11

HUMA 100G HUMA 100G The Women’s Movement in The Women’s Movement in China: Causes and EffectChina: Causes and Effect

BackgroundBackgroundHistory of the Women’s History of the Women’s

MovementMovement

22

History of the Women’s History of the Women’s MovementMovement

The WomenThe Women’’s Movements Movement– The United States (US) WomenThe United States (US) Women’’s Movements Movement

Historical BackgroundHistorical Background OrganizationOrganization EducationEducation Voting Rights/SuffrageVoting Rights/Suffrage Second PhaseSecond Phase

Highlights of Women’s Movement in Other Nations Highlights of Women’s Movement in Other Nations Western Influence on the Chinese WomenWestern Influence on the Chinese Women’’s s

MovementMovement The Chinese WomenThe Chinese Women’’s Movements Movement The United nations and the WomenThe United nations and the Women’’s Movements Movement

33

Women’s MovementWomen’s Movement According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, According to the Encyclopedia Britannica,

the Women’s Movement is a:the Women’s Movement is a:– Social movement, largely based in the Social movement, largely based in the

United States.United States. The first wave, in the 19The first wave, in the 19thth and early and early

2020thth centuries, focused on women's centuries, focused on women's legal rights, such as the right to vote.legal rights, such as the right to vote.

The second wave, late 20The second wave, late 20thth century to century to the present times, focuses on equal the present times, focuses on equal rights and opportunities for women in rights and opportunities for women in economic activities, in their personal economic activities, in their personal lives, and in politics. lives, and in politics.

– Although the movement originated in Although the movement originated in the West, it has spread to the whole the West, it has spread to the whole world.world.

44

Women’s Movement (2)Women’s Movement (2) Throughout most of world history, women were confined to Throughout most of world history, women were confined to

the domestic sphere, while public life was reserved for the domestic sphere, while public life was reserved for males.males.

When the Industrial Revolution began and the economic When the Industrial Revolution began and the economic center moved increasingly outside of the home, there were center moved increasingly outside of the home, there were changes and tensions in the lives of both men and women.changes and tensions in the lives of both men and women.

New opportunities for men in education and employment New opportunities for men in education and employment as well as social protest against injustice by both men and as well as social protest against injustice by both men and women caused many women to question the role society women caused many women to question the role society gave them as wives and mothers. gave them as wives and mothers.

Many women had been active in organizing to obtain Many women had been active in organizing to obtain better working conditions and they were joined by many better working conditions and they were joined by many men who were also working for better working conditions.men who were also working for better working conditions.

As men began to obtain voting rights women wanted that As men began to obtain voting rights women wanted that as well.as well.

55

Women’s Movement (3) Women’s Movement (3)

Although the movement began in the United States Although the movement began in the United States in the 1820s New Zealand (1893) was the first in the 1820s New Zealand (1893) was the first country to give women the right to vote.country to give women the right to vote.

In the following century it spread throughout the In the following century it spread throughout the European and European-colonized world.European and European-colonized world.

Today women's suffrage – right to vote – is Today women's suffrage – right to vote – is considered a right except for a few countries, considered a right except for a few countries, mainly in the Middle East, ex:mainly in the Middle East, ex:– Women have partial suffrage: proof of Women have partial suffrage: proof of

elementary education is required for women but elementary education is required for women but not for men; voting is compulsory for men but not for men; voting is compulsory for men but optional for women.optional for women.

– No suffrage for women. Women do not have the No suffrage for women. Women do not have the right to vote nor to stand for election. right to vote nor to stand for election.

66

The US Women’s The US Women’s Movement:Movement:

Historical Background Historical Background From the late colonial period through the American From the late colonial period through the American

Revolution (1600-1775s), women's work usually Revolution (1600-1775s), women's work usually centered on the home.centered on the home.– Other women worked as governesses, servants or Other women worked as governesses, servants or

slaves. slaves. – Unmarried and divorced women, without property, Unmarried and divorced women, without property,

might work in another household, helping out with might work in another household, helping out with household chores of the wife or substituting for the household chores of the wife or substituting for the wife if there was no other women in the family. wife if there was no other women in the family.

– Many women, especially widows, owned Many women, especially widows, owned businesses. businesses. Women worked as pharmacists, barbers, Women worked as pharmacists, barbers,

blacksmiths, sextons, printers, tavern keepers blacksmiths, sextons, printers, tavern keepers and midwives.and midwives.

77

The US Women’s The US Women’s Movement:Movement:

Historical Background (2)Historical Background (2) In 1776, Abigail Adams writes to her husband, John In 1776, Abigail Adams writes to her husband, John

(Adams), who was attending the Continental (Adams), who was attending the Continental Congress in Philadelphia, asking that he and the Congress in Philadelphia, asking that he and the other men who were working on the Declaration of other men who were working on the Declaration of Independence – “Remember the ladies." Independence – “Remember the ladies." – John Adams responds with humor:John Adams responds with humor:

“ “The Declaration's wording specifies that ‘all The Declaration's wording specifies that ‘all men are created equal’." men are created equal’."

He further replied that the men will fight the He further replied that the men will fight the "despotism of the petticoat." "despotism of the petticoat."

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The US Women’s Movement: The US Women’s Movement: Organization Organization

By 1840, 10% of women held jobs outside the By 1840, 10% of women held jobs outside the household; ten years later, this had risen to 15% as household; ten years later, this had risen to 15% as factory owners hired women and children paying them factory owners hired women and children paying them lower wages than men. lower wages than men.

Women were preferred for some jobs, like sewing – by Women were preferred for some jobs, like sewing – by hand – as the jobs were considered "women's work.”hand – as the jobs were considered "women's work.”

In 1863, a committee in New York City, helped women In 1863, a committee in New York City, helped women collect unpaid wages. collect unpaid wages. – Working women organized their own organizations Working women organized their own organizations

like the Working Women’s association (1868) which like the Working Women’s association (1868) which represented women on pay and working conditions.represented women on pay and working conditions.

The National Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) The National Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) was then established for improved wages and better was then established for improved wages and better working conditions for women.working conditions for women.

The National Association of Colored Women was The National Association of Colored Women was formed, bringing together more than 100 black formed, bringing together more than 100 black women's clubs. women's clubs.

