1. Incridible Banking Success Series

I N C R I D B L E B A N K I N G S U C C E S S S E R I E S

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Mr. Rahul Rituraj

Asst Manager,Central Bank Of

India

Achievement- Creating a most

interesting & interactive group on

fb "Bankers Ka Adda" And

Extending Quality Service to

banking aspirant for building best

budding bankers.

Thousands of member who were

nobody before joining our

group are somebody today as a

banker

Naming few names here :

Abhinav Laxman Bhave

(Union Bank PO)

Ravi Goyal (Corporation

Bank PO)

Er Amruta (Bank Of

Maharastra PO)

Sadaf Tahsin (Bank Of

Baroda PO)

Deepika Chouhan (Bank

Of India PO)

Kushal Swargiary

(Central Bank Of India

PO)

Abinash Verma (UCO

Bank PO)

And Many More.........

Graduation Details- B.Com

(Hons) in 2011 [1st class in

1st,Gold Medalist]

Email ID :

[email protected]

Contribution : Banking And

Nothing Else

"Sharing Is Caring”

Er. Deepak Kumar

Bacheolar in Technology

The most essential powerful mantra to achieve success in life is true devotion with continuous efforts. In this Success series I made a serious effort to provide as much information to Members of group . This e- Magazine contains the Mathematical Tricks , English Rules , Computer Notes , Current Affairs, Marketing terms, Financial Terms, Banking terms etc.

With the advent of globalization it has become necessary to learn new & innovative techniques to learn & Tackle General Awareness & English Section for upcoming exams.

This e-Magazine will help you and give you proper guidance in your preparation for your exams.

Incredible India provides you the best guidance and reading material. It remains upto you to make the best use of it in any competitive examination for an absolute success .

With best wishes for your glorious success and bright future.

Sincerely Yours.

Deepak Kumar Das

(Ch. I WORK FOR HUMANITY )

SPECIAL DEDICATION TO …..

MY MOM DAD BROTHER & MY FRIENDS

“ PAIN IS TEMPRORARY BUT PRIDE IS FOREVER

Mr. Aniket Anand

BSC (IT) in 2011

Achievement –

Got GOLD MEDAL in all

india essay competeion

organised by REYUKAI

Won 1st prize in DEBATE

competition at national level.

Under my guidance my

student KISHLAY KISHAN

(DPS 2012 batch)

represented INDIA in

PHILLIPINES at

BOURNVITA ENGLISH

competetion & is currently

studyng in IIT BOMBAY.

MY STUDENT kuhu krishna

topped in 10TH NTSE

examination frm BIHAR

"Make yourself like a raft boat , keep

calm and unruffled on d surface BUT

paddle with gr8 vigour underneath"


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BANKING SPECIAL

1. Cash Reserve Ratio

The Cash Reserve Ratio is the amount of funds that the banks are bound to keep with Reserve bank of India, with reference

to the demand and time liabilities (NDTL) to ensure the liquidity and solvency of the Banks. Please note that earlier RBI was

empowered to fix RBI between 3-20% by notification. However, from 2006 onwards the RBI is empowered to fix the CRR

on its discretion without any ceiling. The CRR is maintained fortnightly average basis.

What is impact of reducing CRR?

When CRR is reduced, more funds are available to banks for deploying in other business as they have to keep fewer amounts

with RBI. This means that the banks would have more money to play and this leads to reduction of interest rates on Loans

provided by the Banks.

What is impact of Hiking CRR?

RBI uses the method of CRR hike to drain out the excess liquidity from the banks. This is because; the banks will now have

to keep more money with the Reserve Bank of India. On this money banks don`t earn any / much interest. Since they don't

earn any interest, the banks are left with an option to increase the interest rates. If RBI hikes this rate substantially, banks will

have to increase the loan interest rates. The home loans, car loans and EMI of floating Rate loans increase.

The following Graphic shows the history of CRR since 2000.

The above graphic shows that RBI has used this tool to contain the money supply and credit creation more frequently.

Highest CRR was 9% when the Global Financial Slowdown had started taking definite shape. During the slowdown years the

CRR was reduced gradually so that Banks have more money with them. Once, the signs of recovery are shown clearly, RBI

made it again a little higher.

2. Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)

Every bank is required to maintain at the close of business every day, a minimum proportion of their Net Demand

and Time Liabilities as liquid assets in the form of cash, gold and un-encumbered approved securities. The ratio

of liquid assets to demand and time liabilities is known as Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR). RBI is empowered to

increase this ratio up to 40%. An increase in SLR also restrict the bank‘s leverage position to pump more money

into the economy.

What is SLR ? (For Non Bankers) : SLR stands for Statutory Liquidity Ratio. This term is used by bankers and

indicates the minimum percentage of deposits that the bank has to maintain in form of gold, cash or other

approved securities. Thus, we can say that it is ratio of cash and some other approved securities to liabilities

(deposits) It regulates the credit growth in India.

The main objectives for maintaining the SLR ratio are the following:

To control the expansion of bank credit. By changing the level of SLR, the Reserve Bank of India can increase or

decrease bank credit expansion.

To ensure the solvency of commercial banks.

To compel the commercial banks to invest in government securities like government bonds.

Formula for Calculating SLR in India

SLR rate = (liquid assets / (demand + time liabilities)) × 100%

How does this affect economy?


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Lower SLR, means bank can give more money as loan = lower interest rates = cheap loan = more people take

loan to start business or building house or buying car = boost in economy. This could to inflation, if people have

more cash in their hands than the items available for purchase in the market.

Higher SLR = bank can give less money as loan = Higher interest rate = it becomes expensive to start a new

factory, buy a new house / car/bike. This can curb inflation but may also lead to slowdown in economy, because

people wait for the interest rates to go down, before taking loans.

How Does A SLR Hike Help In Lowering Inflation?

Whenever the RBI hikes the SLR rate, a lot of excess liquidity is sucked out of the markets. Banks have lesser

cash available with them to deploy as loans. Consequently, to maintain their profit margins, they have to increase

the lending rates at which they disburse loans. As loan rates go up, consumers tend to borrow less and eventually

spend less. Thus the demand for goods and services goes down. All inflated prices start coming down due to the

decrease in demand. And as prices start moving downwards, inflation starts coming down.

Difference between CRR and SLR

Sr.No. CRR SLR

1 Cash Reverse Ratio Statutory Liquidity Ratio

2 Maintained with central bank(RBI) Maintained with bank

3 CRR can be in form of cash SLR can be in form of cash, precious metals like gold

or securities

4 Controls the liquidity in the economy Controls the credit growth in the economy

5 Intended to maintain the purchasing Intended to make banks invest in

power of money government securities

3. INFLATION

An inflation index is a tool used to measure the rate of inflation in an economy. There are several different ways

to measure inflation, leading to more than one inflation index with different economists and investors preferring

one method to another, sometimes strongly. This brief overview should help you understand how an inflation

index works, some of the more popular models, and perhaps even help you decide for yourself the one you think

represents the "true" inflation rate.

Before we can begin, you need to understand the definition of an "index". Basically, an index is just a collection

of data that serves as a baseline for future reference.

Some Popular Inflation Index Reports

There are several popular inflation index reports that investors and economists follow:

Consumer Price Index (CPI): This inflation index measures the change in prices regular consumers pay

to live their day-to-day lives. We'll talk about it more in depth in a moment.

Producer Price Index (PPI): This inflation index measures the change in prices manufacturers and

producers experience on materials necessary for conducting their business. The price of steel and

aluminum for automobile manufacturers would be tracked by the PPI.

Employment Cost Index (ECI): This inflation index measures the rising cost of hiring employees in

various fields.

Gross Domestic Product Deflator (GDP Deflator): This inflation index measures the rise in cost

experienced by end consumers as well as the government or institution providing goods and services to

those consumers.


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4. FDI vs FII

Both FDI and FII is related to investment in a foreign country. FDI or Foreign Direct Investment is an

investment that a parent company makes in a foreign country. On the contrary, FII or Foreign Institutional

Investor is an investment made by an investor in the markets of a foreign nation.

In FII, the companies only need to get registered in the stock exchange to make investments. But FDI is

quite different from it as they invest in a foreign nation.

The Foreign Institutional Investor is also known as hot money as the investors have the liberty to sell it

and take it back. But in Foreign Direct Investment, this is not possible. In simple words, FII can enter the

stock market easily and also withdraw from it easily. But FDI cannot enter and exit that easily. This

difference is what makes nations to choose FDI‘s more than then FIIs.

FDI is more preferred to the FII as they are considered to be the most beneficial kind of foreign

investment for the whole economy.

Foreign Direct Investment only targets a specific enterprise. It aims to increase the enterprises capacity or

productivity or change its management control. In an FDI, the capital inflow is translated into additional

production. The FII investment flows only into the secondary market. It helps in increasing capital

availability in general rather than enhancing the capital of a specific enterprise.

The Foreign Direct Investment is considered to be more stable than Foreign Institutional Investor. FDI

not only brings in capital but also helps in good governance practises and better management skills and

even technology transfer. Though the Foreign Institutional Investor helps in promoting good governance

and improving accounting, it does not come out with any other benefits of the FDI.

While the FDI flows into the primary market, the FII flows into secondary market. While FIIs are short-

term investments, the FDI‘s are long term.

Summary

1. FDI is an investment that a parent company makes in a foreign country. On the contrary, FII is an investment

made by an investor in the markets of a foreign nation.

