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How do human activities effect the environmental quality?
Group report
What are the main environmental activities effect by human?
How do these activities effect the environment?
How do the changed environment effect human survival and developm
ent?
Consideration:
Chapter 4 Human activities and environmental problems
• The relationship between human development and environment
• Human activities and environmental crisis
• Environment and human health
• Case study
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Analysis: • Human behavior: In order to meet the human needs
of survival and development, human obtain the material resources and energy from the environment.They obtain the products through a series of productive activities,and meanwhile discharge of waste to the environment.
• Law of human development: the diversity of needs, complexity of activity mode, time-varying of the development process.
• Law of the environment itself: Environment has objective attribute, its occurrence, development and change have its own rules.
• What is the relationship between these two laws?
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Law of basic relations : the unity of opposites Opposition: human subjective needs and the activities with
purpose, inevitably contradict with the objective attribute and
the development law of the environment.
Unity:Environment is the carrier of the human.Human activities are rest
ricted by the surrounding environment.There are Interaction and mutual
restraint between humans and the environment.
Corollary: Human Development should be in harmony with the environment.
4.1The relationship between human development and environment
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• It should been fully understand that the interdependent relationship
between humans and the environment. Human beings are the product of physical movement,the product of the
evolution of the Earth's surface system
The evolution of the Earth's surface system forms geographical environment,
where human live and develop.
Natural environment: the human material
basis ,provide support systems for life.
Economic environment: the production and economic complex for
med by human production activity.
Social and cultural environment: the human organization and beh
avior mode formed by human life activity, including population,
language, folklore, etc.
Geographical environment
Human should fully respect the development laws of the environment.
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historical fact:table 4.1, The relationship between human development
and the environment in different development stages
The relationship between human development and the environment is changing
development stages
development =economic growth economic growth ∈ development
development
is inseparable to environment Predevel
Opment
Period
Agricultural revolution period
Industrial
Revolution
period
Industrial pollution control
Development and environmental protection
time span Ten thousand years ago
Ten thousand years ago ---the beginning of the 18rh century
Beginning of 18th century to 1950s
1950s to 1960s 1970s to 1990s
1990s up to now
economic features
Ingestion and hunting
Self-sufficient Commodity Advanced market economy
Developed market economy
Ecology economy
mode of production
From hand to mouth
Simple technology and tool
resource-based
model
resource-based
model
resource-based
model
Technology-based
model
Environmental Problems
Not indicated
soil fertility decrease, water loss and soil erosion
Air pollution, heavy metal pollution and enrichment
Photochemistry smoke, pollutant accumulation in food chain
Continual occurrence of environment public hazard incident
Environment recovery of developed country; continual occurrence of public hazard incident in developing country
policy of human’s
Primary coordination
Basic coordination
disharmonious (unbalanced ecology )
Extremely disharmonious
Seeking measures
Sustainable development
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Human keep deepening understanding the development, transform f
rom only emphasis on economic growth into focusing on both economic growth and environmental protection.
In action, Human also continue to evolve to the direction of environ
mentally friendly in production, economic and management.
Human development process is also the process which constantly adapt and adjust the environment
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Dialectical relationship chart of human development and environment
* Economic development has brought environmental problems, but also enhances the strength to solve environmental problems.The solution of environmental problems also lays the foundation for sustained and stable economic development.* Protecting the environment is a condition for human development.protecting the environment is also inseparable from human economic development.
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The man-land relationship coordination model of regional sustaina
ble development
Gong Shengsheng ， 1999
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per capita GDP ： GDP/population Human Development Index (HDI), is calculated out on the basis of three indicators :health and longevity,measured with life expectancy at birth ; education received,measured with both the adult literacy rate (2/3weight) and primary school, secondary school and university general admission rate (1/3weight); living standards, measured with per capita real GDP.
Discussion:What’s human development
？？ Basic services of possession ： service, function, How to measure ？？？ what’s your opinions ？？
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The manner and purpose of human activity: using and transforming natural resources and environment to meet the life and production needs.
