1

I.  Objectives and Methodology

1.Background

The 2002 National R&D Survey was the first of its kind conducted by Institute of Science and Technology of the Royal Academy of Cambodia. The target groups were the researchers of the Government Agencies, Business Enterprises, and Higher Education as well as of the Non Governmental Organization.

Since contract signing in September 2003 the Project leader (the national Expert) has set up a project office, collect secondary data from inside the country and from abroad, and ask another teams (e.g. Malaysia, Vietnam) to get experience in order to design questionnaire.

The main result of 2002 National R&D Survey in Cambodia

2

Several discussions have been made among the staffs of the Institute of Science and Technology and others invited from other departments of the Royal Academy of Cambodia to improve the quality of the questionnaire.

2.Objectives of the Survey

The main objectives of the survey were:

• To provide and overview of the status of R&D in Cambodia.

• To identified and highlight strengths and priorities of R&D in Cambodia.

• To recommended strategies and action plans that need to be taken to enhance R&D in Cambodia.

3

3.Survey TeamIn Cambodia, it is not possible to conduct a survey with other method than face-to-face interview. Therefore for the four sectors, 4 field teams (each 3 people) were formed, each team responsible for data collection of a sector (Government Institutions, Higher Education, Business Enterprise or Non Governmental Organizations). A secretary and a technical assistant were also appointed to insure the workflow.

4.Survey Questionnaire

After studying material provided from project experts, a questionnaire was draft, translated into Khmer language and two times tested before the monitoring visit of the Malaysian Experts in February 2004. A final questionnaire with 27 questions were revised and used to collect data from all sectors after comment of the experts.

4

5.Survey Administration5.Survey Administration  From the secondary document we From the secondary document we have collected all names and have collected all names and addresses of the possible addresses of the possible institutions that could conduct institutions that could conduct R&D. Face-to-face interview was R&D. Face-to-face interview was conducted to collect the data. Field conducted to collect the data. Field team leaders, sometimes the team leaders, sometimes the surveyors themselves contacted first surveyors themselves contacted first with the target institution in order with the target institution in order to make appointment for interview. to make appointment for interview. All surveyors were trained and All surveyors were trained and instructed by an experience instructed by an experience researcher.researcher.

5

Summary of Main Results

Research and Development(R&D) Projects

 Government Sector 15

Higher Education Sector 18

Business Enterprise Sector 23

Private Non Profit Sector 54

Total 110

6

Organizations with R&D SurveyedOrganizations with R&D Surveyed CompaniesCompaniesGovernment SectorGovernment Sector 1414Higher Education SectorHigher Education Sector 1111Business Enterprise SectorBusiness Enterprise Sector 2121Private Non Profit SectorPrivate Non Profit Sector 4848

TotalTotal 9494

Expenditure

Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) 8,357.01Mil.CR

The GERD/GDP Ratio 0.05%

Current Expenditure 6,840.87 Mil.CR

Labor Cost 3,516.74 Mil.CR

Operating Cost 3,324.13 Mil.CR

Capital Expenditure 1,516.16 Mil.CR

7

Three Main Fields of Research (FOR)Three Main Fields of Research (FOR)i.i. F20100- F20100- Social ScienceSocial Science 4,097.844,097.84 Mil.CRMil.CRii.ii. F11000- F11000- Med. & Health ScienceMed. & Health Science 1,832.331,832.33 Mil.CRMil.CRiii.iii. F11100- Engineering Science F11100- Engineering Science 519.03519.03 Mil.CR Mil.CR

Three Main Socio-Economic Objectives (SEO)

i. S30300- Social Dev. and Com. Ser. 1,768.72 Mil.CR

ii. S30100- Health 1,325.23 Mil.CR

iii. S30200-Education and Training 1,287.69 Mil.CR

8

ManpowerManpowerTotal R&D Research PersonnelTotal R&D Research Personnel1,6251,625Total Number of ResearchersTotal Number of Researchers

744 744Total FTE Research Personnel Total FTE Research Personnel 494.28494.28Total FTE ResearchersTotal FTE Researchers 223223FTE per Research Personnel 30.42%