2. FII can enter the stock market easily and also withdraw from it easily. But FDI cannot enter and exit that easily.

3. Foreign Direct Investment targets a specific enterprise. The FII increasing capital availability in general.

4. The Foreign Direct Investment is considered to be more stable than Foreign Institutional Investor

5. Some Special Accounts


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6. Priority Sector Lending

1. What are the targets under priority sector lending ?

Ans : The targets and sub-targets set under priority sector lending for domestic and foreign banks operating in

India are furnished below :

Domestic banks (both public sector

and private sector banks)

Foreign banks operating in India

Total Priority Sector

advances

40 percent of NBC 32 percent of NBC

Total agricultural advances 18 percent of NBC No target

SSI advances No target 10 percent of NBC

Export credit Export credit does not form part of

priority sector

12 percent of NBC


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Advances to weaker

sections

10 percent of NBC No target

{note : NBC denotes net bank credit}

2. What constitutes net bank credit ?

The net bank credit should tally with the figure reported in the fortnightly return submitted under section 42(2)

of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. However, outstanding deposits under the FCNR(B) and NRNR

Schemes are excluded from net bank credit for computation of priority sector lending target/ sub-targets.

3. What does the priority sector comprise ?

Ans : Broadly, the priority sector comprises the following :

1. Agriculture

2. Small scale industries (including setting up of industrial estates)

3. Small road and water transport operators (owning upto 10 vehicles).

4. Small business (Original cost of equipment used for business not to exceed Rs 20 lakh)

5. Retail trade (advances to private retail traders upto Rs.10 lakh)

6. Professional and self-employed persons (borrowing limit not exceeding Rs.10 lakh of which not

more than Rs.2 lakh for working capital; in the case of qualified medical practitioners setting up

practice in rural areas, the limits are Rs 15 lakh and Rs 3 lakh respectively and purchase of one

motor vehicle within these limits can be included under priority sector)

7. State sponsored organisations for Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes

8. Education (educational loans granted to individuals by banks)

9. Housing [both direct and indirect – loans upto Rs.5 lakhs (direct loans upto Rs 10 lakh in urban/

metropolitan areas), Loans upto Rs 1 lakh and Rs 2 lakh for repairing of houses in rural/ semi-urban

and urban areas respectively].

10. Consumption loans (under the consumption credit scheme for weaker sections)

11. Micro-credit provided by banks either directly or through any intermediaty; Loans to self help

groups(SHGs) / Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) for onlending to SHGs

12. Loans to the software industry (having credit limit not exceeding Rs 1 crore from the banking

system)

13. Loans to specified industries in the food and agro-processing sector having investment in plant and

machinery up to Rs 5 crore.

14. Investment by banks in venture capital (venture capital funds/ companies registered with SEBI)

4. What constitutes „Direct Finance‟ for Agricultural Purposes ?

Direct Agricultural advances denote advances given by banks directly to farmers for agricultural purposes.

These include short-term loans for raising crops i.e. for crop loans. In addition, advances upto Rs. 5 lakh to

farmers against pledge/hypothecation of agricultural produce (including warehouse receipts) for a period not

exceeding 12 months, where the farmers were given crop loans for raising the produce, provided the borrowers

draw credit from one bank.

Direct finance also includes medium and long-term loans (Provided directly to farmers for financing

production and development needs) such as Purchase of agricultural implements and machinery, Development


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of irrigation potential, Reclamation and Land Development Schemes, Construction of farm buildings and

structures, etc. Other types of direct finance to farmers includes loans to plantations, development of allied

activities such as fishery, poultry etc and also establishment of bio-gas plants, purchase of land for agricultural

purposes by small and marginal farmers and loans to agri-clinics and agri-business centres.

5. What constitutes „Indirect Finance‟ to Agriculture ?

Indirect finance denotes to finance provided by banks to farmers indirectly, i.e., through other agencies.

Important items included under indirect finance to agriculture are as under :

i. Credit for financing the distribution of fertilisers, pesticides, seeds, etc.

ii. Loans upto Rs. 25 lakhs granted for financing distribution of inputs for the allied activities such as,

cattle feed, poultry feed, etc.

iii. Loans to Electricity Boards for reimbursing the expenditure already incurred by them for providing low

tension connection from step-down point to individual farmers for energising their wells.

iv. Loans to State Electricity Boards for Systems Improvement Scheme under Special Project Agriculture

(SI-SPA).

v. Deposits held by the banks in Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) maintained with

NABARD.

vi. Subscription to bonds issued by Rural Electrification Corporation (REC) exclusively for financing

pump-set energisation programme in rural and semi-urban areas and also for financing System

Improvement Programme (SISPA).

vii. Subscriptions to bonds issued by NABARD with the objective of financing agriculture/allied activities.

viii. Finance extended to dealers in drip irrigation/sprinkler irrigation system/agricultural machinery, subject

to the following conditions:

The dealer should be located in the rural/semi-urban areas.

He should be dealing exclusively in such items or if dealing in other products, should be

maintaining separate and distinct records in respect of such items.

A ceiling of upto Rs. 20 lakhs per dealer should be observed.

ix. Loans to Arthias (commission agents in rural/semi-urban areas) for meeting their working capital

requirements on account of credit extended to farmers for supply of inputs.

x. Lending to Non Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) for on-lending to agriculture.

6. What is the definition of „Small Scale Industries‟ (SSI) ?

Small scale industrial units are those engaged in the manufacture, processing or preservation of goods and

whose investment in plant and machinery (original cost) does not exceed Rs. 1 crore. These would, inter alia,

include units engaged in mining or quarrying, servicing and repairing of machinery. In the case of ancillary

units, the investment in plant and machinery (original cost) should also not exceed Rs. 1 crore to be classified

under small-scale industry.

The investment limit of Rs.1 crore for classification as SSI has been enhanced to Rs.5 crore in respect of certain

specified items under hosiery and hand tools by the Government of India

7. What is the definition of „Tiny Enterprises‟ ?

The status of ‗Tiny Enterprises‘ is given to all small scale units whose investment in plant & machinery

is upto Rs. 25 lakhs, irrespective of the location of the unit.


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8. What are „Small Scale Service & Business Enterprises‟ (SSSBE‟s) ?

Industry related service and business enterprises with investment upto Rs. 10 lakhs in fixed assets,

excluding land and building will be given benefits of small scale sector. For computation of value of

fixed assets, the original price paid by the original owner will be considered irrespective of the price

paid by subsequent owners.

9. What does indirect finance in the small-scale industrial sector include?

Indirect finance to SSI includes the following important items:

i. Financing of agencies involved in assisting the decentralised sector in the supply of inputs and

marketing of outputs of artisans, village and cottage industries.

ii. Finance extended to Government sponsored Corporation/organisations providing funds to the weaker

sections in the priority sector.

iii. Advances to handloom co-operatives.

iv. Term finance/loans in the form of lines of credit made available to State Industrial Development

Corporation/State Financial Corporations for financing SSIs.

v. Funds provided by banks to SIDBI/SFCs by way of rediscounting of bills

vi. Subscription to bonds floated by SIDBI, SFCS, SIDCS and NSIC exclusively for financing SSI units.

vii. Subscription to bonds issued by NABARD with the objective of financing exclusively non-farm sector.

viii. Financing of NBFCS or other intermediaries for on-lending to the tiny sector.

ix. Deposits placed with SIDBI by Foreign Banks in fulfilment of shortfall in attaining priority sector

targets.

x. Bank finance to HUDCO either as a line of credit or by way of investment in special bonds issued by

HUDCO for on-lending to artisans, handloom weavers, etc. under tiny sector may be treated as indirect

lending to SSI (Tiny) Sector.

10. What type of investments made by banks are reckoned under priority sector ?

Investments made by the banks in special bonds issued by the specified institutions could be reckoned as part of

priority sector advances, subject to the following conditions:

i. State Financial Corporations (SFCs)/State Industrial Development Corporations (SIDCs)

Subscription to bonds exclusively floated by SFCs & SIDCs for financing SSI units will be eligible for

inclusion under priority sector as indirect finance to SSI.

ii. Rural Electrification Corporation (REC) Subscription to special bonds issued by REC exclusively for

financing pump-set energisation programme in rural and semi-urban areas and the System Improvement

Programme under its Special Projects Agriculture (SI-SPA) will be eligible for inclusion under priority

sector lending as indirect finance to agriculture.

iii. NABARD Subscription to bonds issued by NABARD with the objective of financing exclusively

agriculture/allied activities and the non-farm sector will be eligible for inclusion under the priority sector

as indirect finance to agriculture/ SSI, as the case may be.

iv. Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) Subscriptions to bonds exclusively floated by

SIDBI for financing of SSI units will be eligible for inclusion under priority sector as indirect finance

to SSIs.

v. The National Small Industries Corporation Ltd. (NSIC) Subscription to bonds issued by NSIC

exclusively for financing of SSI units will be eligible for inclusion under priority sector as indirect

finance to SSIs.


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vi. National Housing Bank (NHB) Subscription to bonds issued by NHB exclusively for financing of

housing, irrespective of the loan size per dwelling unit, will be eligible for inclusion under priority sector

advances as indirect housing finance.

vii. Housing & Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO)

a. Subscription to bonds issued by HUDCO exclusively for financing of housing, irrespective of the

loan size per dwelling unit, will be eligible for inclusion under priority sector advances as

indirect housing finance.

b. Investment in special bonds issued by HUDCO for on-lending to artisans, handloom weavers,

etc. under tiny sector will be classified as indirect lending to SSI (Tiny) sector.

11. What are the weaker sections within the priority sector ?

The weaker sections under priority sector include the following:

1. Small and marginal farmers with land holding of 5 acres and less and landless labourers, tenant farmers

and share croppers.