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The US Women’s The US Women’s Movement: Movement:

Organization (2) Organization (2) Women against alcoholism – one of the most successful Women against alcoholism – one of the most successful campaigns:campaigns:– The Women’s Christian Temperance Movement The Women’s Christian Temperance Movement

(WCTU) was the largest women’s organization of the (WCTU) was the largest women’s organization of the 1919thth century. century. Founded in 1874, it addressed what was most Founded in 1874, it addressed what was most

women’s main concern - the terrible damage that women’s main concern - the terrible damage that men’s alcoholism did to their families. men’s alcoholism did to their families.

The movement to ban alcohol began in the town The movement to ban alcohol began in the town of Hillsboro, Ohio in 1873, when a group of about of Hillsboro, Ohio in 1873, when a group of about 100 women came to the town’s saloons, praying 100 women came to the town’s saloons, praying and urging them to close their doors. This and urging them to close their doors. This continued for many weeks. continued for many weeks.

It spread to several other states and was called It spread to several other states and was called "the Woman’s Uprising" by one historian – about "the Woman’s Uprising" by one historian – about 3000 saloons were closed and taxes in Ohio and 3000 saloons were closed and taxes in Ohio and Indiana dropped by $350,000 for January and Indiana dropped by $350,000 for January and February 1874. February 1874.

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The US Women’s The US Women’s Movement: Movement:

Organization (3) Organization (3) Rural women:Rural women:– When the farmers’ associations were formed, the When the farmers’ associations were formed, the

educated rural women were allowed to join and educated rural women were allowed to join and were allowed equal voice and voting rights, were allowed equal voice and voting rights, recognizing their importance to rural family recognizing their importance to rural family economies and communities. economies and communities.

– Women took the opportunity and participated Women took the opportunity and participated fully. fully. They wrote for the rural papers, lobbied in They wrote for the rural papers, lobbied in

state and local forums for fair treatment of state and local forums for fair treatment of small farmers and gave speeches.small farmers and gave speeches.

The extension of equal voting rights in this The extension of equal voting rights in this organization led rural women to support both organization led rural women to support both woman suffrage and temperance. woman suffrage and temperance.

1111

The US Women’s Movement: The US Women’s Movement: Education Education

When the push for education began, many thought When the push for education began, many thought that the education of girls should be on par with boys. that the education of girls should be on par with boys.

The need for such education was tied to the needs of The need for such education was tied to the needs of the new republic; women would make sure that the new republic; women would make sure that patriotic sons were raised properly. patriotic sons were raised properly.

When boys’ schools did not admit girls, schools for When boys’ schools did not admit girls, schools for girls were established.girls were established.

As public education grew in early 19th century, girls As public education grew in early 19th century, girls were included along with boys. were included along with boys.

By 1860, it was almost as likely for a white girl as a By 1860, it was almost as likely for a white girl as a white boy to attend school, even in rural areas. white boy to attend school, even in rural areas.

In 1870, there were only 160 high schools in the In 1870, there were only 160 high schools in the country; ten years later, the figure was almost 800 country; ten years later, the figure was almost 800 and by the end of the century, the number had grown and by the end of the century, the number had grown to 6000. to 6000.

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The US Women’s Movement: The US Women’s Movement: Education (2)Education (2)

From 1870 until the middle of the 20From 1870 until the middle of the 20thth century, female century, female high school graduates outnumbered male graduates. high school graduates outnumbered male graduates.

Census of 1880 found that the proportion of literacy for Census of 1880 found that the proportion of literacy for young women was actually higher than of young men. young women was actually higher than of young men.

Oberlin College in Ohio was the first to admit women in Oberlin College in Ohio was the first to admit women in 1837. 1837.

In 1870, women were allowed to attend the state In 1870, women were allowed to attend the state university in Michigan.university in Michigan.

When women were admitted to some private and public When women were admitted to some private and public colleges, they were not treated as equals as educators colleges, they were not treated as equals as educators feared that although women were able to do college feared that although women were able to do college work, their health was threatened if they were forced to work, their health was threatened if they were forced to follow the intellectual hardships of the male curriculum. follow the intellectual hardships of the male curriculum.

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The US Women’s Movement: The US Women’s Movement: Education (3)Education (3)

Colleges, remained gender separated, opposing Colleges, remained gender separated, opposing coeducation as it was ‘contrary to nature,’ that ‘young coeducation as it was ‘contrary to nature,’ that ‘young men would lose a proper sense of dignity of their men would lose a proper sense of dignity of their studies’ while ‘the delicacy of the female character studies’ while ‘the delicacy of the female character would be destroyed.’would be destroyed.’

It was still believed that a college educated woman was It was still believed that a college educated woman was seen as benefit to herself, her husband and her family. seen as benefit to herself, her husband and her family.

By the end of the 19th century, it was found that By the end of the 19th century, it was found that college-educated women did not marry as often as college-educated women did not marry as often as other women did – at least 1/4 of women who other women did – at least 1/4 of women who graduated from college never married, more than graduated from college never married, more than double the proportion of non-college women.double the proportion of non-college women.– If they married at all, they did so later in life, and If they married at all, they did so later in life, and

consequently had fewer children. consequently had fewer children. – Women had learned new skills and had higher Women had learned new skills and had higher

expectations.expectations.

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The US Women’s Movement: The US Women’s Movement: Education (4)Education (4)

The intent of educating women – making them better The intent of educating women – making them better wives and mothers – seemed to be doing just the opposite. wives and mothers – seemed to be doing just the opposite.

Higher education for women was attacked as having a Higher education for women was attacked as having a bad effect on the traditional concept of women and bad effect on the traditional concept of women and family. family.

Some examples of the integration of women into Some examples of the integration of women into education in recent times:education in recent times:– A special technological secondary school in Baltimore A special technological secondary school in Baltimore

took in Blacks in the 1950s but took in women in the took in Blacks in the 1950s but took in women in the 1970s – 20 years later.1970s – 20 years later.

– MIT began to admit undergraduate women in the MIT began to admit undergraduate women in the 1950s but only a handful as it did not have dorm space 1950s but only a handful as it did not have dorm space for women.for women.