FTE per Researcher 29.97%

Degree Holders (PhDs, Masters, Bachelors) 744

Number of Researchers per 10,000 Labor Force 1.2

R&D Cost per Research Personnel 5.14 Mil.CR

9

COUNTRY: CAMBODIACOUNTRY: CAMBODIA

GDP (1,000USD)*GDP (1,000USD)* 3,992,000.003,992,000.00

GERD (mil.CR)GERD (mil.CR) 8,357.018,357.01

GERD (1,000USD)*GERD (1,000USD)* 2,129.372,129.37

GERD / GDP (%)GERD / GDP (%) 0.05%0.05%

Total R&D personnelTotal R&D personnel 1,6251,625

Female R&D personnelFemale R&D personnel 350350

* Average Exchange Rate in 2002 (1US$=3,924.65CR)* Average Exchange Rate in 2002 (1US$=3,924.65CR)

GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON R&D

10

BERD, source of fund 1,000,000.00 CR1,000.00

USD%

Business enterprises 451.53 115.05 44.72%

Direct Government 0.00 0.00 0.00%

Higher education 0.00 0.00 0.00%

Private non-profit 113.60 28.95 11.25%

Funds from abroad 443.91 113.11 43.97%

Other 0.56 0.14 0.06%

Total BERD 1009.60 257.25 100.00%

Table M.1: GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON R&D(GERD) BY SECTOR OF PERFORMANCE AND SOURCE OF FUND

1. BUSINESS ENTERPRISE SECTOR (BERD)

11

GOVERD, source of funds 1,000,000.00 CR 1,000.00 USD %

Business enterprises 0.00 0.00 0.00%

Direct Government 941.5632 239.91 44.48%

Higher education 0.00 0.00 0.00%

Private non-profit 323.02 82.31 15.26%

Funds from abroad 852.08 217.11 40.26%

Other 0.00 0.00 0.00%

Total GOVERD 2116.66 539.33 100.00%

2. GOVERNMENT SECTOR (GOVERD)

12

HERD, source of funds 1,000,000 CR 1,000.00 USD %

Business enterprises 0.00 0.00 0.00%

Direct Government 373.00 95.04 37.83%

Higher education 95.22 24.26 9.66%

Private non-profit 329.00 83.83 33.37%

Funds from abroad 188.70 48.08 19.14%

Other 0.00 0.00 0.00%

Total HERD 985.92 251.21 100.00%

3. HIGHER EDUCATION SECTOR (HERD)

13

PNP, source of funds 1,000,000.00 CR 1,000.00 USD %

Business enterprises 0.00 0.00 0.00%

Direct Government 220.00 56.06 5.18%

Higher education 0.00 0.00 0.00%

Private non-profit 3111.84 792.90 73.31%

Funds from abroad 892.44 227.39 21.02%

Other 20.55 5.24 0.48%

Total PNP 4244.83 1081.58 100.00%

4. PRIVATE NON-PROFIT SECTOR. (NON-GOVERD)

14

GERD, source of funds 1,000,000.00 CR 1,000 USD %

Business enterprises 451.53 115.05 5.40%

Direct Government 1,534.56 391.01 18.36%

Higher education 95.22 24.26 1.14%

Private non-profit 3,877.46 987.98 46.40%

Funds from abroad 2,377.13 605.69 28.44%

Other 21.11 5.38 0.25%

Total GERD 8,357.01 2,129.37 100.00%

5. NATIONAL TOTAL (GERD)

15

1. BUSINESS ENTERPRICE SECTOR

BERD by type of research 1,000,000.00R 1000 USD %

Basic research 27.30 6.96 2.70%

Applied research 856.71 218.29 84.86%

Experimental development 125.60 32.00 12.44%

Total BERD 1009.60 257.25 100.00%

Table M.2: GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON R&D(GERD) BY SECTOR OF PERFORMANCE AND TYPE OF RESEARCH

16

2. GOVERNMENT SECTOR

GOVERD by type of research 1,000,000.00

CR1,000.00 USD %

Basic research 668.25 170.27 31.57%

Applied research 1440.07 366.93 68.03%

Experimental development 8.35 2.13 0.39%

Total GOVERD 2116.66 539.33 100.00%

3. HIGHER EDUCATION SECTOR

HERD by type of research 1,000,000.00

CR1,000.00 USD %

Basic research 388.70 99.04 39.43%

Applied research 197.22 50.25 20.00%

Experimental development 400.00 101.92 40.57%

Total HERD 985.92 251.21 100.00%

17

4 PRIVATE NON-PROFIT SECTOR

NON-GOVERD by type of research1,000,000.00

CR1,000.00 USD %

Basic research 1484.72 378.31 34.98%

Applied research 2661.57 678.17 62.70%

Experimental development 98.54 25.11 2.32%

Total NON-GOVERD 4244.83 1081.58 100.00%

5. NATIONAL TOTAL (GERD)

GERD by type of research 1,000,000.00

CR1,000.00 USD %

Basic research 2568.96 654.57 30.74%

Applied research 5155.56 1313.64 61.69%

Experimental development 632.49 161.16 7.57%

Total GERD 8357.01 2129.37 100.00%

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1. BUSINESS ENTERPRISE SECTOR