Expression: obtain useful substances from nature, produce "service" and return generated waste to the environment .
Essence: material exchange between human and the natural environmentDirect consequences: interference with the native environment, the formation of environmental impact, also known as environmental impact (environmental loads)Process of accumulation: population growth.increased activity. the amount of resource usage and waste surge year after year. the increasing environmental load. Indirect consequences: When the environmental loads exceed the threshold of natural self-purification and adjustion, it will threaten the basic integrity of natural systems and stability,and affect the survival and development of
humans and other organisms.
4.2 Human activities and environmental crisis
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The various phenomena appeared in the global environment and regional environment led by natural forces or human activities.The phenomena are not conducive to human survival and social development.
Classification:According to cause
Environmental problems
primary environmental problems due to natural forces
Secondary environmental problemsdue to human activity
The environmental problems which caused by volcanic eruptions, earthquake, flood, drought and landslide
Environmental pollution
Resources shortage and depletion
ecological destruction
Environmental problems
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Relationship between human activities and global envir
onment problems （ textbook figure 4-3 ）
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Eight public hazard incident in the middle of 20th century Incident name Main pollutant Time and place Poisoning state Formation cause
Meuse River Valley smog
Dust and SO2 Belgium ， December of 1930
Thousands people attacked ， about 60 dead
Concentrated factory 、 large dust emission ； abnormal weather, temperature inversion and heavy smoke happen
Donora Air Pollution Episode
Dust and SO2 Donora of America ，October of 1948
About 43% in 4 days （ about 6000 people ）invaded ， 17 people dead
London smog incident
Dust SO2 London of UK, ， December of 1952
4000 people dead in 4 days
Los Angeles photochemistry incident
Photochemistry smog
Los Angeles of America ， May to November every year
Vehicle waste gas, weather conditions such as sunlight and calm wind
Minamata incident
methyl mercury Kumamoto, Japan found Minamata in 1953
Some people dead found in 1953 ； 180 people invaded in 1972 , 50 people dead
Waste water containing Hg entered sea and polluted fish, seashell
Tomiyama incident （ ostalgia disease ）
Cadmium Tomiyama, Shet valley found
The patients exceed 280 from 1931 to 1972, 34 people dead
Spelter works wastewater containing cadmium polluted drinking water and farm land
Yokkaichi time SO2,hevaay metal, dust
Yokkaichi of Japan in 1970
（ asthema ） 500 people have disease ， 10 people dead
Plenty of SO2, dust containing heavy metal discharged from factory
rice bran oil incident
polychlorinated biphenyl
Aichi-ken country, Kyrshu of Japan in 1968
More than 5000 patients,16dead and 10000 people affected
Due to bad management polychlorinated biphenyl was mixed into rice bran oil
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If human behavior do not exceed the allowed threshold, Human and nature will live in harmony.
If human behavior do not exceed the allowed threshold, Human and nature will live in harmony.
As the production capacity improved,the rehabilitation and intervention to nature from human is more.When exceed the threshold value, the natural self-regulation can not restore balance. Human and nature will be in uncoordinated state.
As the production capacity improved,the rehabilitation and intervention to nature from human is more.When exceed the threshold value, the natural self-regulation can not restore balance. Human and nature will be in uncoordinated state.
We can see:
In other words, human activities exceed the bearing capacity of natural systems,which lead to environmental problems.
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The essence of environmental problems: the imbalance between human and nature, this disorder causes of the destruction of the ecosystem balance, it is caused by the non-coordinated development of the population, economy, society, environment.
To solve environmental problems fundamentally, human beings must change the uncontrolled production and maximum consumption way of life, get rid of blindly obtaining from nature to meet their own and short-term interest values.