2. Artisans, village and cottage industries where individual credit limits do not exceed Rs. 50,000/-

3. Beneficiaries of Swarnjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY)

4. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes

5. Beneficiaries of Differential Rate of Interest (DRI) scheme

6. Beneficiaries under Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rojgar Yojana (SJSRY)

7. Beneficiaries under the Scheme for Liberation and Rehabilitation of Scavangers (SLRS).

8. Self Help Groups (SHGs)

9.

12. what action is taken in the case of non-achievement of priority sector lending target by a bank ?

i. Domestic scheduled commercial banks having shortfall in lending to priority sector / agriculture are

allocated amounts for contribution to the Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) established in

NABARD. Details regarding operationalisation of the RIDF such as the amounts to be deposited by

banks, interest rates on deposits, period of deposits etc., are decided every year after announcement in

the Union Budget about setting up of RIDF.

ii. In the case of foreign banks operating in India which fail to achieve the priority sector lending target or

sub-targets, an amount equivalent to the shortfall is required to be deposited with SIDBI for one year at

the interest rate of 8 percent per annum.

13. Whether there is any time limit for disposal of loan applications ?

All loan applications upto a credit limit of Rs. 25,000/- should be disposed of within a fortnight and those for

over Rs. 25,000/- within 8 to 9 weeks.

14. What is the rate of interest for loans under priority sector ?

As per the current interest rate policy, in the case of loans upto Rs 2 lakh, the interest rate should not exceed the

prime lending rate (PLR) of the bank, while in the case of loans above Rs 2 lakh, banks are free to determine the

interest rate


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15. How is priority sector lending monitored by the Reserve Bank ? Priority sector lending by commercial

banks is monitored by Reserve Bank of India through periodical Returns received from them. Performance of

banks is also reviewed in the various fora set up under the Lead Bank Scheme (at State, District and Block

levels).

NAME OF THE BANK FOUNDED HEADQUARTERS CMD

Allahabad Bank 1865 in Allahabad Kolkata, India Rakesh Sethi

Andhra Bank 1923 Hyderabad C.V.R. Rajendran

Bank of Baroda 1908 Vadodara (Baroda),India S S Mundra

Bank of India 1906 Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Vijayalakshmi R Iyer

Bank of Maharashtra 1935 Bank of Maharashtra, Pune India Shri Sushil Muhnot

Bharatiya Mahila Bank 2013 New Delhi, India Usha Ananthasubramanian

Canara Bank 1969 Bangalore, Karnataka, India Rajiv Kishore Dubey

Central Bank of India 1911 Mumbai, India Shri. Rajeev Rishi

Corporation Bank 1906 Mangalore, Karnataka, India Shri Sadhu ram Bansal

Dena Bank 1938 Mumbai, India Shri Ashwani Kumar

IDBI Bank 1964 Mumbai, India M.S. Raghavan

Indian Bank 1907 Chennai, India T.M.Bhasin

Indian Overseas Bank 1937 Chennai, India M. Narendra

Oriental Bank of Commerce 1943 Gurgaon, Haryana, India S.L.Bansal

Punjab National Bank 1895 New Delhi, India K R Kamath

Punjab & Sind Bank 1908 Rajendra Place New Delhi, India JATINDER BIR SINGH,

Syndicate Bank 1925 Manipal, Karnataka, India Shri Sudhir Kumar Jain

UCO Bank 1943 Kolkata, West Bengal, India Arun Kaul

Union Bank of India 1919 Mumbai, India Mr. Arun Tiwari

United Bank of India 1950 Kolkata, West Bengal, India Ms. Archana Bhargava

Vijaya Bank 1931 Mangalore, India Shri.V Kannan


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Some Important term related to Banking

1. What is Inflation?

Inflation is as an increase in the price of bunch of

Goods and services that projects the Indian

economy. An increase in inflation figures occurs

when there is an increase in the average level of

prices in Goods and services. Inflation happens

when there are fewer Goods and more buyers; this

will result in increase in the price of Goods, since

there is more demand and less supply of the goods.

2. What is Deflation?

Deflation is the continuous decrease in prices of

goods and services. Deflation occurs when the

inflation rate becomes negative (below zero) and

stays there for a longer period.

3. What is IPO?

IPO is Initial Public Offering. This is the first

offering of shares to the general public from a

company wishes to list on the stock exchanges.

4. What is Disinvestment?

The Selling of the government stake in public sector

undertakings.

5. What is Fiscal Deficit?

It is the difference between the government‘s total

receipts (excluding borrowings) and total

expenditure. Fiscal deficit in 2009-10 is proposed at

6.8% of GDP.

6. What is Revenue deficit?

It defines that, where the net amount received (by

taxes & other forms) fails to meet the predicted net

amount to be received by the government. Revenue

deficit in 2009-10 is proposed at 4.8% of GDP.

7. What is GDP?

The Gross Domestic Product or GDP is a measure

of all of the services and goods produced in a

country over a specific period; classically a year.

GDP during 2008-09 is 6.7%.

8. What is GNP?

Gross National Product is measured as GDP plus

income of residents from investments made abroad

minus income earned by foreigners in domestic

market.

9. What is National Income?

What is Per Capita Income?

The national income of a country, or region, divided

by its population. Per capita income is often used to

measure a country's standard of living.Per capita

income during 2008-09 estimated by CSO: Rs.25,

494.

10. What is Vote on Account?

A vote-on account is basically a statement ,where

the government presents an estimate of a sum

required to meet the expenditure that it incurs

during the first three to four months of an election

financial year until a new government is in place, to

keep the machinery running national Income is the

money value of all goods and services produced in a

country during the year.

11. Difference between Vote on Account and

Interim Budget?

Vote-on-account deals only with the expenditure

side of the government's budget, an interim Budget

is a complete set of accounts, including both

expenditure and receipts.

12. What is SDR?

The SDR (Special Drawing Rights) is an artificial

currency created by the IMF in 1969. SDRs are

allocated to member countries and can be fully

converted into international currencies so they serve

as a supplement to the official foreign reserves of

member countries. Its value is based on a basket of

key international currencies (U.S. dollar, euro, yen

and pound sterling).

13. What is SEZ?

SEZ means Special Economic Zone is the one of

the part of government‟s policies in India. A special

Economic zone is a geographical region that

economic laws which are more liberal than the

usual economic laws in the country. The basic

motto behind this is to increase foreign investment,

development of infrastructure, job opportunities and

increase the income level of the people.

14. What is corporate governance?


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The way in which a company is governed and how

it deals with the various interests of its customers,

shareholders, employees and society at large.

Corporate governance is the set of processes,

customs, policies, laws, and institutions affecting

the way a corporation (or company) is directed,

administered or controlled.Is defined as the general

set of customs, regulations, habits, and laws that

determine to what end a firm should be run.

15. What is monetary policy?

Monetary policy is the process by which the

government, central bank, of a country controls (i)

the supply of money, (ii) availability of money, and

(iii) cost of money or rate of interest, in order to

attain a set of objectives oriented towards the

growth and stability of the economy.

16. What is Fiscal Policy?

Fiscal policy is the use of government spending and

revenue collection to influence the economy. These

policies affect tax rates, interest rates and

government spending, in an effort to control the

economy. Fiscal policy is an additional method to

determine public revenue and public expenditure.

17. What is Core Banking Solutions?

Core banking is a general term used to describe the

services provided by a group of networked bank

branches. Bank customers may access their funds

and other simple transactions from any of the

member branch offices. It will cut down time,

working simultaneously on different issues and

increasing efficiency. The platform where

communication technology and information

technology are merged to suit core needs of banking

is known as Core Banking Solutions

18. What is E-Governance?

E-Governance is the public sector‟s use of

information and communication technologies with

the aim of improving information and service

delivery, encouraging citizen participation in the

decision-making process and making government

more accountable,transparent and effective.

19. What is Right to information Act?

The Right to Information act is a law enacted by the

Parliament of India giving citizens of India access

to records of the Central Government and State

overnments.The Act applies to all States and Union

Territories of India, except the State of Jammu and

Kashmir - which is covered under a State-level law.

This law was passed by Parliament on 15 June 2005

and came fully into force on 13 October 2005.

20. Credit Rating Agencies in India?

The credit rating agencies in India mainly include

ICRA and CRISIL. ICRA wasformerly referred to

the Investment Information and Credit Rating

Agency of India Limited. Their main function is to

grade the different sector and companies in terms of

performance and offer solutions for up gradation.

The credit rating agencies in India mainly include

ICRA and CRISIL(Credit Rating Information

Services of India Limited)

21. What is Cheque?

Cheque is a negotiable instrument instructing a

Bank to pay a specific amount from a specified

account held in the maker/depositor's name with

that Bank.A bill of exchange drawn on a specified

banker and payable on demand.―Written order

directing a bank to pay money‖.

22. What is demand Draft?

A demand draft is an instrument used for effecting

transfer of money. It is a Negotiable Instrument.

Cheque and Demand-Draft both are used for

Transfer of money. You can 100% trust a DD. It is

a banker's check. A check may be dishonored for

lack of funds a DD cannot. Cheque is written by an

individual and Demand draft is issued by a bank.

People believe banks more than individuals.

23. What is a NBFC?

A non-banking financial company (NBFC) is a

company registered under the Companies Act, 1956

and is engaged in the business of loans and

advances, acquisition of

shares/stock/bonds/debentures/securities issued by

government, but does not include any institution

whose principal business is that of agriculture

activity, industrial activity,

sale/purchase/construction of immovable

property.NBFCs are doing functions akin to that of

banks; however there are a few differences:

(i)A NBFC cannot accept demand deposits (demand

deposits are funds deposited at a depository


Page 14

institution that are payable on demand --

immediately or within a very short period -- like

your current or savings accounts.)