– In the 1970s, graduate programs at Penn were In the 1970s, graduate programs at Penn were reluctant to take in women as training them would be a reluctant to take in women as training them would be a waste of resources as they would marry and not waste of resources as they would marry and not continue in the profession. continue in the profession.

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The US Women’s Movement:The US Women’s Movement:Voting RightsVoting Rights

The first official women's rights meeting in the United The first official women's rights meeting in the United States was held in New York State in 1848.States was held in New York State in 1848.

After 2 days of discussion and debate, 68 women and 32 After 2 days of discussion and debate, 68 women and 32 men signed a Declaration of Sentiments outlining men signed a Declaration of Sentiments outlining grievances and setting the agenda for the women's rights grievances and setting the agenda for the women's rights movement. movement. – 12 resolutions was adopted for equal treatment of 12 resolutions was adopted for equal treatment of

women and men under the law and for voting rights for women and men under the law and for voting rights for women. women.

Two years later, a National Women's Rights Convention Two years later, a National Women's Rights Convention attracted more than 1,000 participants. attracted more than 1,000 participants. – National conventions were held annually (except for National conventions were held annually (except for

1857) through 1860 (1861-1865: American Civil War).1857) through 1860 (1861-1865: American Civil War). In 1869, Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton In 1869, Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

formed the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) formed the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) which included only women and worked for a which included only women and worked for a nationalnational Constitutional Amendment for woman suffrage. Constitutional Amendment for woman suffrage.

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The US Women’s MovementThe US Women’s Movement Voting Rights (2) Voting Rights (2)

The American Woman Suffrage Association was also The American Woman Suffrage Association was also formed .formed .– It accepted men as members; it worked for black and It accepted men as members; it worked for black and

for woman suffrage – right to vote trying to change for woman suffrage – right to vote trying to change the constitutions of the the constitutions of the individual statesindividual states to permit to permit women to vote.women to vote.

These two organizations merged into one (1890) These two organizations merged into one (1890) working state by state to gain voting rights for women.working state by state to gain voting rights for women.

In 1871 anti-suffrage associations were formed.In 1871 anti-suffrage associations were formed. In 1872 Susan B. Anthony and her supporters tried to In 1872 Susan B. Anthony and her supporters tried to

vote but were arrested.vote but were arrested. In 1913, the Congressional Union was formed to work In 1913, the Congressional Union was formed to work

toward the passage of a federal amendment to give toward the passage of a federal amendment to give women the vote (The group was later renamed the women the vote (The group was later renamed the National Women's Party). National Women's Party). – Members picketed the White House.Members picketed the White House.

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The US Women’s Movement:The US Women’s Movement:Voting Rights (3)Voting Rights (3)

Wyoming (1807) was the first state to pass the women’s Wyoming (1807) was the first state to pass the women’s suffrage law allowing women to vote in state elections.suffrage law allowing women to vote in state elections.– Women, as voters, were required to serve on the juries Women, as voters, were required to serve on the juries

-- same as men.-- same as men. New Jersey had given women partial suffrage (1776) New Jersey had given women partial suffrage (1776)

– those owning more than $250 – but took it back in – those owning more than $250 – but took it back in 1807.1807.

In late 1890s and early 1900s, different states began In late 1890s and early 1900s, different states began giving women the right to vote:giving women the right to vote:– Colorado (1893), Utah, Idaho (1896), Washington State Colorado (1893), Utah, Idaho (1896), Washington State

(1910), California (1911), Oregon, Kansas, and Arizona (1910), California (1911), Oregon, Kansas, and Arizona (1912), Alaska and Illinois (1913), Montana and Nevada (1912), Alaska and Illinois (1913), Montana and Nevada (1914), New York (1917), Michigan, South Dakota, and (1914), New York (1917), Michigan, South Dakota, and Oklahoma (1918).Oklahoma (1918). In many states, women’s votes were ignored.In many states, women’s votes were ignored.

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The US Women’s Movement The US Women’s Movement Voting Rights (4) Voting Rights (4)

In 1917, three years after giving women the vote in In 1917, three years after giving women the vote in Montana, a woman (Jeannette Rankin) was elected to Montana, a woman (Jeannette Rankin) was elected to Congress. Congress.

In In 19191919, the federal woman suffrage amendment, originally , the federal woman suffrage amendment, originally written by Susan B. Anthony and introduced in Congress in written by Susan B. Anthony and introduced in Congress in 18781878, was finally passed by the House of Representatives , was finally passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate. It was then sent to the states for ratification and the Senate. It was then sent to the states for ratification -- requires ¾ of state legislatures for adoption (-- requires ¾ of state legislatures for adoption (19201920).).

It took a total of 70 years for women to work to get the It took a total of 70 years for women to work to get the right to vote nationwide.right to vote nationwide. Delay was caused by division in the leadership during the Delay was caused by division in the leadership during the

Civil War (1861-1865) and the black suffrage movement Civil War (1861-1865) and the black suffrage movement (1870).(1870). Blacks were given the right to vote after the Civil War Blacks were given the right to vote after the Civil War

but Southern States rewrote their constitutions taking but Southern States rewrote their constitutions taking the right to vote away from the Blacks.the right to vote away from the Blacks.

1919

The US Women’s Movement The US Women’s Movement Second PhaseSecond Phase

A new women's rights movement became active in the A new women's rights movement became active in the 1960s with university professors taking the lead in 1960s with university professors taking the lead in examining the previous Movement through Women’s examining the previous Movement through Women’s Studies.Studies.

Women NGO’s were active in the communities lobbying for Women NGO’s were active in the communities lobbying for women’s rights.women’s rights.

Congress passes the Equal Pay Act (1963), making it Congress passes the Equal Pay Act (1963), making it illegal for employers to pay a woman less than what a man illegal for employers to pay a woman less than what a man would receive for the same job.would receive for the same job.

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act (1964) makes it illegal to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act (1964) makes it illegal to discriminate in employment on the basis of race and sex. discriminate in employment on the basis of race and sex.

At the same time it established the Equal Employment At the same time it established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to investigate complaints Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to investigate complaints and impose penalties.and impose penalties.