OCCUPATION HEADCOUNT FTE %

Researchers/Scientists/Engineers (RSE) 113 35.01 40.36%

RSE with Doctor degree 1 0.30 0.36%

RSE with master degree 11 3.53 3.93%

RSE with bachelor degree 101 31.18 36.07%

Technicians 65 19.05 23.21%

Other supporting staff 102 30.60 36.43%

Total R&D personnel 280 84.66 100.00%

Table M.3: TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL BY SECTOR OF PERFORMENCE UNIT: HEADCOUNT

19

2.GOVERNMENT SECTOR

OCCUPATION HEADCOUNT FTE %

Researchers/Scientists/Engineers(RSE)

394 113.00 47.36%

RSE with Doctor degree 18 5.40 2.16%

RSE with master degree 53 15.90 6.37%

RSE with bachelor degree 323 91.70 38.82%

Technicians 291 91.70 34.98%

Other supporting staff 147 44.20 17.67%

Total R&D personnel 832 248.90 100.00%

Table M.3: TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL BY SECTOR OF PERFORMANCE UNIT: HEADCOUNT

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Table M.3: TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL BY SECTOR OF PERFORMENCE UNIT: HEADCOUNT

3.HIGHER EDUCATION SECTOR

OCCUPATION HEADCOUNT FTE %

Researchers/Scientists/Engineers (RSE)

88 27.76 56.05%

RSE with Doctor degree 20 7.00 12.74%

RSE with master degree 30 9.27 19.11%

RSE with bachelor degree 38 11.49 24.20%

Technicians 51 16.69 32.48%

Other supporting staff 18 5.81 11.46%

Total R&D personnel 157 50.26 100.00%

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4.PRIVATE NON-PROFIT SECTOR

OCCUPATION HEADCOUNT FTE %

Researchers/Scientists/Engineers (RSE)

149 47 41.85%

RSE with Doctor degree 14 4 3.93%

RSE with master degree 40 14 11.24%

RSE with bachelor degree 95 29 26.69%

Technicians 134 42 37.64%

Other supporting staff 73 21 20.51%

Total R&D personnel 356 110 100.00%

Table M.3: TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL BY SECTOR OF PERFORMENCE UNIT: HEADCOUNT

22

5. NATIONAL TOTAL

OCCUPATION HEADCOUNT FTE %

Researchers/Scientists/Engineers (RSE)

744 223 45.78%

RSE with Doctor degree 53 17.1 3.26%

RSE with master degree 134 42.53 8.25%

RSE with bachelor degree 557 163.32 34.28%

Technicians 541 169.57 33.29%

Other supporting staff 340 101.76 20.92%

Total R&D personnel 1,625 494.28 100.00%

Table M.3: TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL BY SECTOR OF PERFORMENCE UNIT: HEADCOUNT

23

1. BUSINESS ENTERPRISE SECTOR

OCCUPATION HEADCOUNT FTE %

Researchers/Scient./Engin.(RSE) – females

15 4.40 27.78%

RSE females with Doctor degree 0 0.00 0.00%

RSE female with Master degree 0 0.00 0.00%

RSE females with Bachelor degree 15 4.40 27.78%

Technicians females 9 2.55 16.67%

Supporting staff females 30 11.75 55.56%

Total R&D personnel females 54 18.7 100.00%

Table M.4: TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL FEMALES BY SECTOR OF PERFORMENCE UNIT: HEADCOUNT

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Table M.4: TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL FEMALES BY SECTOR OF PERFORMENCE UNIT: HEADCOUNT