(ii) it is not a part of the payment and settlement

system and as such cannot issue cheques to its

customers; and

(iii) Deposit insurance facility of DICGC is not

available for NBFC depositors unlike in case of

banks.

24. Difference between banking & Finance?

Finance is generally related to all types of financial,

this could be accounting, insurances and policies.

Whereas banking is everything that happens in a

bank only.The term Banking and Finance are two

very different terms but are often associated

together. These two terms are often used to denote

services that a bank and other financial institutions

provide to its customers.

25. What is NASSCOM ?

The National Association of Software and Services

Companies (NASSCOM), the Indian chamber of

commerce is a consortium that serves as an

interface to the Indian software industry and Indian

BPO industry. Maintaining close interaction with

the Government of India in formulating National IT

policies with specific focus on IT software and

services maintaining a state of the art information

database of IT software and services related

activities for use of both the software developers as

well as interested companies overseas.

26. What is ASSOCHAM?

The Associated Chambers of Commerce and

Industry of India (ASSOCHAM), India's premier

apex chamber covers a membership of over 2 lakh

companies and professionals across the country. It

was established in 1920 by promoter chambers,

representing all regions of India. As an apex

industry body, ASSOCHAM represents the interests

of industry and trade, interfaces with Government

on policy issues and interacts with counterpart

international organizations to promote bilateral

economic issues.

27. What is NABARD?

NABARD was established by an act of Parliament

on 12 July 1982 to implement the National Bank for

Agriculture and Rural Development Act 1981. It

replaced the Agricultural Credit Department (ACD)

and Rural Planning and Credit Cell (RPCC) of

Reserve Bank of India, and Agricultural Refinance

and Development Corporation (ARDC). It is one of

the premiere agency to provide credit in rural areas.

NABARD is set up as an apex Development Bank

with a mandate for facilitating credit flow for

promotion and development of agriculture, small-

scale industries, cottage and village industries,

handicrafts and other rural crafts.

28. What is SIDBI?

The Small Industries Development Bank of India is

a state-run bank aimed to aid the growth and

development of micro, small and medium scale

industries in India. Set up in 1990 through an act of

parliament, it was incorporated initially as a wholly

owned subsidiary of Industrial Development Bank

of India.

29. What is SENSEX and NIFTY?

SENSEX is the short term for the words "Sensitive

Index" and is associated with the Bombay

(Mumbai) Stock Exchange (BSE). The SENSEX

was first formed on 1-1-1986 and used the market

capitalization of the 30 most traded stocks of BSE.

Where as NSE has 50 most traded stocks of

NSE.SENSEX IS THE INDEX OF BSE. AND

NIFTY IS THE INDEX OF NSE.BOTH WILL

SHOW DAILY TRADING MARKS. Sensex and

Nifty both are an "index‖. An index is basically an

indicator it indicates whether most of the stocks

have gone up or most of the stocks have gone down.

30. What is SEBI?

SEBI is the regulator for the Securities Market in

India. Originally set up by the Government of India

in 1988, it acquired statutory form in 1992 with

SEBI Act 1992 being passed by the Indian

Parliament. Chaired by C B Bhave.

31. What is Mutual funds?

Mutual funds are investment companies that pool

money from investors at large and offer to sell and

buy back its shares on a continuous basis and use

the capital thus raised to invest in securities of

different companies. The mutual fund will have a

fund manager that trades the pooled money on a

regular basis. The net proceeds or losses are then

typically distributed to the investors annually.


Page 15

32. What is Asset Management Companies?

A company that invests its clients' pooled fund into

securities that match its declared financial

objectives. Asset management companies provide

investors with more diversification and investing

options than they would have by themselves.

Mutual funds, hedge funds and pension plans are all

run by asset management companies. These

companies earn income by charging service fees to

their clients.

33. What are non-perfoming assets?

Non-performing assets, also called non-performing

loans, are loans,made by a bank or finance

company, on which repayments or interest

payments are not being made on time. A debt

obligation where the borrower has not paid any

previously agreed upon interest and principal

repayments to the designated lender for an extended

period of time. The nonperforming asset is therefore

not yielding any income to the lender in the form of

principal and interest payments.

34. What is Recession?

A true economic recession can only be confirmed if

GDP (Gross Domestic Product)growth is negative

for a period of two or more consecutive quarters.

35. What is foreign exchange reservers?

Foreign exchange reserves (also called Forex

reserves) in a strict sense are only the foreign

currency deposits and bonds held by central banks

and monetary authorities.However, the term in

popular usage commonly includes foreign exchange

and gold,SDRs and IMF reserve positions.

36. What is Open Market operations(OMO)?

The buying and selling of government securities in

the open market in order to expand or contract the

amount of money in the banking system by RBI.

Open market operations are the principal tools of

monetary policy.

37. What is Micro Credit?

It is a term used to extend small loans to very poor

people for self-employment projects that generate

income, allowing them to care for themselves and

their families.

38. What is RTGS System?

The acronym 'RTGS' stands for Real Time Gross

Settlement. RTGS system is a funds transfer

mechanism where transfer of money takes place

from one bank to another on a 'real time' and on

'gross' basis. This is the fastest possible money

transfer system through the banking channel.

Settlement in 'real time' means payment transaction

is not subjected to any waiting period. The

transactions are settled as soon as they are

processed. 'Gross settlement' means the transaction

is settled on one to one basis without bunching with

any other transaction.

39. What is Bancassurance?

It is the term used to describe the partnership or

relationship between a bank and an insurance

company whereby the insurance company uses the

bank sales channel in order to sell insurance

products.

What is Wholesale Price Index ?

The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) is the index used

to measure the changes in the average price level of

goods traded in wholesale market. A total of 435

commodity prices make up the index. It is available

on a weekly basis. It is generally taken as an

indicator of the inflation rate in the Indian economy.

The Indian Wholesale Price Index (WPI) was first

published in 1902, and was used by policy makers

until it was replaced by the Producer Price Index

(PPI) in 1978.

40. What is Consumer price Index(CPI)?

It is a measure estimating the average price of

consumer goods and services purchased by

households.

41. What is Venture Capital?

Venture capital is money provided by an outside

investor to finance a new, growing, or troubled

business. The venture capitalist provides the

funding knowing that there‟s a significant risk

associated with the company‟s future profits and

cash flow. Capital is invested in exchange for an

equity stake in the business rather than given as a

loan, and the investor hopes the investment will

yield a better-than-average return.

42. What is a Treasury Bills?

Treasury Bills (T-Bills) are short term, Rupee

denominated obligations issued by the Reserve

Bank of India (RBI) on behalf of the Government of

India. They are thus useful in managing short-term


Page 16

liquidity. At present, the Government of India

issues three types of treasury bills through auctions,

namely, 91-day, 182-day and 364-day. There are no

treasury bills issued by State Governments.

43. What is Banking Ombudsmen Scheme?

The Banking Ombudsman Scheme enables an

expeditious and inexpensive forum to bank

customers for resolution of complaints relating to

certain services rendered by banks.The Banking

Ombudsman is a senior official appointed by the

Reserve Bank of India to redress customer

complaints against deficiency in certain banking

services.The Banking Ombudsman Scheme was

first introduced in India in 1995, and was revised in

2002. The current scheme became operative from

the 1 January 2006, and replaced and superseded

the banking Ombudsman Scheme 2002.

44. What is Subsidy?

A subsidy is a form of financial assistance paid to a

business or economic sector. Most subsidies are

made by the government to producers or

distributors in an industry to prevent the decline of

that industry or an increase in the prices of its

products or to encourage it to hire more labor.

45. What is a Debenture? How many types of

debentures are there? What are they?

A debenture is basically an unsecured loan to a

corporation. A type of debt instrument that is not

secured by physical asset. Debentures are backed

only by the general creditworthiness and reputation

of the issuer.

1. Convertible Debentures: Any type of

debenture that can be converted into some

other security or it can be converted into

stock..

2. Non-Convertibility Debentures(NCB): Non

Convertible Debentures are those that

cannot be converted into equity shares of the

issuing company, as opposed to Convertible

debentures. Non-convertible debentures

normally earn a higher interest rate than

convertible debentures do.

46. What is a hedge fund?

―Hedge‟ means to reduce financial risk. A hedge

fund is an investment fund open to a limited range

of investors and requires a very large initial

minimum investment. It is important to note that

hedging is actually the practice of attempting to

reduce risk, but the goal of most hedge funds is to

maximize return on investment.

47. What is FCCB?

A Foreign Currency Convertible Bond (FCCB) is a

type of convertible bond issued in a currency

different than the issuer‟s domestic currency. In

other words, the money being raised by the issuing

company is in the form of a foreign currency. A

company may issue an FCCB if it intends to make a

large investment in a country using that foreign

currency.

48. What is Capital Account

Convertibility(CAC)?

It is the freedom to convert local financial assets

into foreign financial assets and vice versa at market

determined rates of exchange. This means that

capital account convertibility allows anyone to

freely move from local currency into foreign

currency and back. The Reserve Bank of India has

appointed a committee to set out the framework for

fuller Capital Account Convertibility. Capital

account convertibility is considered to be one of the

major features of a developed economy. It helps

attract foreign investment capital account

convertibility makes it easier for domestic

companies to tap foreign markets.

49. What is Current Account Convertibility?

It defines at one can import and export goods or

receive or make payments for services rendered.