The US was the first country to pass laws against The US was the first country to pass laws against discrimination against women.discrimination against women.– Reference re other countries Sl. 20-25.Reference re other countries Sl. 20-25.

2020

Highlights of Women’s Highlights of Women’s Movement in Other NationsMovement in Other Nations

In Britain, the Reform Acts of 1832, 1867 and 1884 In Britain, the Reform Acts of 1832, 1867 and 1884 extended the right to vote to all extended the right to vote to all BritishBritish men. But women men. But women were excluded. were excluded. – Women and their supporters united to fight for full Women and their supporters united to fight for full

and equal voting rights. and equal voting rights. 1869: 1869: Britain gave unmarried women who were Britain gave unmarried women who were

heads of householdsheads of households the right to vote in local the right to vote in local elections. elections.

1894: The 1894: The United KingdomUnited Kingdom expanded women's expanded women's voting rights to voting rights to married women in local but not married women in local but not national elections. national elections.

– 1918: The 1918: The United KingdomUnited Kingdom gave a full vote to women gave a full vote to women of age 30 and older and men age 21 and older. of age 30 and older and men age 21 and older. 1928: The 1928: The United KingdomUnited Kingdom granted equal voting granted equal voting

rights to women.rights to women.

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Highlights of Women’s Highlights of Women’s Movement in Other Nations Movement in Other Nations

(2)(2) 1893: New Zealand grants equal voting rights to 1893: New Zealand grants equal voting rights to

women (the first in the world).women (the first in the world). 1901: Women in1901: Women in Australia Australia got the vote, with some got the vote, with some

restrictions (restrictions (no aboriginal womenno aboriginal women).). 1903: 1903: AustraliaAustralia granted voting rights to women in granted voting rights to women in

federal elections – women could not stand for federal elections – women could not stand for elections until end of World War I.elections until end of World War I.

1916: 1916: CanadianCanadian women in Alberta, Manitoba and women in Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan got to vote.Saskatchewan got to vote.

1917: The new 1917: The new Soviet RussianSoviet Russian constitution constitution included full suffrage to women. included full suffrage to women.

1918: 1918: Canada Canada gave women the vote in most gave women the vote in most provinces by federal law. Quebec was not included provinces by federal law. Quebec was not included at that time.at that time.

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Highlights of Women’s Highlights of Women’s Movement in Other Nations Movement in Other Nations

(3)(3) 1918: 1918: GermanyGermany granted women the vote. granted women the vote. 1918: 1918: Russian FederationRussian Federation gave women the right to vote. gave women the right to vote. 1919: New Zealand allowed women to stand for election. 1919: New Zealand allowed women to stand for election. 1920: 1920: CanadianCanadian women got the right to stand for election women got the right to stand for election

(but not for all offices)(but not for all offices) 1921: 1921: BelgiumBelgium granted women the right to stand for granted women the right to stand for

election. election. 1922: 1922: BurmaBurma (Myanmar) granted women voting rights and (Myanmar) granted women voting rights and

to stand for election (1946). to stand for election (1946). 1925: 1925: Italy Italy granted limited voting rights to women. granted limited voting rights to women. 1929: 1929: Canadian Canadian women able to become members of the women able to become members of the

Senate. Senate. 1930: White women were granted suffrage in 1930: White women were granted suffrage in South South

AfricaAfrica. .

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Highlights of Women’s Highlights of Women’s Movement in Other Nations Movement in Other Nations

(4)(4) 1930: 1930: TurkeyTurkey granted women the vote; stand for election granted women the vote; stand for election

(1934) – first female elected Prime Minister (1993).(1934) – first female elected Prime Minister (1993). 1936: Chinese constitution gave men and women equal rights; 1936: Chinese constitution gave men and women equal rights;

Republican Chinese women were guaranteed a minimum of Republican Chinese women were guaranteed a minimum of 10% of the seats in the legislature 1946); Women in 10% of the seats in the legislature 1946); Women in PRCPRC have have the right to vote (1949); (right to vote in Hunan in 1921).the right to vote (1949); (right to vote in Hunan in 1921).

1937: Women in 1937: Women in PhilippinesPhilippines got the vote. got the vote. In 1946, the Constitution of the Republic of China guaranteed In 1946, the Constitution of the Republic of China guaranteed

women a minimum of 10% of seats – maintained in Taiwan.women a minimum of 10% of seats – maintained in Taiwan. In 1949, the People’s Republic of China granted women the In 1949, the People’s Republic of China granted women the

vote.vote. 1947: Women in 1947: Women in Japan, Singapore, Pakistan, and MexicoJapan, Singapore, Pakistan, and Mexico got got

to vote.to vote. 1960:  Siramavo Bandaranaike of 1960:  Siramavo Bandaranaike of Ceylon (now Sri LankaCeylon (now Sri Lanka) )

becomes the world's first female Prime Minister.becomes the world's first female Prime Minister. 1966:  Indira Gandhi becomes the first Prime Minister of 1966:  Indira Gandhi becomes the first Prime Minister of

IndiaIndia..

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Highlights of Women’s Highlights of Women’s Movement in Other Nations Movement in Other Nations

(5)(5) 1969:  Golda Meir was the first female Prime Minister of 1969:  Golda Meir was the first female Prime Minister of

Israel.  Israel.  1974:  Maria Estela (Isabela) Martinez de Peron was the 1974:  Maria Estela (Isabela) Martinez de Peron was the

first woman President of first woman President of ArgentinaArgentina and the first female and the first female head of state in the Americas.head of state in the Americas.

1979:  Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo was the first woman 1979:  Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo was the first woman Prime Minister of Prime Minister of PortugalPortugal..

1979:  Lidia Geiler was the first woman elected President of 1979:  Lidia Geiler was the first woman elected President of BoliviaBolivia.  . 

1979:  Margaret Thatcher was the first woman Prime 1979:  Margaret Thatcher was the first woman Prime Minister of the Minister of the United KingdomUnited Kingdom. She served in that position . She served in that position -- winning re-election in 1983 and in 1987 -- until resigning -- winning re-election in 1983 and in 1987 -- until resigning in 1990. in 1990.

1980:  Vigdis Finnbogadottir was the first woman elected 1980:  Vigdis Finnbogadottir was the first woman elected President of President of IcelandIceland..