2. GOVERNMENT SECTOR

OCCUPATION HEADCOUNT FTE %

Researchers/Scient./Engin.(RSE) – females

86 28.00 44.33%

RSE females with Doctor degree 0 0.00 0.00%

RSE female with Master degree 3 0.90 1.55%

RSE females with Bachelor degree 83 27.10 42.78%

Technicians females 58 17.40 29.90%

Supporting staff females 50 15.00 25.77%

Total R&D personnel females 194 60.40 100.00%

25

3. HIGHER EDUCATION SECTOR

OCCUPATION - Females HEADCOUNT FTE %

Researchers/Scient./Engin.(RSE) – females

16 5.43 55.17%

RSE females with Doctor degree 6 2.40 20.69%

RSE female with Master degree 2 0.63 6.90%

RSE females with Bachelor degree 8 2.40 27.59%

Technicians females 9 2.96 31.03%

Supporting staff females 4 1.20 13.79%

Total R&D personnel females 29 9.59 100.00%

Table M.4: TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL FEMALES BY SECTOR OF PERFORMENCE UNIT: HEADCOUNT

26

4. PRIVATE NON-PROFIT SECTOR

OCCUPATION HEADCOUNT FTE %

Researchers/Scientists/Engineers (RSE) – females

37 12.56 50.68%

RSE females with Doctor degree 5 1.56 6.85%

RSE female with Master degree 6 2.45 8.22%

RSE females with Bachelor degree 26 8.55 35.62%

Technicians females 15 4.35 20.55%

Supporting staff females 21 6.10 28.77%

Total R&D personnel females 73 23.01 100.00%

Table M.4: TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL FEMALES BY SECTOR OF PERFORMENCE UNIT: HEADCOUNT

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Table M.4: TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL FEMALES BY SECTOR OF PERFORMENCE UNIT: HEADCOUNT

5. NATIONAL TOTAL

OCCUPATION HEADCOUNT FTE %

Researchers/Scientists/Engineers (RSE) –females

154 50.39 44.00%

RSE females with Doctor degree 11 3.96 3.14%

RSE female with Master degree 11 3.98 3.14%

RSE females with Bachelor degree 132 42.45 37.71%

Technicians females 91 27.26 26.00%

Supporting staff females 105 34.05 30.00%

Total R&D personnel females 350 111.70 100.00%

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Main Science and Technology Indicators 2002 <CAMBODIA> 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

List of indicators - Excel file and electronic edition          

 Minimum Requirement           

Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD):          

1. Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D -- GERD (million current PPP$) NA  NA  

NA  

11.16 NA  

1.a.GERD (million national currency - for euro area, pre-EMU euro or EUR)

NA  

NA  

NA  

8,357.01 NA  

2. GERD as a percentage of GDP  NA   NA  NA   0.05  NA 

3. GERD -- (million 1995 dollars -- constant prices) 1.979 1.999 2.08  2.13 2.119

3.a. GERD -- Compound annual growth rate (constant prices) 4.0 1.0 4.1 2.38 -0.5

4. GERD per capita population (current PPP $)  NA  NA NA  0.84  NA

5. Estimated Civil GERD as a percentage of GDP  NA  NA NA  0.05 NA 

6. Basic research expenditure as a percentage of GDP  NA NA  NA  0.016 NA 

29

Main Science and Technology Indicators 2002 <CAMBODIA> 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

List of indicators - Excel file and electronic edition          

R&D Personnel (FTE):          

7. Total researchers (FTE)       223.00  

7.a. Total researchers -- Compound annual growth rate       NA  

8. Total researchers per thousand total employment       0.12  

8.a. Total researchers per thousand labor force       0.11987  

9. Total R&D personnel (FTE)       494.28  

9.a. Total R&D personnel -- Compound annual growth rate       NA  

10. Total R&D personnel per thousand total employment       0.2631  

10.a. Total R&D personnel per thousand labor force       0.2618  

30

Main Science and Technology Indicators 2002 <CAMBODIA> 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

List of indicators - Excel file and electronic edition          

GERD by source of funds:          

11. Industry-financed GERD as a percentage of GDP       0.00  

12. Government-financed GERD as a percentage of GDP       0.0135  

13. Percentage of GERD financed by industry       0.00  

14. Percentage of GERD financed by government       18.36  

15. Percentage of GERD financed by other national sources       0.00  

16. Percentage of GERD financed by abroad       28.44  

GERD by performance sectors:           