However, investments and borrowings are

restricted.

50. What is Arbitrage?

51. The opportunity to buy an asset at a low

price then immediately selling it on a

different market for a higher price.

52. What is Capitalism?

Capitalism as an economy is based on a democratic

political ideology and produces a free market

economy, where businesses are privately owned and

operated for profit; in capitalism, all of the capital

investments and decisions about production,

distribution, and the prices of goods, services, and

labor, are determined in the free market and

affected by the forces of supply and demand.


Page 17

53. What is Socialism?

Socialism as an economy is based on a collectivist

type of political ideology and involves the running

of businesses to benefit the common good of a vast

majority of people rather than of a small upper class

segment of society.

Notes By Anubhav Laxman Bhave

54. What is NPA?

Bank gives loan to a person.

Person fails to make regular payments.

Bank gives him notice to correct his

behavior. But he doesn‟t.

Bank declares that loan as Non-Performing

Asset (NPA) (=Bad Loan)

Currently Indian banks have NPAs worth

more than Rs. 1 lakh crores.

55. Debt Recovery tribunals?

Prior to 90s, banks had very hard time

recovering bad loans.

Because often, borrowers (loan takers)

would file frivolous cases in civil courts,

then …taarikh pe taarikh, taarikh pe

taarikh….. proceeding would go on for

years.

So 1993, Government established Debt

Recovery Tribunals to deal with NPA

matters.

Now borrower cannot approach civil court,

they‟ve to goto special Debt Recovery

Tribunal (DRT).

In 2002, Government came up with new

Act, named ―SARFAESI Act‖.

56. What is the Sarfaesi Act?

Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets

and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002,

Suppose, Mr.Paraajay has opened factory with

Rs.100 crores. He financed this, via mixture of Debt

+ equity in following way. (make sure you

understand debt vs Equity,

Initially the company runs well and good.

But then Mr.Paraajay doesn‟t revise his

MBA books often, so he forgets the business

concepts. His company starts making losses.

He fails to pay loan EMIs for many months.

SBI gives him notice to correct his behavior.

Still, he doesn‟t start pay

declares this Rs.40 crores loan NPA (Non-

Performing Asset).

Once a loan is declared as non-performing

asset, SBI can take actions under

SARFAESI act, to recover the loan money.

FINANCIAL INCLUSION

In India, RBI has initiated several measures to

achieve greater financial inclusion,such as

facilitating no-frills accounts and GCCs for small

deposits and credit. Some of these steps are:

Opening of no-frills accounts: Basic

banking no-frills account is with nil or very

low minimum balance as well as charges

that make such accounts accessible to vast

sections of the population. Banks have been

advised to provide small overdrafts in such

accounts.

Relaxation on know-your-customer (KYC)

norms: KYC requirements for opening bank

accounts were relaxed for small accounts in

August 2005, thereby simplifying

procedures by stipulating that introduction

by an account holder who has been

subjected to the full KYC drill would suffice

for opening such accounts. The banks were

also permitted to take any evidence as to the

identity and address of the customer to their

satisfaction. It has now been further relaxed

to include the letters issued by the Unique

Identification Authority of India containing

details of name, address and Aadhaar

number.

Engaging business correspondents (BCs):

In January 2006, RBI permitted banks to

engage business facilitators (BFs) and BCs

as intermediaries for providing financial and

banking services. The BC model allows

banks to provide doorstep delivery of

services, especially cash in-cash out


Page 18

transactions, thus addressing the last-mile

problem. The list of eligible individuals and

entities that can be engaged as BCs is being

widened from time to time. With effect from

September 2010, for-profit companies have

also been allowed to be engaged as BCs.

India map of Financial Inclusion by MIX

provides more insights on this.

Use of technology: Recognizing that

technology has the potential to address the

issues of outreach and credit delivery in

rural and remote areas in a viable

manner,banks have been advised to make

effective use of information and

communications technology (ICT), to

provide doorstep banking services through

the BC model where the accounts can be

operated by even illiterate customers by

using biometrics, thus ensuring the security

of transactions and enhancing confidence in

the banking system.

Adoption of EBT: Banks have been advised

to implement EBT by leveraging ICT-based

banking through BCs to transfer social

benefits electronically to the bank account of

the beneficiary and deliver government

benefits to the doorstep of the beneficiary,

thus reducing dependence on cash and

lowering transaction costs.

GCC: With a view to helping the poor and

the disadvantaged with access to easy credit,

banks have been asked to consider

introduction of a general purpose credit card

facility up to `25,000 at their rural and semi-

urban branches. The objective of the scheme

is to provide hassle-free credit to banks‗

customers based on the assessment of cash

flow without insistence on security, purpose

or end use of the credit. This is in the nature

of revolving credit entitling the holder to

withdraw up to the limit sanctioned.

Simplified branch authorization: To

address the issue of uneven spread of bank

branches, in December 2009, domestic

scheduled commercial banks were permitted

to freely open branches in tier III to tier VI

centres with a population of less than 50,000

under general permission, subject to

reporting. In the north-eastern states and

Sikkim, domestic scheduled commercial

banks can now open branches in rural,semi-

urban and urban centres without the need to

take permission from RBI in each case,

subject to reporting.

Opening of branches in unbanked rural

centres: To further step up the opening of

branches in rural areas so as to improve

banking penetration and financial inclusion

rapidly, the need for the opening of more

bricks and mortar branches, besides the use

of BCs, was felt. Accordingly, banks have

been mandated in the April monetary policy

statement to allocate at least 25% of the total

number of branches to be opened during a

year to unbanked rural centres.

GUIDELINES FOR NEW BANKING

LICENCE

Entities/groups should have a past record of

sound credentials and integrity, be

financially sound with a successful track

record of 10 years.

The minimum paid-up capital for setting up

a bank has been pegged at Rs 500 crore.

The cap on the foreign investment, including

FDI/FII and NRI, has been set at 49 per

cent.

As per norms notified by RBI, on receipt of

licence, promoter has to start operations

within one year and list the company within

three years of commencement of the

business.

New banks should open at least 25 per cent

of branches in unbanked rural centres.

Those seeking to set up a bank would have

to submit applications by July 1, 2013. The

RBI will display names of applicants on its

Website.

Following the grant of licence, the promoter

group, which could be a public sector entity

as well, will be required to set up a wholly-


Page 19

owned Non-Operative Financial Holding

Company.

The NOFHC is aimed at protecting the

banking operation from extraneous factors

like other business of the Group i.e.,

commercial, industrial and financial

activities not regulated by financial sector

regulators.

Existing non-banking financial company

(NBFC) will be eligible to apply for a bank

licence.

If considered eligible, NBFCs may be

permitted to promote a new bank or convert

themselves into banks.

According to norms, the business plan has to

be realistic and viable and should address

how the bank proposes to achieve financial

inclusion.

The new entity will have to comply with the

priority sector lending targets and sub-

targets as applicable to the existing domestic

banks, it said.

Banks promoted by groups having 40 per

cent or more income from non-financial

business will require RBI's prior approval

for raising paid-up voting equity capital

beyond Rs 1,000 crore for every block of Rs

500 crore.

The guidelines said the NOFHC will hold

the bank as well as all the other financial

services entities of the group regulated by

RBI or other financial sector regulators.

The general principle is that no financial

services entity held by the NOFHC would

be allowed to engage in any activity that a

bank is permitted to undertake

departmentally.


Page 20

Important Committees in News:

1. PJ Nayak: to review Governance of Boards of

Banks in India. The committee was constituted

under the chairmanship of P. J. Nayak. He is a

former Chairman and CEO of Axis Bank.

2. M P Bezbaruah: to suggest suitable remedial

measures to address concerns regarding security

of people from North East.

3. B. Sambamurthy: panel favours single mobile

banking app on all SIMs. Panel recommended

that customers should not be required to visit the

bank branch for mobile number registration.

4. BCCI suggests three‐man committee to SC to

probe IPL scandal. Ravi Shastri, former

Calcutta High Court Chief Justice J N Patel and

ex‐CBI Director R K Raghavan as members of

the probe committee.

5. Vijay Kelkar Committee was appointed by the

Petroleum and Natural Gas Ministry to prepare a

road map to make India selfsufficient in oil and

natural gas by 2030.

6. Vishnu Sahay committee: look probe into the

Muzaffarnagar communal violence.

7. Urjit Patel Committee ‐ to examine the current

monetary policy framework

8. Mukul Mudgal member panel to probe IPL

spot‐fixing

9. Nachiket Mor ‐ committee on comprehensive

financial services for small businesses and low‐

income households.

10. Justice A.P. Shah committee : to head panel on

road safety

11. Anil Kaushal committee: to examine the

recommendations made by the TRAI on pricing

of Spectrum.

12. Bimal Jalan panel : to scrutinize applications

for new bank licenses.

13. Parthasarathi Shome. – for Tax Administration

Reform Commission (TARC), Suggest a system

to enforce better tax compliance

14. Kirit Parikh panel : on fuel pricing has

suggested that the diesel prices should be

increased by Rs 1‐1.50 a litre every month as

against the 45‐50 paise monthly hike followed

currently.

15. K U.B. Rao : the idea of setting up Bullion

Bank or Bullion Corporation of India

16. C Rangarajan Panel ‐ recommended the pricing

of natural gas by a complex methodology of

arriving at an average of International gas hub

prices.