1981:  Gro Harlem Brundtland was the first woman to 1981:  Gro Harlem Brundtland was the first woman to become Prime Minister of become Prime Minister of NorwayNorway..

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Women’s Movement in Other Women’s Movement in Other Nations Some Examples (7)Nations Some Examples (7)

1982:  Milka Planinc was the first woman to become Prime 1982:  Milka Planinc was the first woman to become Prime Minister of Minister of YugoslaviaYugoslavia..

1986:  Corazon Aquino was the first woman elected 1986:  Corazon Aquino was the first woman elected president of the Philippines.president of the Philippines.

1988:  Benazir Bhutto was the first woman elected Prime 1988:  Benazir Bhutto was the first woman elected Prime Minister of Minister of PakistanPakistan and the first woman elected to head a and the first woman elected to head a Muslim country. She was assassinated December 2007.Muslim country. She was assassinated December 2007.

1989: Violeta Barrios de Chamorro elected President of 1989: Violeta Barrios de Chamorro elected President of Nicagagua.Nicagagua.

1990:  Mary Robinson was the first woman elected 1990:  Mary Robinson was the first woman elected President of President of IrelandIreland..

1993:  Tansu Ciller was the first woman elected Prime 1993:  Tansu Ciller was the first woman elected Prime Minister of Minister of TurkeyTurkey.  . 

1993:  Anson Chan was the first woman appointed Chief 1993:  Anson Chan was the first woman appointed Chief Secretary, the number two position in Secretary, the number two position in Hong KongHong Kong.  . 

1994: Black men and women in 1994: Black men and women in South AfricaSouth Africa got the vote. got the vote.

2626

Western Influence on the Western Influence on the Chinese Women’s MovementChinese Women’s Movement

When westerners and missionaries worked in China in When westerners and missionaries worked in China in the late 1880’s they thought foot-binding was cruel.the late 1880’s they thought foot-binding was cruel.

Beginning in the 1890’s Chinese reformers believed Beginning in the 1890’s Chinese reformers believed that foot-binding was old-fashioned, was crippling half that foot-binding was old-fashioned, was crippling half of the population, and was causing loss of of the population, and was causing loss of “international face”.“international face”.

Chinese reformers felt that China was weak due to:Chinese reformers felt that China was weak due to:– Physical weakness of the children born of the women Physical weakness of the children born of the women

with bound feet;with bound feet;– The women’s enforced illiteracy and ignorance of The women’s enforced illiteracy and ignorance of

affairs of the world;affairs of the world; The westerners were strong as they educated The westerners were strong as they educated

both boys and girls.both boys and girls.

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Western Influence on the Western Influence on the Chinese Women’s Movement Chinese Women’s Movement

(2)(2) The missionaries opened schools for girls and elite The missionaries opened schools for girls and elite

Chinese sent their daughters to these schools.Chinese sent their daughters to these schools. A Chinese school for girls was also established A Chinese school for girls was also established

under the reformers and officials.under the reformers and officials.– For admission, the parents had to promise not to For admission, the parents had to promise not to

bind the feet of the girls nor give them as bind the feet of the girls nor give them as concubines to affect the reputation of the concubines to affect the reputation of the school.school.

Many Chinese women studied abroad and returned Many Chinese women studied abroad and returned with new ideas for the liberation of women.with new ideas for the liberation of women.

The struggle for equal rights of women was linked The struggle for equal rights of women was linked closely to the broader quest for “modernity”.closely to the broader quest for “modernity”.

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Chinese Women’s Chinese Women’s MovementMovement

KMT had equal rights in its Constitution of 1931 and it KMT had equal rights in its Constitution of 1931 and it was formalized in its Constitution of 1936 – forerunner was formalized in its Constitution of 1936 – forerunner of the Constitution of the Republic of China.of the Constitution of the Republic of China.

CCP also gave women equal rights in one of their CCP also gave women equal rights in one of their controlled areas in 1931 – by 1933 this was true of all of controlled areas in 1931 – by 1933 this was true of all of their controlled areas.their controlled areas.

From the 1930s on, women fought for minimum quotas From the 1930s on, women fought for minimum quotas in political participation in the War Parliament – which in political participation in the War Parliament – which included both KMT and CCP in its anti-Japanese war.included both KMT and CCP in its anti-Japanese war.

In 1946, the Constitution of the Republic of China In 1946, the Constitution of the Republic of China (under KMT rule) guaranteed women a minimum of 10% (under KMT rule) guaranteed women a minimum of 10% of all elected seats – maintained in Taiwan.of all elected seats – maintained in Taiwan.

In 1954, CCP affirmed gender equality in its In 1954, CCP affirmed gender equality in its Constitution.Constitution.– Women’s victories were mainly theoretical if there Women’s victories were mainly theoretical if there

are no elections as on China Mainland; there were no are no elections as on China Mainland; there were no elections on Taiwan until it lifted martial law in 1987.elections on Taiwan until it lifted martial law in 1987.

2929

Women’s Movement and the Women’s Movement and the United Nations (UN)United Nations (UN)

When the UN was first established in 1945, it began When the UN was first established in 1945, it began to be involved in the issue of equality of gender.to be involved in the issue of equality of gender.– A sub-commission on the equality of women was A sub-commission on the equality of women was

first established under the Commission of Civil first established under the Commission of Civil Rights.Rights.

A full commission was formed – Commission of the A full commission was formed – Commission of the Status of Women (CSW) – with the responsibility to Status of Women (CSW) – with the responsibility to prepare recommendations relating to implementing:prepare recommendations relating to implementing:– the principle that men and women should have the principle that men and women should have

equal rights, equal rights, – the development of proposals to make the the development of proposals to make the

recommendations a reality. recommendations a reality.

3030

Women’s Movement and the Women’s Movement and the United Nations (UN) (2)United Nations (UN) (2)

Throughout its 60 years of existence, CSW has consistently promoted the advancement of women.

It has:– expanded the recognition of women’s rights, – documented the reality of women’s lives throughout

the world, – shaped global policies on gender equality and

empowerment of women and – ensured that the work of the UN in all areas

incorporates a gender perspective. It continues to play an important role by bringing

together Governments, UN organizations, NGOs, and other international and regional organizations to promote women’s rights and advance gender equality.