The essence of environmental problems
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Environmental problems
primary environmental problems due to natural forces
Secondary environmental problemsdue to human activity
The environmental problems which caused by volcanic eruptions, earthquake, flood, drought and landslide
Environmental pollution
Resources shortage and depletion
ecological destruction
Concerned environmental problems
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Concepts:
Human activities have resulted in harmful
substances or factor into the environment.
The structure and function of environmental
system change by diffusion, migration
and transformation process.
There are phenomena which are not conducive to t
he survival and development of human and other or
ganisms.
Secondary environmental problems 1—environment problems of pollution
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Environmental background value is also known as natural background value.It is the content of various chemical elements and basic chemical composition in the environmental factors related to environment pollution when free from pollution.
Green card-environmental background value
Note in application :
Different regions have different background value.
When relatively free from pollution,the basic chemical
composition of the environmental elements.
Purpose: It has great significance for promoting the evaluation of regional environmental quality, forecasting the environmental pollution trend, formulating the environmental standards, arranging rational distribution of agricultural and industrial production, etc.
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Human activities and environmental problems （ textbookfigure 4-4 ）
Classification: atmospheric pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, sound pollution, light pollution, etc
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The content of certain substances of atmosphere was exceed the bear ability of ecological system, it appeared the phenomenon that against the survival and development of human and other biological
Environment problems of pollution 1---atmospheric pollution
table: the natural process on earth and emission source and emissions of atmospheric pollutants by human activity
近 10倍
107 倍
22Global environmental problems: ozone depletion, global warming, acid deposition etc
Incident name Main pollutant
Formation cause
Meuse River Valley smog
Dust and SO2 Concentrated factory 、 l
arge dust emission ； abnormal weather, temperature inversion and heavy smoke happen
Donora Air Pollution Episode
Dust and SO2
London smog
incident Dust and SO2
Los Angeles photochemistry incident
Los Angeles photochemistry incident
Vehicle waste gas, weather conditions such as sunlight and calm wind
Yokkaichi time SO2,hevaay metal, dust
Plenty of SO2, dust containing heavy metal discharged from factory
Typical cases
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According to the pollution object: Surface waters pollution, groundwater pollution and Marine pollution
Inorganic non-toxic pollutants
Accoding to the type of pollutants
petroleum pollutants
Other pollutants
Organic non-toxic
pollutants
Inorganic toxic pollutants
Organic toxic pollutants （ aerobic organism ）
particulate contamination （ suspended solids ）Acid, alkali, inorganic contaminants
plant nutrients ， such as nitrogen, phosphor
The inorganic toxicity of heavy metal
heavy metals toxicity
cyanide arsenic
pesticides Plastic, synthetic rubber, man-made fibers
dyes
oil
Oil products
Radioactive substances
Thermal pollution
Definition: the pollutant discharged into water exceeds environmental capacity of the water,which results in adverse change of water physical, chemical and biological characteristics, and destruction of the intrinsic natural ecosystems and the function of the water.
Environment problems of pollution 2---water pollution
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Causes of groundwater pollution: * Over-exploitation of groundwater; * Industrial wastewater and domestic sewage discharge capacity is large,while the handling capacity is low;*Application of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and sewage irrigation results in groundwater pollution;* Human economic activity results in urban groundwater pollution.
Marine pollution: human bring substances or
energy into the marine environment and cause damage
to biological resources, hazards to human health, damage
to water quality, degradation of
environmental aesthetics and other harmful effects.
red tide
Causes of surface water pollution: Human discharge
large variety of liquid and solid waste without safety
treatment to surface water , so that the water pollution is
more and more serious.
Water pollution causes
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Incident name Main pollutant Formation cause
Minamata incident methyl mercury Waste water containing Hg entered sea and polluted fish, seashell
Tomiyama incident （ ostalgia disease ）
Cadmium Spelter works wastewater containing cadmium polluted drinking water and farm land
Typical cases
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Definition: It's a kind of phenomenon that substances produced by human activities (pollution) enter into the soil through various channels.The quantity and speed exceed the soil capacity and soil purification speed, which lead to the destruction of the normal function of the land or decreased of the soil fertility ,the damage of Soil, plants and animals.
agaricus can reflect the
situation of soil pollution
Environment problems of pollution 3---soil pollution
classification of pollutant main sources
Inorganic pollutant
Heavy metal
(Hg) Manufacturing caustic soda and mercury compounds, sludge, pesticide containing mercury and mercury evaporation.