17. Arvind Mayaram Panel: report on the alleged

irregularities at the National Spot Exchange Ltd

(NSEL)

18. Arvind Mayaram Committee –for giving clear

definitions to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

and Foreign Institutional Investment (FII)

19. Suma Verma Committee ‐ to update, and revise

the Banking Ombudsman Scheme, 2006

20. Damodran Committee: on improvement of

customer services in banks

21. Shri M. Narasimham Committee: on Banking

Sector Reforms

22. Shri Raghuram Rajan Committee: on Financial

Sector Reforms,

23. Shri B. Mahapatra Committee: to review the

existing prudential guidelines on restructuring of

advances by banks/financial institutions

24. Shri Aditya Puri Committee: Dissemination of

Credit Information

25. Shri K.U.B. Rao Committee: recommended

aligning gold import regulations

26. K M Chandrasekhar committee : for

rationalization of foreign investment norms

27. Shri Pulak Kumar Sinha Committee: to study

the feasibility of Aadhaar as an additional factor

for authentication of card present transactions

28. Mukul Mudgal Committee: looking into US

giant Walmart's lobbying activities to enter India

29. MBN Rao Committee: to prepare the blueprint

of India‘s first women‘s bank

30. JS Mathur committee : to revise Newspaper

Advertisement Rates.

31. K. Ratna Prabha : Committee on indecent

depiction of women in media


Page 21

About Policy Rates 1. Basis points: It is the increase in interest rates in

percentage terms. For instance, if the interest

rate increases by 50 basis points (bsp), then it

means that interest rate has been increase by

50%. One percentage point is broken down into

100 basis points. Therefore, an increase from 2%

to 3% is an increase of one percentage point or

100 basis points.

2. CRR: Cash reserve Ratio (CRR) is the amount

of funds that the banks have to keep with RBI. If

RBI decides to increase the percent of this, the

available amount with the banks comes down.

RBI is using this method (increase of CRR rate),

to drain out the excessive money from the banks.

The current rate is 4%, which means for a cash

deposit of Rs. 100, the bank has to park 4 rupee

with the central bank.

3. Repo rate: Repo rate is the policy rate and is

part of RBI‘s Liquidity Adjustment Facility

(LAF). It is the rate at which commercial banks

borrow from the RBI by selling their securities

or financial assets to the RBI for a short‐period

of time. It comes with an agreement that the sold

securities will be repurchased by the commercial

banks from the RBI at a future date at

predetermined price. The repo rate is used by the

central bank to increase liquidity in the system.

4. Reverse repo rate: Reverse Repo Rate is also a

part of LAF. It is the rate of interest at which the

central bank borrows funds from other banks for

a short duration. The banks deposit their short

term excess funds with the central bank and earn

interest on it. This rate is used by the central

bank to absorb liquidity from the economy.

Generally it is one percentage less than the Repo

rate.

5. Bank rate: The only way the bank rate is

different from the repo rate is that the bank rate

is the rate at which banks borrow money from

the central bank without any sale of securities. It

is generally for a longer period of time

6. Marginal Standing Facility: The Reserve Bank

of India in its monetary policy for 2011‐12

introduced the marginal standing facility under

which banks could borrow funds from RBI when

there is a considerable shortfall of liquidity. This

measure has been introduced by RBI to regulate

short‐term asset liability mismatches more

effectively. Under this facility, banks can

borrow up to 1% of their net demand.

7. Liquidity Adjustment Facility: Under this

facility, banks borrow from the central bank by

pledging government securities.

8. Statutory Liquidity Ratio: This is the percentage

of deposits that banks must mandatorily hold in

the form of government bonds. SLR bonds are

liquid assets that can be sold at a short notice to

meet any unexpected demand from depositors.

9. Net Demand and Time Liability (NDTL)

What is net demand and time liability (NDTL)?

NDTL is sum of demand and time liabilities

(deposits) of banks with public and other

banks wherein assets with other banks is

subtracted to get net liability of other banks.

Deposits of banks are its liability and consist

of demand and time deposits of public and

other banks.

Demand and time deposits from public form

the largest part of bank deposits.

Demand deposits include all liabilities

which are payable on demand and includes

current deposits, demand liabilities portion

of savings bank deposits, demand drafts,

balances in overdue fixed deposits etc.

Time deposits are those which are payable

otherwise on demand and includes fixed

deposits, staff security deposits, time

liabilities portion of savings bank deposits etc.

Banks also invest in demand and time

deposits of other banks and certificate of

deposits. Banks also borrow from other

banks in call market etc. This represents

banks liability to other banks.

NDTL is calculated and reported every

fortnight Friday by banks.

NDTL is used by banks for computation of

CRR, SLR and now LAF.


Page 22

ABBREVIATION IN NEWS

1. DICGC : Deposit insurance and credit

guarantee corporation.

2. OLTAS : On‐line Tax Accounting System is

used for Direct Taxes

3. TIN: Tax Information Network

4. IMPS: Interbank Mobile Payment Service

5. BSBDA ‐ Basic Savings Bank Deposit

Account

6. FCNR(B) ‐ Foreign Currency Non‐Resident

Bank

7. TARC ‐ Tax Administration Reform

Commission

8. ITEs: Intra‐Group Transactions and

Exposures

9. LCR: Liquidity Coverage Ratio

10. NSFR: Net Stable Funding Ratio

11. REER: Real Effective Exchange Rate

12. LRMT: Liquidity risk monitoring tools

13. CBS: Core Banking Solution

14. DEAF: Depositor Education and Awareness

Fund

15. CRAR: Capital to Risk‐weighted Assets

Ratio

16. External Commercial Borrowings (ECB)

17. SWIFT: Society for Worldwide Interbank

Financial Telecommunication

18. FSLRC: Financial Sector Legislative

Reforms Commission

19. MIBOR: Mumbai Inter‐Bank Offer Rate

20. LIBOR: London Inter‐Bank Offer Rate

21. LAF – Liquidity Adjustment Facility

22. GIRO ‐ Government Internal Revenue Order

23. EEFC ‐ Exchange Earner's Foreign

Currency

24. FRBMA: Fiscal Responsibility and Budget

Management Act

25. ALM‐ Asset Liability Management

26. AMFI‐ Association of Mutual Fund in India.

27. TIEA – Tax Information exchange

Agreement

28. CAR – Cash Adequacy Ratio

29. CCEA – Cabinet Committee on Economic

Affairs

30. CECA ‐ Comprehensive Economic

Cooperation Agreement

31. CEPA – Comprehensive Economic

Partnership Agreement

32. DTAA – Double Taxation Avoidance

Agreement

33. ECBs ‐ External Commercial Borrowings

34. EEFC ‐ Exchange Earner's Foreign

Currency

35. EFSF – European Financial Stability

Facility

36. FEMA‐ Foreign Exchange Management Act

37. FII – Foreign Institutional Investor.

38. FINO‐ Financial Inclusion Network

Operation

39. FIPB – Foreign Investment Promotion board

40. FSLRC – Financial Sector Legislative

Reforms Commission

41. FTA‐ Free trade agreement

42. GAAR ‐ General anti avoidance rule

43. GSLV ‐ Geo‐Synchronous Launch Vehicle

44. MSF‐Marginal Standing Facility

45. NBFC‐Non Banking Finance Companies

46. NCTC ‐ National Counter‐Terrorism Centre

47. NEFT ‐ National Electronic Funds Transfer

48. NSG – Nuclear Suppliers Group

49. PPP – Public Private Partnership &

Purchasing Power parity

50. PSLV – Polar Satellite Launch vehicle

51. RTGS ‐ Real Time Gross Settlement

52. SLR‐Statutory Liquidity Ratio

53. TAPI ‐ Turkmenistan‐Afghanistan‐Pakistan‐

India.

54. QFI ‐Qualified Foreign Investors

55. VVPAT ‐'Voter Verifiable Paper Audit

Trail'

56. Tax Information Exchange Agreement

(TIEA)


Page 23

Some Important Idioms A hot potato

Speak of an issue (mostly current) which

many people are talking about and which is

usually disputed

A penny for your thoughts

A way of asking what someone is thinking

Actions speak louder than words

People's intentions can be judged better by

what they do than what they say.

Add insult to injury

To further a loss with mockery or indignity;

to worsen an unfavorable situation.

An arm and a leg

Very expensive or costly. A large amount of

money.

At the drop of a hat

Meaning: without any hesitation; instantly.

Back to the drawing board

When an attempt fails and it's time to start

all over.

Ball is in your court

It is up to you to make the next decision or

step

Barking up the wrong tree

Looking in the wrong place. Accusing the

wrong person

Be glad to see the back of

Be happy when a person leaves.

Beat around the bush

Avoiding the main topic. Not speaking

directly about the issue.

Best of both worlds

Meaning: All the advantages.

Best thing since sliced bread

A good invention or innovation. A good idea

or plan.

Bite off more than you can chew

To take on a task that is way to big.

Blessing in disguise

Something good that isn't recognized at first.

Burn the midnight oil

To work late into the night, alluding to the

time before electric lighting.

Can't judge a book by its cover

Cannot judge something primarily on

appearance.

Caught between two stools

When someone finds it difficult to choose

between two alternatives.

Costs an arm and a leg

This idiom is used when something is very

expensive.

Cross that bridge when you come to it

Deal with a problem if and when it becomes

necessary, not before.

Cry over spilt milk

When you complain about a loss from the

past.

Curiosity killed the cat

Being Inquisitive can lead you into an

unpleasant situation.

Cut corners

When something is done badly to save

money.

Cut the mustard

To succeed; to come up to expectations;

adequate enough to compete or participate

Devil's Advocate

To present a counter argument

Don't count your chickens before the eggs have

hatched

This idiom is used to express "Don't make

plans for something that might not happen".