3131

Women’s Movement and the UN:Women’s Movement and the UN:Convention on the Elimination of All forms Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)

One of its greatest achievements is the drafting and the passage of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW).

It entered into force on 3 September 1981, just 30 days after the twentieth state had ratified it.

CEDAW was the first international instrument to define discrimination against women, as:“any distinction, exclusion or restriction made

on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status, on a basis of equality of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field”.

3232

Women’s Movement and the UN:Women’s Movement and the UN:Convention on the Elimination of All forms Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)

(2)(2) CEDAW committed Governments to take:

– all appropriate measures, including legislation, to ensure the full development and advancement of women, for the purpose of guaranteeing them the exercise and enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms on the basis of equality with men”.

Since then it has been able to incorporate new themes and issues of concern, such as violence against women, HIV/AIDS or disabled women.

Its 1980 Program of Action focused on three areas of urgent concern for women: employment, health and education.– Over 8,000 participants from 187 countries

attended the NGO Forum to discuss the major themes of the conference and network actively.

Women’s Movement and the UN:Women’s Movement and the UN:Convention on the Elimination of All Convention on the Elimination of All

forms of Discrimination Against forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) (3)Women (CEDAW) (3) CEDAW establishes an agenda of action for putting an CEDAW establishes an agenda of action for putting an

end to sex-based discrimination:end to sex-based discrimination:– States ratifying the Convention are required to have:States ratifying the Convention are required to have:

Male/female equality in their domestic legislation, Male/female equality in their domestic legislation, Repeal all discriminatory provisions in their laws. Repeal all discriminatory provisions in their laws. Enact new provisions to guard against Enact new provisions to guard against

discrimination against women. discrimination against women. Establish tribunals and public institutions to Establish tribunals and public institutions to

guarantee women effective protection against guarantee women effective protection against discrimination.discrimination.

Take steps to eliminate all forms of discrimination Take steps to eliminate all forms of discrimination practiced against women by individuals, practiced against women by individuals, organizations, and enterprises.organizations, and enterprises.

3333

Women’s Movement and the UN:Women’s Movement and the UN:Convention on the Elimination of All Convention on the Elimination of All

forms of Discrimination Against forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) (4)Women (CEDAW) (4)

Countries that have signed CEDAW have to submit Countries that have signed CEDAW have to submit national reports, at least every four years, on what national reports, at least every four years, on what they have done to eliminate they have done to eliminate discrimination against women.

Non-Government Organizations NGOs are not official representatives but can file alternate/shadow reports on their perspective of the situation.

All reports are reviewed by the CEDAW Committee All reports are reviewed by the CEDAW Committee with representatives from different countries. with representatives from different countries. – The Committee then send its views on what still The Committee then send its views on what still

needs to be done to the Government.needs to be done to the Government.

3434

3535

CEDAW Optional Protocol

A major achievement of the Commission in the second half of the 1990s was the elaboration of an Optional Protocol to CEDAW, which introduced the right of petition for women victims of discrimination.

In a landmark decision for women, the General Assembly, acting without a vote, adopted on 6 October 1999 a 21-article Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women. – By ratifying the Optional Protocol, a State

recognizes the competence of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women to receive and consider complaints from individuals or groups within its jurisdiction.

The Optional Protocol entered into force on 22 December 2000, following the ratification of the tenth State party to the Convention.

The United Nations and The United Nations and ChinaChina

3636

Discussion QuestionDiscussion Question Would the changes have taken place without Would the changes have taken place without

pressure from the community and world pressure from the community and world organizations?organizations?

Is the UN CEDAW effective in getting China to Is the UN CEDAW effective in getting China to change?change?

3737

3838

Background (2)Background (2) IntroductionIntroduction Development of the Role of WomenDevelopment of the Role of Women Social Roles Social Roles

– Wives and ConcubinesWives and Concubines– Women and WealthWomen and Wealth– Women and WorkWomen and Work– Women and PowerWomen and Power

3939

IntroductionIntroduction The role of Chinese women was different from The role of Chinese women was different from

that of European womenthat of European women– The position of Chinese women is influenced by Chinese The position of Chinese women is influenced by Chinese

traditions, Confucianism and religion.traditions, Confucianism and religion. The position of European women is influenced by The position of European women is influenced by

western traditions and Christianity.western traditions and Christianity.– The Chinese women lived in families where The Chinese women lived in families where

there was serial monogamy and concubinage.there was serial monogamy and concubinage. European women lived in families where there was European women lived in families where there was

serial monogamy.serial monogamy.– Chinese women could not inherit the throne.Chinese women could not inherit the throne.

European women could inherit if there is no male European women could inherit if there is no male heir.heir.

To understand the situation of the women at the To understand the situation of the women at the time of the Chinese women’s movement, we need time of the Chinese women’s movement, we need to understand the role of women in traditional to understand the role of women in traditional Chinese society.Chinese society.

4040

Introduction (2)Introduction (2) Women played different roles in life depending on Women played different roles in life depending on

their social status, their generational rank and their their social status, their generational rank and their economic situation.economic situation.– Wealth and prestige was more important than Wealth and prestige was more important than

gender:gender: A rich women or an imperial female relative A rich women or an imperial female relative

could be ranked higher than most of the male could be ranked higher than most of the male officials or male officials even higher than her officials or male officials even higher than her parents.parents.

– Generational rank was more important than Generational rank was more important than gendergender A son has to be filial to the mother.A son has to be filial to the mother.

– Social status was more important than gender and Social status was more important than gender and generational rank.generational rank. An empress dowager could rule all China while An empress dowager could rule all China while

male slaves are suffering.male slaves are suffering. Qing Imperial concubines were more important Qing Imperial concubines were more important

than their parents who had to kneel to their than their parents who had to kneel to their daughters.daughters.

4141

Introduction (3)Introduction (3) The status of women was influenced by tradition The status of women was influenced by tradition

and culture as well as by philosophy and religion – and culture as well as by philosophy and religion – the thinking and the beliefs of the time.the thinking and the beliefs of the time.– Ancient religion valued women as shamans. Ancient religion valued women as shamans. – Confucianism, Daoism and Legalism developed Confucianism, Daoism and Legalism developed

during the Zhou dynasty (770–221 B.C.E.) and during the Zhou dynasty (770–221 B.C.E.) and influenced the role of women.influenced the role of women.

