't have us until we have a universe with the CC

The Big Bang isincredibly complex, yet easy to grasp.

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Carbon

25

Carbon

26

Carbon

27

Carbon

28

Carbon

29


OptimalSolution

Precise Peak


AmpleSample

An element capable of making the myriad of compounds essential for lifeprocesses

Carbon(the atom level of complexity)

C forms 4covalent bondsthus allowing forcatanation w max possibilities

Resonance of C formation veryprecise

Conditions on either side of the resonance for C formation that fail to form C

C is 6th mostabundantelement in U, 14th on crust ofEarth


NarrowingOptions

EssentialSequencing

IntricateSimplicity

Carbon(the atom level of complexity)

We do havelots of C

Silicon-based life is not a possibility

Can't have myriad of compounds w/out first having C

10 millionorganic compoundsformed from CBut they fall into only four functional groups

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Water

Water Has to Have a Number of Very Special Properties

The Polarity of WaterWater and the Hydrogen Bond

Water and Ionization Water and Temperature

(Curtis, 1983)

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Water

Water Has to Have a Number of Very Special Properties

• Possibly most abundant dielemental molecule in the universe• Best solvent and transport agent for charged and polarized compounds• The highest combined heat storage capacity (specific heat), heat loss at freezing (heat of fusion) and heat input at boiling (heat of vaporization) of all compounds• High incompressibility• High cohesive and adhesive forces• Lighter as a solid than as a liquid

(Curtis, 1983)

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RequisiteSolution

Solution OptimalSolution

Precise Peak


AmpleSample

A solvent for lifeprocesses that also acts as a heat reservoir & has other essential properties

Water(the molecule level of complexity)

Nothing worksas well as water

Resonance ofoxygen formation very precise, like that of C

Properties of H and O that make formation of water a given rather than some other triatomic molecule

Water is possibly singlemost abundantdielemental molecule in Universe


NarrowingOptions

EssentialSequencing

IntricateSimplicity

Water(the molecule level of complexity)

H is most abundant element in U, O is 3rd in universe and 1st on earth

Only water will favor the processes and forms that will allow life to exist

Can't have transport & excitable tissues w/out it

That such a simple molecule could do so much

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Cell Metabolism

34


OptimalSolution

Precise Peak


AmpleSample

Adequate energy production for the rigors of a larger cell size

EukaryoticCellMetabolism(the cell level of complexity)

2 ATPs forprokaryotes, 36 for eukaryotes works fabulously

Possibly 36 ATPs providesjust the right energy budget

Endosymbiotic experiments that guarantee proper amount of energy will be producedwith least amount of waste

Untold numbersof primitive organisms with different metabolisms


NarrowingOptions

EssentialSequencing

IntricateSimplicity

EukaryoticCellMetabolism(the cell level of complexity)

With the hugenumber of organisms eating each other, It was bound tohappen

Once this plan is in place, necessary organ systems for multicelled organisms established

Can't have multicelled organisms until have efficient production of ATP because of increased energy demand of multicell interactions

10,000s ofchemical reactions in a cell, and this elegantly simple diagram gets them all

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Senses and the Brain

Direction of movement

Front

36

Low gradient of useful information High



Front

37




Front

photons: sight

chemicals: smell-taste

pressure-forces: vibrations-sound

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Front

photons: sight

chemicals: smell-taste

pressure-forces: vibrations-sound

receiving-processing-responding center: brain

39


OptimalSolution

Precise Peak


AmpleSample

An (anterior) organ that serves as an information receiver, processor & responder

Sentience & Intelligence(the organ system level of complexity)

Brain in front is best design solution

Brain “more forward” -would be outside; more toward rear- would cause delays

Fluid dynamics -information content of light, chemicals, & pressure

Lots of swimming critters


NarrowingOptions

EssentialSequencing

IntricateSimplicity

Sentience & Intelligence(the organ system level of complexity)

Selection willfavor this solution

Brain will be center for sentience (processing information)

Once established as the organ to process information, it is logical organ to evolve intelligence

Our brain with 100 billion cellswith all its capabilities can be reduced to its role of processing information essential for survival

40

Like any proper scientific thesis, this one has predictive powers:

• We will find the earlier stages more often and under a wider range of conditions.

• We will find later stages in proportion to the time since chemical evolution could have occurred in that star system.

• We will find the greatest departure from the evolutionary path taken on Earth as we get into more complex organisms, since the larger the organism, the fewer offspring it would have to provide an ample sample.

• We may well find the only other form of intelligence in the universe is “hominoid.”

• We may find that Ward and Brownlee’s Rare Earth Hypothesis is not totally correct.

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In addition, this thesis will force us to closely consider the processes that brought us about and ultimately will provide a test of how well we understand them.

It also forces us to think, “What it is that makes us unique and how unique is that really apt to be?”

In any event, the more examples of requisite singularities that we find following this pattern, the more difficult it will become to argue that this is all by chance (Brandon Carter and Andrew Watson’s Critical Steps are considered “unlikely steps”).

Thus I make an appeal to all here to consider this thesis as it applies to their respective fields to see if additional requisite singularities are out there. 42

This view of creation does not require the Christian God. And as expected, there are alternate explanations (see Leslie’s discussion of multiverses).

However, Genesis does begin with “Let there be light,” which is a perfect description of the Big Bang.

And taking the evidence for the existence of God in

we have mutually supporting circumstances that cry out for understanding, for explanation.

They can be understood as being unrelated, with disparate explanations:

random chance, luck, mankind’s need to explain the unknown, etc.

or they can be understood as being unified with a single, efficient explanation:

The God of the Bible.

• cosmological, chemical, and biological evolution (His Work) with that in:

• the Bible (His Word), includingthe life, death and resurrection of JesusHis fulfillment of so many Old Testament prophesies

• the radical conviction of the early witnesses• the changed life of believers, who clearly see their sin, and• other witnesses we have all experienced,

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Acknowledgements

The Norwich UniversityFaculty Development Program

The physicists, chemists, biologists, and engineers at Norwich, Oxford, and

the American Scientific Affiliationwith whom I have had useful

discussions

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Documents

1. God created the universe. 2. God is Holy. 3. We are morally unholy. 4. Holy and unholy do not mix. 5. God is Love. 6. Love for His creation inspires