(Cd) Smelting, electroplating, dying material, industrial waste water, sludge, waste gas, fertilizer impurity
(Cu) Smelting goods produce production sludge, waste solid and sludge, pesticide containing copper
…… ……………..
Radioactive elements
(137Cs) Atomic energy, nuclear power, isotope produces industrial sludge, waste solid, nuclear explosion
(90Sr) Atomic energy, nuclear power, isotope produces industrial sludge, waste solid, nuclear explosion
others
(F) Smelting, sodium fluorosilicate, phosphoric acid and phosphoric fertilizer, industrial sludge, waste gas and fertilizer
paper pulp, fiber, chemical industrial sludge
Alkali, acid sulfuric acid, petroleum and chemical industry, scouring, electroplating, industrial waste water air acid sedimentation
Organic pollutant
Organic pesticides Production and usage of pesticide
phenolCoking, refining, synthetic phenol, rubber, fertilizer, pesticide and industrial waste
sludge
cyanide Electroplating, metallurgy, dying and industrial sludge, fertilizer
……….. ……………
Classification of soil pollution material
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Related environmental problems
Soil erosion
Desertification
Soil salinization
Soil degradation
Soil pollution
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Case study
Sand-dust storm in north China
Phenomenon and ha
rm
Formation reasons Strategies or control approach
Self-study, and as the reference to the as
signments
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Environmental problems
primary environmental problems due to natural forces
Secondary environmental problemsdue to human activity
The environmental problems which caused by volcanic eruptions, earthquake, flood, drought and landslide
Environmental pollution
Resources shortage and depletion
ecological destruction
Concerned environmental problems
31
Problems: because of the unreasonable exploitation and utilization o
f natural resources, it made the speed of natural resources from the environment demand by human is far more rapid than the regeneration speed of resources (renewable resources)
environmental problems of resources shortage and depletion
The constance of resources: Such as solar energy, wind energy, etc
natural resources
the limitation of resources
Relative to the human
consumption level
renewable resources ：land 、 forest
nonrenewable resources ：mineral resources
classification of
natural resources
For nonrenewable resources, it may lead to depletion by improper use
Secondary environmental problems2—
environmental problems of resources shortage and depletion
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Shortage and depletion of resources is relatively aim at the consumption level (or level of demand).
Relativity of resource problems
Regional: the shortage and depletion of resources is usually aim at a particular region.
Cause: resource distribution, technology level, state of economic development, consumer preferenceence,etc.
Consequences and countermeasures: the fairness of resources usage? Trade?War?
33
The diagrammatic sketch of resource shortage and environmental problem relationship
as the reference to the assignments:types, causes, performance,
consequences, etc
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Environmental problems
primary environmental problems due to natural forces
Secondary environmental problemsdue to human activity
The environmental problems which caused by volcanic eruptions, earthquake, flood, drought and landslide
Environmental pollution
Resources shortage and depletion
ecological destruction
Concerned environmental problems
35
Ecological damage:
Direct effect of human activities on natural ecosystems, results in significantly
decreased of the production capacity of ecological systems and significantly cha
nges of structures ,then causes environmental problems.
Ecological balance and ecological imbalance
ecological balance: the appropriate material, energy, information exchange b
etween the ecosystem and its external environment, maintains the specific struc
ture and function of ecosystem.
ecological imbalance: When the outside interference exceeds the ability to r
egulate its own ecological system ,It will appear the destruction of ecosystem st
ructure, function disorders and other phenomenon.