Don't give up the day job

You are not very good at something. You

could definitely not do it professionally.

Don't put all your eggs in one basket

Do not put all your resources in one

possibility.

Drastic times call for drastic measures

When you are extremely desperate you need

to take drastic actions.

Elvis has left the building

The show has come to an end. It's all over.

Every cloud has a silver lining

Be optimistic, even difficult times will lead

to better days.

Far cry from


Page 24

Very different from.

Feel a bit under the weather

Meaning: Feeling slightly ill.

Give the benefit of the doubt

Believe someone's statement, without proof.

Hear it on the grapevine

This idiom means 'to hear rumors' about

something or someone.

Hit the nail on the head

Do or say something exactly right

Hit the sack / sheets / hay

To go to bed.

In the heat of the moment

Overwhelmed by what is happening in the

moment.

It takes two to tango

Actions or communications need more than

one person

Jump on the bandwagon

Join a popular trend or activity.

Keep something at bay

Keep something away.

Kill two birds with one stone

This idiom means, to accomplish two

different things at the same time.

Last straw

The final problem in a series of problems.

Let sleeping dogs lie

Meaning - do not disturb a situation as it is -

since it would result in trouble or

complications.

Let the cat out of the bag

To share information that was previously

concealed

Make a long story short

Come to the point - leave out details

Method to my madness

An assertion that, despite one's approach

seeming random, there actually is structure

to it.

Miss the boat

This idiom is used to say that someone

missed his or her chance

Not a spark of decency

Meaning: No manners

Not playing with a full deck

Someone who lacks intelligence.

Off one's rocker

Crazy, demented, out of one's mind, in a

confused or befuddled state of mind, senile.

On the ball

When someone understands the situation

well.

Once in a blue moon

Meaning: Happens very rarely.

Picture paints a thousand words

A visual presentation is far more descriptive

than words.

Piece of cake

A job, task or other activity that is easy or

simple.

Put wool over other people's eyes

This means to deceive someone into

thinking well of them.

See eye to eye

This idiom is used to say that two (or more

people) agree on something.

Sit on the fence

This is used when someone does not want to

choose or make a decision.

Speak of the devil!

This expression is used when the person you

have just been talking about arrives.

Steal someone's thunder

To take the credit for something someone

else did.

Take with a grain of salt

This means not to take what someone says

too seriously.

Taste of your own medicine

Means that something happens to you, or is

done to you, that you have done to someone

else

To hear something straight from the horse's

mouth

To hear something from the authoritative

source.

Whole nine yards

Everything. All of it.

Wouldn't be caught dead


Page 25

Would never like to do something

Your guess is as good as mine

To have no idea, do not know the answer to

a question

Subject and Verb Agreement

General rule: In English, the verb must agree with its

subject in number and person. In other words, the verb

must be of the same number and person as the subject.

Note: In the correction of sentences part of many

competitive examinations the S - V concord is usually

tested.

Rule 1: Two or more singular nouns when they are

joined by „and‟, require a Verb in the Plural

Examples:

A man and his wife has come here asking for work ✘

A man and his wife have come here asking for work ✔

Exceptions:

(a) When two singular nouns joined by and refer to the

same person or thing, the verb is singular.

Examples:

The great scholar and poet are dead ✘

The great scholar and poet is dead ✔

The District Magistrate and Collector are on leave

today. ✘

The District Magistrate and Collector is on leave

today ✔

Notes:

i. Article ‗The‘ article is used only once when the two

nouns refer to the same person or thing.

ii. If the nouns refer to different persons or things,

article ‗The‘ is used before each noun. In such cases, the

verb will be in the plural form.

Examples:

The Secretary and the president has been giving warm

welcome ✘

The Secretary and the president have been giving warm

welcome ✔

(b) If two different singular nouns express one idea,

the verb should be in the singular form.

Examples:

Slow and Steady win the race ✘

Slow and Steady wins the race ✔


Page 26

Rice and curry are my favourite dish ✘

Rice and curry is my favourite dish ✔

(c) When two singular subjects are practically

synonymous the verb should be in the singular

form. Power and position, Peace and Prosperity,

Law and order etc.

Examples:

The law and order situation in the state are under

control ✘

The law and order situation in the state is under

control ✔

His power and influence are on the decline ✘

His power and influence is on the decline ✔

Rule 2: When two or more Singular Subjects are

connected by or, nor, either ... or, neither ... nor, the

Verb is Singular:

Examples:

Either james or John are to be promoted ✘

Either james or John is to be promoted ✔

Neither the man nor his wife have done much work ✘

Neither the man nor his wife has done much work ✔

No boy or girl are allowed to play in school ✘

No boy or girl is allowed to play in school ✔

Exceptions:

When the subjects joined by ‗either - or‘ neither - nor‘

are of different persons, the verb will agree in person and

number with the nearest one to it. Also, the plural

subject must be placed nearest to the verb. (This is very

important)

Neither you nor he are to take up this task ✘

Neither you nor he is to take up this task ✔

Either the Chief Minister or the Cabinet

Ministers is responsible for this problem. ✘

Either the Chief Minister or the Cabinet

Ministers are responsible for this problem. ✔

Either you or I are responsible for this mistake. ✘

Either you or I am responsible for this mistake. ✔

Rule 3: If two singular subjects (combined by and)

are preceded by each or every, the verb should be in

the singular.

Examples:

Every boy and girl were present in the class

yesterday. ✘

Every boy and girl was present in the class yesterday. ✔

Rule4: If with, together with, as well as,

accompanied by etc are used to combine two subjects

the verb agrees with the subject mentioned first.

Examples:

The President of India together with his personal

secretaries are invited to this function ✘

The President of India together with his personal

secretaries is invited to this function ✔

The actress, along with her manager and some

friends, are invited to the function ✘

The actress, along with her manager and some

friends, is invited to the function ✔

Mr. Micheal, accompanied by wife and

children are arriving tonight by train ✘

Mr. Micheal, accompanied by wife and

children is arriving tonight by train ✔

Note: If the conjunction "and" is used instead, the

verb would then be plural.

Compare

(i) Sushma and Rajitha are our professor‘s daughters ✔

(ii) The study of languages and sciences is very

important for your study. ✔

Here study is singular so singular verb "is" is used.

Rule 5: When „not only ....... but also‟ is used to

combine two subject, the verb agrees with the subject

close to it.

Examples:

Not only silver, but also gold are mined in this

country ✘

Not only silver, but also gold is mined in this country ✔

Rule 6: None / No. None can take either a singular

or plural verb depending on the noun which follows


Page 27

it

Structure: none + of the + non-count noun + singular

verb

Examples:

None of the counterfeit money have been found ✘

None of the counterfeit money has been found ✔

Structure: none + of the + plural count noun + plural

verb

Examples:

None of the students has finished the exam yet ✘

None of the students have finished the exam yet ✔

No can take either a singular or plural verb

depending on the noun which follows it.

Structure: No + singular noun + singular verb

No example is relevant to this case ✔

Structure: no + plural noun + plural verb

No examples are relevant to this case ✔

Rule 7: Many words indicating a number of people

or animals are singular. The following nouns are

usually singular. In some cases they are plural if the

sentence indicates that the individual members are

acting separately.

congress, family, group, committee, class, organisation,

team, army, club, crowd, government, jury, minority,

public

Examples of collective nouns:

The committee have met and accepted the proposal ✘

The committee has met and accepted the proposal ✔

The family were happy at the news ✘

The family was happy at the news ✔

The crowd was wild with excitement ✔

Congress has initiated a new plan to combat inflation ✔

Our team is certain to win the match ✔

The family living next door often quarrel among

themselves ✔

Rule 8: Majority can be singular or plural. If it is

alone it is usually singular, if it is followed by a plural

noun, it is usually plural.

The majority believe that the country can progress ✘

The majority believes that the country can progress ✔

The majority of the lecturers believes that the student has

not copied in the examination ✘

The majority of the lecturers believe that the student has

not copied in the examination ✔

Rule 9: A number of / the number

Observe the two structures:

(i) a number of + plural noun + plural verb.

(ii) the number of + plural noun + singular verb.

Examples:

A number of students is going to the class picnic ✘

A number of students are going to the class picnic ✔

The number of days in a week are seven ✘

The number of days in a week is seven ✔

The number of residents who have been residing in this

colony is quite small ✔

A number of the applicants have already been

interviewed ✔

Rule 10: Collective nouns indicating time, money,

and measurements used as a whole are singular and

take a singular verb.

Examples:

Twenty-five rupees are not such big amount for him ✘

Twenty-five rupees is not such big amount for him ✔

Two miles are too much for this man to run ✘

Two miles is too much for this man to run ✔

Rule 11: When a lot of, a great deal of, plenty of,

most of, and some of refer to number, a plural verb is

used.

Examples:

A lot of people was present in the gallery some of the

students were absent ✘

A lot of people were present in the gallery some of the

students were absent ✔

Note : If these expressions refer to an amount, the verb

is in the singular number.

A lot of work has to be completed before we go ✔


Page 28

A great deal of work has been finished ✔

Rule 12: When the percentage or a part of something

is mentioned with plural meaning the plural verb is

used.

Examples:

30% of Indian women is literate ✘

30% of Indian women are literate ✔

Rule 13: „Barracks‟, headquarters, „whereabouts‟

„alms‟ etc. take a singular verb, as well as the plural

verb.

Examples:

The headquarters of the UNO is / are New York ✔

Rule 14: In sports, while referring to the players, the

name of the country is followed by plural verb.