17. Percentage of GERD performed by the Business Enterprise sector       12.08  

18. Percentage of GERD performed by the Higher Education sector       11.80  

19. Percentage of GERD performed by the Government sector       25.33  

20. Percentage of GERD performed by the Private Non-Profit sector       50.79  

31

Main Science and Technology Indicators 2002 <CAMBODIA> 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

List of indicators - Excel file and electronic edition          

Researchers (headcount):          

21. Total researchers (headcount)       744.00  

21.a. Women researchers (headcount)       154.00  

22.Women researchers as a percentage of total researchers (based on headcount)

      20.70  

22.a. Business Enterprise Sector: Total researchers (headcount)       113.00  

22.b. Business Enterprise Sector: Women researchers (headcount)       15.00  

22.c.Business Enterprise Sector: Women researchers as a percentage of total researchers (based on headcount)

      13.27  

22.d. Government Sector: Total researchers (headcount)       394.00  

22.e. Government Sector: Women researchers (headcount)       86.00  

22.f.Government Sector: Women researchers as a percentage of total researchers (based on headcount)

      21.83  

22.g. Higher Education sector: Total researchers (headcount)       88.00  

22.h. Higher Education sector: Women researchers (headcount)       16.00  

22.i.Higher Education sector: Women researchers as a percentage of total researchers (based on headcount)

      18.18  

32

Main Science and Technology Indicators 2002 <CAMBODIA>

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

List of indicators - Excel file and electronic edition          

Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D (BERD):          

23.Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D -- BERD (million current PPP $)

      1.35  

23.a.BERD (million national currency - for euro area, pre-EMU euro or EUR)

      1,009.60  

24. BERD as a percentage of GDP       0.0064  

25. BERD -- (million 1995 dollars -- constant prices ) 0.239   0.241 0.251  0.257  0.256

25.a.BERD -- Compound annual growth rate (constant prices)

4.0 1.0 4.1 2.38 -0.5

26. BERD as a percentage of value added in industry       NA  

33

Main Science and Technology Indicators 2002 <CAMBODIA> 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

List of indicators - Excel file and electronic edition          

Business Enterprise R&D Personnel (FTE):          

27. Business Enterprise researchers (FTE)       35.01  

27.a.

Business Enterprise researchers -- Compound annualgrowth rate

      NA  

28.Business Enterprise researchers as a percentage ofnational total

      15.70  

29.Business Enterprise researchers per thousandemployment in industry

      0.22  

30. Total Business Enterprise R&D personnel (FTE)       84.66  

30.a.

Total Business Enterprise R&D personnel – Compoundannual growth rate

      NA  

31.Total Business Enterprise R&D personnel as a percentage of national total

      17.23  

32.Total Business Enterprise R&D personnel per thousandemployment in industry

      0.53  

34

Main Science and Technology Indicators 2002 <CAMBODIA> 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

List of indicators - Excel file and electronic edition          

BERD by source of funds: 

         

33.Industry-financed BERD -- (million 1995 dollars -- constant prices and PPP)

      0.00  

33a.Industry-financed BERD -- Compound annual growth rate (constant prices)

      0.00  

34.Industry-financed BERD as a percentage of value added in industry

      0.00  

35. Percentage of BERD financed by industry       0.00  

36. Percentage of BERD financed by government       0.00  

37. Percentage of BERD financed by other national sources       0.06  

38. Percentage of BERD financed by abroad       43.97  

35

Main Science and Technology Indicators 2002 <CAMBODIA> 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

List of indicators - Excel file and electronic edition          

BERD performed in selected industries:          

39. BERD performed in the aerospace industry (million current PPP $)       0.0  

39.a. Percentage of BERD performed in the aerospace industry       0.0  

40. BERD performed in the electronic industry (million current PPP $)       0.0  

40.a. Percentage of BERD performed in the electronic industry       0.0  

41.BERD performed in the office machinery and computer industry(million current PPP $)

      0.0  

41.a.Percentage of BERD performed in the office machinery andcomputer industry

      0.0  

42.BERD performed in the pharmaceutical industry (million currentPPP $)

      0.0  

42.a. Percentage of BERD performed in the pharmaceutical industry       0.0  

43. BERD performed in the instruments industry (million current PPP $)       0.0  

43.a. Percentage of BERD performed in the instruments industry       0.0  

44. BERD performed in service industries (million current PPP $)       0.0  

44.a. Percentage of BERD performed in service industries       0.0  

36

     List of indicators - Excel file and electronic edition

20032002200120001999Main Science and Technology Indicators 2002

<CAMBODIA>

 NA   Higher Education Total R&D personnel -- Compound annual growth rate

51.a.