– Daoism was a native religion and had many Daoism was a native religion and had many nature goddesses.nature goddesses.

– Confucianism changed as different scholars Confucianism changed as different scholars added different interpretations added different interpretations and and women’s women’s position became lower as the result of this position became lower as the result of this development.development.

– Legalism believed in equality for all but the Legalism believed in equality for all but the laws were administered by Confucian officials laws were administered by Confucian officials and was influenced by them.and was influenced by them.

– Buddhism was imported from India during the Buddhism was imported from India during the Han dynasty (206 B.C.E. – 220C.E.) and it also Han dynasty (206 B.C.E. – 220C.E.) and it also influenced the lives of Chinese women.influenced the lives of Chinese women.

4242

Development of the Role of WomenDevelopment of the Role of Women

The role of women evolved through time and it was The role of women evolved through time and it was influenced mainly by “pragmatism”, patrilinealism” and influenced mainly by “pragmatism”, patrilinealism” and “cosmology”.“cosmology”.

The continuation of the family line through sons meant The continuation of the family line through sons meant that the family is continued through the males that the family is continued through the males ((patrilinealismpatrilinealism). ). – This meant that men were important to continue the This meant that men were important to continue the

family’s line while women were married out to produce family’s line while women were married out to produce the male heirs for continuing the line of another family.the male heirs for continuing the line of another family.

– Patrilinealism was practiced before the birth of Patrilinealism was practiced before the birth of Confucius but was emphasized by Confucians in order Confucius but was emphasized by Confucians in order to stabilize society and so is now thought of as part of to stabilize society and so is now thought of as part of Confucianism.Confucianism.

– While Patrilinealism gave women a lower position than While Patrilinealism gave women a lower position than men it also gave the women great power as mothers as men it also gave the women great power as mothers as the filial son was to sacrifice himself for his mother’s the filial son was to sacrifice himself for his mother’s welfare.welfare.

4343

Development of the Role of Women (2)Development of the Role of Women (2)

The Chinese believed in the separation of the sexes – to keep The Chinese believed in the separation of the sexes – to keep women chaste they should stay and work within the women chaste they should stay and work within the household and that men should work outside the home, but household and that men should work outside the home, but there is always a difference between theory and practice:there is always a difference between theory and practice:– Survival made it necessary for people to be Survival made it necessary for people to be pragmatic:pragmatic:– The woman may need to sell goods in the market place The woman may need to sell goods in the market place

alongside men and male customers.alongside men and male customers. The pragmatic needs of life was more important than theory.The pragmatic needs of life was more important than theory. Since only the rich can afford to keep their women within Since only the rich can afford to keep their women within

the households and the majority of Chinese were not the households and the majority of Chinese were not wealthy, the majority of Chinese women did not stay within wealthy, the majority of Chinese women did not stay within the households.the households.– Current percentage of persons earning $500,00 in US is Current percentage of persons earning $500,00 in US is

5%.5%.

4444

Development of the Role of Women (3)Development of the Role of Women (3) Cosmology explains the workings of the universe.Cosmology explains the workings of the universe. Cosmology was expressed through the concepts of Cosmology was expressed through the concepts of yinyin 阳阳 and and yangyang 阴阴 ..

The belief in The belief in CosmologyCosmology (the forces of yin-yang) (the forces of yin-yang) influenced society. influenced society. – Women were seen as Women were seen as yinyin and men as and men as yangyang..– Women were seen as expressions of the pure force of Women were seen as expressions of the pure force of

yinyin, necessary for the universe and equal if not , necessary for the universe and equal if not superior to the superior to the yangyang because of their ability to give because of their ability to give life through childbirth.life through childbirth.

– During the Han, theories on cosmology changed.During the Han, theories on cosmology changed. YangYang was seen as Heaven and was seen as Heaven and YinYin as Earth; as as Earth; as

Heaven was superior to Earth; men were thought Heaven was superior to Earth; men were thought to be superior to women.to be superior to women.

4545

Social RolesSocial Roles All of the above influenced the social roles of men and All of the above influenced the social roles of men and

women.women.– At marriage, a woman leaves the comfort of the social At marriage, a woman leaves the comfort of the social

roles she is accustomed to at home.roles she is accustomed to at home.– After marriage, she moves into a new household where After marriage, she moves into a new household where

she has to learn new roles in her husband’s household.she has to learn new roles in her husband’s household.– As the senior widow she ruled over the household.As the senior widow she ruled over the household.– To succeed in life, a woman had to cope with the new To succeed in life, a woman had to cope with the new

roles expected of her as she took her place among roles expected of her as she took her place among strangers.strangers. Women after marriage kept their natal surname and in Women after marriage kept their natal surname and in

so doing retained her birth family and her own identity.so doing retained her birth family and her own identity. Practical reasons for doing so were to extend kinship Practical reasons for doing so were to extend kinship

relationships between the two families.relationships between the two families. The husband’s family might want to share in the good The husband’s family might want to share in the good

fortunes of the wife’s family.fortunes of the wife’s family.

4646

Social Roles (2)Social Roles (2)

Work within the family was divided into male and female Work within the family was divided into male and female jobs.jobs.

For the family to succeed as an economic unit – a man For the family to succeed as an economic unit – a man supplied the family with food and the woman with clothing – supplied the family with food and the woman with clothing – the roles of both men and women were equally necessary.the roles of both men and women were equally necessary.

Day-to-day household management was considered a female Day-to-day household management was considered a female duty.duty.– Authority within that area belonged to the women; at Authority within that area belonged to the women; at

times, mothers and daughters-in-law fought over the right times, mothers and daughters-in-law fought over the right to rule the household.to rule the household.

– In the early 20In the early 20thth century, young wives began to work in century, young wives began to work in factories and they began to be more important than their factories and they began to be more important than their mothers-in-law as they contributed to the family income.mothers-in-law as they contributed to the family income.