Secondary environmental problems 3 —ecological damage
and environmental imbalance
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The devastating impact on the biosphere by human mainly in
three aspects:
change natural to artificial ecosystem in large-scale, interfere with the normal
operation of the biosphere: such as agricultural development.
take a lot of resources, destroy the ecological balance: such as
deforestation, over-exploitation of water resources.
import large quantities of waste to the environment, seriously pollute the
biosphere: such as dumping sewage and waste into rivers.
Typical environmental problems brought in: desertification, destruction of
biodiversity,etc.
The devastating impact on the biosphere by human
The analysis of desertification and the problem of biodiversity loss in
textbook can be the reference for homework ideas.
the schemes of relationship between ecological balance and environmental problems
Human activity should follow the ecology ru
le
38
hazards on human health
by environmental pollution
Channels: poison in environment ente
rs the body through the digestive tract,
respiratory tract or skin, etc.
Expression: two aspects of
specific damage (human acute
or chronic poisoning, teratogenesis , mutagenesis, cancer, etc.) and non-specific damage (increased incidence of frequently-occurring disease, decreased of the human resistance and the ability to work )
4.3 Environment and human health
The human reflection process pathopoiesia factor by environment （ quoted from Liu Tianqi ， 2000 ）
hazards on human health by environmental pollution
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quoted from Chen Limin and Wu Renjian,2003
Example 1 ： the hazard of atmospheric pollutants on human health(brief)
Pollutants Hazards on the human body
Soot Cause bronchitis,etc.
Sulfuric acid smoke
Intense irritation and damage on the skin, conjunctiva, nasal mucosa, throat , etc.
Lead Can cause red blood cell disorders, harm to the nervous system, etc.
Sulphur dioxide Can cause heart palpitations, breathing difficulties, vocal cord spasm, laryngeal edema,even suffocation
carbon monoxide Cause severe hypoxic symptoms (gas poisoning)
Nitrogen oxides Damage on the respiratory tract, mucous membranes, nervous system,hematopoietic system
Hydrogen sulfide Stimulate effect on the respiratory tract, eyes, may even harm the central nervous system then cause suffocation
Cyanide Stimulate mucous membrane, cause convulsions, decrease of blood pressure,respiratory disorders,etc.
Fluoride Damage bone, hematopoietic system, nervous system,etc.
Chlorine Can cause chemical burns in the lungs
Formaldehyde Stimulate the skin and respiratory mucosa , damage central nervous system , especially the visual organ
40quoted from Yu Yufu and Mao Jiajun,1985
There's radioactive damage on human and animal under high dose irradiation. The main performance is a variety of cancer or shortening of the life span in varying degrees.
example 2 ： the hazard of radioactive pollution on hu
man health(brief)
Radiation doses (rad) Clinical symptoms
50 Have mild changes in hemogram. the reduction degree of lymphocytes and leukocyte is not serious.
100 Fatigue, nausea, vomiting occurred probability is 20 to 25%, significant changes in hemogram, mild acute radiation disease.
200There will be nausea and vomiting after 24 hours.the incubation period of about a week later,there will be hair loss, anorexia, general weakness, accompanied by laryngitis, diarrhea. If the body is healthy, it will be expected to recover soon generally.
400medianlethaldose
There will be nausea and vomiting after several hours;hair loss, loss of appetite, general
weakness,increased temperature within two weeks;purpura, mouth infection,throat infection within
three weeks; pale, nose bleeding, diarrhea, rapid weight loss after four weeks; 50% of people irradiated
will be dead,and the survivors will go back to health after six months.
600lethal dose
There will be nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and other symptoms after 1 to 2 hours irradiating. Incubation
period is short.There will be vomiting, diarrhea, sore throat, fever, rapid weight loss after one week,and
death in the second week.The mortality will be nearly 100%.
600lethal dose
There will be nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and other symptoms after 1 to 2 hours irradiating. Incubation
period is short.There will be vomiting, diarrhea, sore throat, fever, rapid weight loss after one week,and
death in the second week.The mortality will be nearly 100%.