 50.26   Higher Education Total R&D personnel (FTE)51.

 12.45   Higher Education researchers as a percentage of national total50.

 NA   Higher Education researchers -- Compound annual growth rate

49.a.

 27.76   Higher Education researchers (FTE)49.

     Higher Education R&D Personnel (FTE):

 0.00   Percentage of HERD financed by industry48.

-0.52.384.11.04.0HERD -- Compound annual growth rate (constant prices)47.a.

 0.250.2510.2450.2360.233 

HERD (million 1995 dollars -- constant prices)47.

 0.0063   HERD as a percentage of GDP46.

 985.92   HERD (million national currency - for euro area, pre-EMU euro or EUR)

45.a.

 1.32   Higher Education Expenditure on R&D -- HERD (million current PPP $)

45.

     Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD):

37

     List of indicators - Excel file and electronic edition

20032002200120001999Main Science and Technology Indicators 2002 <CAMBODIA>

 NA   Government Total R&D personnel -- Compound annual growth rate

58.a.

 248.90   Government Total R&D personnel (FTE)58.

 50.67   Government researchers as a percentage of national total57.

 NA   Government researchers -- Compound annual growth rate56.a.

 113.00   Government researchers (FTE)56.

     Government R&D Personnel (FTE):

 0.00    Percentage of GOVERD financed by industry55

-0.52.384.11.04.0GOVERD -- Compound annual growth rate (constant prices)54.a.

 0.5370.5390.530.5060.50GOVERD (million 1995 dollars -- constant prices)54.

 0.01   GOVERD as a percentage of GDP53.

 2,116.66   GOVERD (million national currency - for euro area, pre-EMU euro or EUR)

52.a.

 2.83   Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D -- GOVERD (million current PPP $)

52.

     Government Expenditure on R&D:

38

     List of indicators - Excel file and electronic edition

20032002200120001999Main Science and Technology Indicators 2002

<CAMBODIA>

4,022.403,924.653,924.343,858.483,813.82Exchange rates (national currency per dollar)I.

 NA NA6,206.65 NA360Labour Force (thousands)H.

 NA NA524.65 NA258.90Industrial employment (thousands)G.

 NA NA6,175.83 NA5,519Total Employment (thousands)F.

13,58813,34113,09912,20011,599Population (thousands)E.

5.305.205.305.00NA Purchasing Power Parities (national currency perdollar)

C.

 NA5.505.707.0010.80Implicit GDP Price Indices (1995 = 1.00)B.

22,324.6120,917.4919,417.3618,437.2617,531.35Gross Domestic Product (million current PPP $)A.2.

1672113015667200145436001380951013130980Gross Domestic Product (million national currency–for euro area, pre-EMU euro or EUR)

A.1.

     Annex: Economic series:

39

ConclusionConclusion

Cambodia does not have tradition in doing Research and Development. The result of the 2002 national survey on Research and Development has shown, that only 0.05% of the GDP has been spend on R&D.

The lack of financial resources is the main obstacle in implementing R&D activities in all the 4 sectors (government, higher education, private non profit institution, and business enterprise). On the other hand the lack of government incentive was considered as the major external limitation of doing the R&D.

40

In compare to other ASEAN countries, Cambodia does not have much researcher, only 1.2 per 10,000 labor force (In 1999 Singapore has 69.6 and 2000 up to 83.5 per 10,000 labor force. Malaysia has 15.5 per 10,000-labor force in 2000).

The share of GERD of Cambodia looks different from the other development countries. The business enterprise sector performed only 12.08% of GERD, whereas in the United State spent 74% for the experimental development and 64% for applied research in 1999, in Singapore 62% in 2000 and in the same year the private sector in Malaysia contribute 57.9%.

41

The Private Non Profit Sector performed most of the GERD (50.79%) and most of it for the applied research, which concentrates more in social science.

The first National Survey on R&D in Cambodia for the financial Year 2002 has generally shown Cambodia’s place internationally in R&D. In this respect, Cambodia needs to strengthen their R&D activities in all sectors. It should begin from the policy makers that they can make policy towards R&D.

42

The private sector should concentrate on its own research and development instate of import on technology. The university and the other higher education institution should cooperate more with private or public institution in order to make their own students or researchers apply their theory into practice.

43