4747

Social Roles: Wives and ConcubinesSocial Roles: Wives and Concubines

The difference between the wife and the concubine The difference between the wife and the concubine was very important.was very important.– Elevating wives above concubines guaranteed that Elevating wives above concubines guaranteed that

the sons of wives would inherit the lineage’s the sons of wives would inherit the lineage’s property.property.

– Reducing the number of heirs meant that less sons Reducing the number of heirs meant that less sons would be entitled to property.would be entitled to property.

– Ensuring the wife’s superior status meant that Ensuring the wife’s superior status meant that marriage alliances were made with families of marriage alliances were made with families of similar social standing.similar social standing. Concubines came from lower status families – Concubines came from lower status families –

they may have been bought, given as gifts or they may have been bought, given as gifts or promoted from maids.promoted from maids.

4848

Social Roles: Women and PowerSocial Roles: Women and Power

The majority of women lacked political power just as The majority of women lacked political power just as the majority of men.the majority of men.

Some privileged women played powerful roles within Some privileged women played powerful roles within the government – these roles carried prestige, wealth the government – these roles carried prestige, wealth and power.and power.

In China, ruler-ship was a family business and women In China, ruler-ship was a family business and women exercised significant power within the family.exercised significant power within the family.– The wives and mothers of emperors were important The wives and mothers of emperors were important

players in court politics as their powers went from players in court politics as their powers went from the imperial family to the empire.the imperial family to the empire.

Most officials opposed female participation in Most officials opposed female participation in government as more power for the women and their government as more power for the women and their relatives meant less power for the officials.relatives meant less power for the officials.

4949

Social Roles: Women and Power (2)Social Roles: Women and Power (2)

Why did women want to be involved in court politics?Why did women want to be involved in court politics?– Power for its own sakePower for its own sake– The benefits power brings to their families.The benefits power brings to their families.– Fear of becoming a victim.Fear of becoming a victim.

The way women gained power was different from that The way women gained power was different from that of men as they could not serve as officials in the of men as they could not serve as officials in the bureaucracy.bureaucracy.

In imperial China, where power was concentrated in In imperial China, where power was concentrated in the person of the emperor, the palace became a the person of the emperor, the palace became a battleground of women competing for power – rival battleground of women competing for power – rival concubines used:concubines used:– Slander, Plots, Magic, poison.Slander, Plots, Magic, poison.

5050

Social Roles: Women and WealthSocial Roles: Women and Wealth Many elite women exercised control over their personal Many elite women exercised control over their personal

finances.finances. Even before the Qin dynasty (221 B.C.E.), a ruler would Even before the Qin dynasty (221 B.C.E.), a ruler would

grant his wife, sisters, and mother money, land and slaves.grant his wife, sisters, and mother money, land and slaves. Titled ladies owned large amounts of property in their own Titled ladies owned large amounts of property in their own

name; ordinary women also had economic powers.name; ordinary women also had economic powers. A woman might control family property while her husband A woman might control family property while her husband

was still alive.was still alive. There was a legal basis for female property ownership There was a legal basis for female property ownership

under Qin (221 B.C.E.-206 B.C.E.) law – e.g.: the wife of under Qin (221 B.C.E.-206 B.C.E.) law – e.g.: the wife of an official was not liable for her deceased husband’s an official was not liable for her deceased husband’s debts.debts.

Han judges continued observing the Qin law – women Han judges continued observing the Qin law – women were taxed separately from men and the rate was were taxed separately from men and the rate was according to age.according to age.

A wife’s dowry was the core of her personal wealth.A wife’s dowry was the core of her personal wealth.

5151

Social Roles: Women and WorkSocial Roles: Women and Work Cloth making was the main work of women but they Cloth making was the main work of women but they

also:also:– Sold everything from basic foodstuffs to luxuries Sold everything from basic foodstuffs to luxuries

such as silks and pearls; such as silks and pearls; – Healed, performed religious services, did fortune Healed, performed religious services, did fortune

telling, entertained as musicians and acrobats.telling, entertained as musicians and acrobats.– Worked as wet nurses for the rich, as domestic Worked as wet nurses for the rich, as domestic

servants or household slaves; others were forced to servants or household slaves; others were forced to work as prostitutes.work as prostitutes.

Women did not have to perform corvée labor although Women did not have to perform corvée labor although under extraordinary circumstances the government under extraordinary circumstances the government could draft the women into service.could draft the women into service.– Under normal circumstances, only women Under normal circumstances, only women

condemned as bondservants worked for the state in condemned as bondservants worked for the state in transporting grain, raising domestic animals as transporting grain, raising domestic animals as well as in different government offices.well as in different government offices.

Women in Early China and the Influence of Confucianism

Ching, Julia,Ching, Julia, Chinese Religions, Chinese Religions, ““The Ancestral Cult and The Ancestral Cult and DivinationDivination””, pp 15-22; , pp 15-22; ““Sacrifice and KingshipSacrifice and Kingship””, pp. 33-50. , pp. 33-50.

O'Hara, Albert R.,O'Hara, Albert R.,  The position of women in early China:The position of women in early China:   according to the Lieh Nu Chuan, according to the Lieh Nu Chuan, "The Biographies of "The Biographies of Eminent Chinese Women."Eminent Chinese Women."   pp. 255-85. pp. 255-85.

Hinsch, Bret, Hinsch, Bret, Women in Early Imperial China, Women in Early Imperial China, pp 1-13, 15-pp 1-13, 15-26.26.

Li, Chenyang, The Tao Encounters the West, “How a Care Li, Chenyang, The Tao Encounters the West, “How a Care Ethics Could have Oppressed Women”, pp 108-114.Ethics Could have Oppressed Women”, pp 108-114.

““Reflections on Chinese Despotism and the Power of the Reflections on Chinese Despotism and the Power of the Inner CourtInner Court””, Soulliere, Ellen F., 1984 in , Soulliere, Ellen F., 1984 in Asian ProfileAsian Profile, , 12.2:130-45.12.2:130-45.

““Imperial Marriages of the Ming Dynasty,Imperial Marriages of the Ming Dynasty,”” Soulliere, Ellen Soulliere, Ellen F., 1988 in Papers in F., 1988 in Papers in Far Eastern HistoryFar Eastern History, 37:15, 37:15­­42.42.