The whole body acute exposure and Clinical symptoms
41
Concepts:
Biological pollution is mainly due to parasite eggs, bacteria
rickettsia, viruses and other pathogens in contaminated water,
air, soil that cause prevalence of parasitic diseases and
certain infectious diseases.
Category
biological pollution of air includes bacteria, fungi, pollen,
viruses,and other organic ingredients.
biological contaminants of water includes bacteria,
viruses and parasites,etc.
biological contamination of food includs bacterial,
fungi, parasite and viruses, etc.
example 3 ： The hazard of biological pollution on human health(b
rief)
42
Positive effect on human health caused by global climate change
environmental change the results of theperformance
adverse effects on human health
Enhanced greenhouse effect
global warming, sea level rise
diseases related to heat waves increase, the possibility of naturaldisasters (tornadoes, floods, fires, etc.) and unexpected events increase.
depletion ofsurface ozone
Damage of ultraviolet radiation increase
sunburn,immune system damage, skin cancer, vision loss, etc.
acid mist Acid rain affect the respiratory system
Cultivated landdegradation
Barren land, salinization, desertification,etc.
food quality (nutritional), volume (production) decrease
the loss ofbiodiversity
the loss of geneticdiversity,ecosystemfunction decline
regional cultural decline, edible species reduce. the loss of medicalsupplies
43
Residential living environment and human health
Residential living environment is a house centered regional environment . geography environment: the complex of environmental factors closely relate to geographic location.residential environment: refers to the living room environment, such as room structure, interior decoration, etc.Outdoor surrounded environment: refers to the residential housing and environmental conditions of
uptown, such as hygienism, green, infrastructure, etc.
effect factors of human heath by living environment
44
Indoor environmental pollution, from the source point of view, there are air pollution, construction and decoration materials, chemical pollution of daily necessities, radioactive pollution of household appliances and noise pollution, solid waste pollution,etc.
Hazards of the living environment on human health include the
following:
cause respiratory diseases: inflammation
carcinogenic: radon can cause lung cancer; formaldehyde can cause rhinitis cancer
transmit diseases: such as viruses, bacteria can cause flu, etc.
other hazards: such as damage to the nervous system, digestive system, etc.
45
There was another flood basin in the Yangtze River Valley in 1998 after that in 1954.
resulting in 1,320 deaths and economic losses of 166.6 billion yuan. cause analysis from the following aspects:
sharp drop in forest, soil erosion
reclamation of land from the lake , economic development too fast
garbage dumping, blocking rivers and lakes
greenhouse effect, sea level rise
reflect and propound suggestion after disaster management : Protection of Ecological Environment
Yangtze Flood Resources
4.4 Case study ： Largest flood disaster consideration caused by Changjiang River in 1998
Self-study, and as the reference to the assignments
46
* The unity of opposites relationship between human and environment.*Produce process of environmental problems and essence of environmental problems.* Introduce a variety of environmental problems caused by human activities (pollution, resource shortages and ecological imbalance )* Discuss the relationship between environment and human health, the relationship between the emphasis living environment and human health.
Summary
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Choose your own environmental problems experienced, analyse its manifestations, causes, consequences, and recommendations for improvement.
Homework (in group ）
48
UNDP. The report of human development. Published each year
Bergman ， E.F. Introduction to Geography ： People Places and Environment(2nd) . Pearson Education ， 2002
Dennis L.Meadows et al. The Limits to Growth. New York ： Universe Books ， 1974
Rachel L.Carson. Silent Spring. Published by arrangement with Frances Collin Literary Agent Trustee U-W-O ， 1962
Swanson, Timothy M. Global environmental problems and international environmental agreements: the economics of international institution building. Published in association with UNCTAD ， 1999
Word Commissin on Environment and Development. Our Common Future. New York ： Oxford University Press ， 1987
4.7 Reading material