Examples:

England has won the World Cup ✘

England have won the World Cup. ✔

Rule 15: When the „enemy‟ is used in the sense

“armed forces” of a nation with which one‟s country

is at war, we have to use the plural verb.

Examples:

The enemy were forced to retreat. ✔

Rule 16: Whenever a number of adjectives qualify the

same person or thing, then these may be placed after

the noun and the verb must quality immediately

preceding subject. who, which, that are relative

pronouns. You simply substitute the noun in this place

and read the question.

It is I who has to learn a lesson. ✘

It is I who am to learn a lesson. ✔

It is they who has to leave this place. ✘

It is they who have to leave this place. ✔

One of the songs that has been broadcast is really

marvelous. ✘

One of the songs that have been broadcast is really

marvelous. ✔

A girl or a boy who do not strive to gain their objectives,

is bound to fail. ✘

A girl or a boy who doesn't strive to gain his or

her objectives, is bound to fail. ✔

There is not a single book out of the lot that are not

interesting. ✘

There is not a single book out of the lot that is not

interesting. ✔


Page 29

ENGLISH-100 TRICKS OF

CORRECTION OF

SENTENCES

SUBJECT - VERB AGREEMENT

1. Two or more Singular Subjects connected

by and usually take a Verb in the Plural.

For example,

Incorrect- Rahul and Shweta is here.

Correct- Rahul and Shweta are here.

2. If two Singular Nouns refer to the same

person or thing, the Verb must be Singular.

Incorrect- The Secretary and Principal are coming.

Correct- The Secretary and Principal is coming.

(Here the same person is .Secretary as well as

Principal)

3. If the Singular Subjects are preceded by

each or every, the Verb is usually Singular.

For example,

Incorrect- Every boy and girl were ready.

Correct- Every boy and girl was ready.

4. Two or more Singular Subjects connected

by or, nor, either ..... or, neither .... nor take

a Verb in the Singular.

For example,

Incorrect- Neither he nor I were there.

Correct- Neither he nor I was there.

5. When the Subjects joined by 'or/nor are of

different numbers, the Verb must be

Plural, and the Plural Subject must be

placed next to the Verb.

For example,

lncorrect- Neither the Assistant Masters nor the

Headmaster was present.

Correct- Neither the Headmaster nor the Assistant

Masters were present. '

6. When the Subjects joined by or, nor are of

different persons, the Verb agrees in person

with the one nearest to it.

For example,

Incorrect- Either he or I is mistaken.

Correct- Either he or I, am mistaken.

7. A Collective Noun takes a Singular Verb

when the collection is thought of as a whole,

a Plural Verb when the individuals of which

it is composed are thought of.

For example,

Correct- The Council has chosen the President.

Correct- The military were called out.

8. Some Nouns which are singular in form but

plural in meaning, take a Plural Verb.

For example,

Incorrect- Mathematics are a branch of study in every

school.

Correct- Mathematics is a branch of study in every

school.

9. Words joined to a Singular Subject by with,

together with, in addition to, or, as well as,

etc. are parenthetical, and therefore do not

affect the number of the Verb.

For example,

Incorrect- The Chief, with all his men, were

massacred .• Correct-The chief, with all his men,

was massacred.

10. When the Subject of the Verb is a Relative

Pronoun care should be taken to see that the

Verb agrees in Number and Person with the

Antecedent of the relative.

For example,

Incorrect- I, who is your friend, . will guard you,r

interests.

Correct- I, who am your friend will guard your

interests.

USES OF PARTICIPLES AND INFINITIVES

11. Ask, advise, allow, command, force, forbid,

invite, encourage, compel, beg, order•,

imagine, instruct, permit, persuade, tell,


Page 30

require, remind, teach, etc. are followed by

Object + To +V2

For example,

Incorrect- He advised to do it by me.

Correct- He advised me to do it. But if these are

used in Passive Voice, then they are followed by To

+V2.

For example,

Correct- She was permitted to go with him.

12. Know is followed by how/ where/when/why

and Infinitive.

For example,

Incorrect- I know to write a letter.

Correct- I know how to write a letter.

13. After let, bid, behold, watch, see, feel, make

etc. we use Bare-Infinitive and not To-

infinitive.

For example,

Incorrect- I heard him to speak on several subjects.

Correct- I heard him speak on several subjects.

14. Bare Infinitive is used after Modal

Auxiliaries (can, could, may, might, shall,

should, will, would, must, dare not, need

not).

For example,

Incorrect- You need not to work hard.

Correct- You need not work hard.

15. Had better, had rather,had as soon ... as ... ,

had sooner etc. are fol-lowed by Bare

Infinitive.

For example,

Incorrect- He had better to go now.

Correct- He had better go now.

16. Conjunction than is also followed by Bare

Infinitive.

For example,

Incorrect- He had better read than to write.

Correct- He had better read than write.

17. When but is used as a Preposition and

preceded by any form of the Verb do, then

but is followed with Bare Infinitive.

Incorrect- He did nothing but to wander.

Correct- He did nothing but wander.

18. Every Participile must have a Subject of

Reference.

For example,

Incorrect- Being a rainy day Vijay decided to stay at

home.

Correct- It being a rainy day Vijay decided to stay

at home.

19. For completed action Having + Va is used

in Active Voice, whereas Having + been +

Va or Being + Va is used in Passive Voice.

After should not be used in such a sentence.

For example,

Incorrect- After the leader having been killed, the

followers ran away.

Correct- The leader having been killed, the

followers ran away.

20. Participles like considering, judging,

referring, concerning, regarding, viewing,

broadly speaking etc. do not take any

Subject of Reference.

For example,

Correct - Considering the case, I took the decision.

Here I is not a Subject of Reference of considering.

So, there is no Subject of Reference for

'considering, still the sentence is correct.

USES OF VERBS

21. When there are two Subjects in a sentence

and they are not in the same Number, then

we must have to use separate Auxiliaries (is,

are, am, was, were, have, has) for both of

them.

For example,

Incorrect- Three- killed and one were injured.

Correct- Three were killed and one was injured.

22. A single Verb should be made to serve two

Subjects, only when the form of Verb is same

for both the subjects.

Incorrect- I am seventeen years old and my sister

fourteen.

Correct- I am seventeen years old and my sister is

fourteen.

23. Two auxiliaries can be used with one

principal Verb, only when the form of the

principal Verb is appropriate to both the

auxiliaries. '


Page 31

Incorrect- He never has, and never will take such

strong measures.

Correct- He never has taken, and never will take

such strong measures.

24. When there is only one auxiliary to two

principal Verbs it should be correctly

associated with the both.

Incorrect- Ten candidates have passed one failed.

Correct- Ten candidates have passed, one has failed.

25. A Past Tense in the main clause should be

followed by a Past Tense in the subordinate

clause.

Incorrect- He succeeded because he works hard.

Correct- He succeeded because he worked hard.

26. A Past Tense in main clause may be

followed by a Present Tense

in the subordinate clause when the subordinate

clause expresses a universal truth.

Incorrect- Our teacher said that the earth moved

round the sun.

Correct- Our teacher said that the earth moves

round the sun.

27. When the subordinate clause comes after

'lest', the auxiliary Verb 'should' must be

used, whatever be the Tense of the Verb in

the main clause.

Incorrect- We start early lest we shall miss the train.

Correct- We start early lest we should miss the

train.

28. An Adverb or Adverbial phrase should not

be placed between 'to' and verbal part of,the

infinitive. (This is called the split infinitive).

Incorrect- I hoped to immediately reply to your

letter:

Correct- I hoped to reply immediately to your letter.

29. An infinitive should be in the present tense

unless it represents' an action prior to that

of the governing Verb.

Incorrect- I should have liked to have gone-there.

Correct- I should have liked to go there.

30. Gerund if preceded by a Pr-o-noun, that

Pronoun must be in Possessive case.

Incorrect - He emphasised me going there.

Correct- He emphasised my go-ing there.

31. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense is

used for an action that began in the past

time and still. going at the time of speaking~

It is used with, Adverbials of time introduced

by 'since', 'for' and 'how long~.

Incorrect- How long are you working i~ this office?

. Correct- How long have you been working in this

office?

32. A Verb when preceded by a Preposition

must be the Gerund.

Incorrect- They were punished for come late.

Correct- They were punished for, coming late.

33. The Future Indefinite Tense is not used in

the clauses of time, place and condition.

Here the Present Indefinite Tense is used.

Incorrect- I shall wait for you till you will finish

your work.

Correct- I shall wait for you, till you finish your

work.

34. The Present Perfect Tense is not used with

the Adverbs of past time like yesterday, in

1990 etc. Here Past Indefinite Tense is used.

Incorrect~ I have bought a cycle yesterday.

Correct-I bought a cycle yesterday.

The Past Perfect Tense is used to represent the

earlier of the two past actions.

Incorrect- When I reached the station, the train

already left.

Correct- When I reached the station, the train had

already left.

35. Modal Auxiliaries are not used together. But

two Auxiliaries can be connected by a

Conjunction.

For example,

Incorrect-He should must do it. Correct- He should

and must do

it.

36. When need or dare is fol-lowed by not, it

turns into modal auxiliary. In that situation

it takes Bare Infinitive 'and we cannot use

needs not or dares not.

For example,

Incorrect- He needs not do it. Correct- He need not

do it.


Page 32

USES OF ADJECTIVES

37. Adjectives of quantity show how much of a

thing is meant. Adjectives of quantity (some;

much, little, enough, all, no, any, great, half,

sufficient, whole) are used for Uncountable

Nuns only.

For example,

Incorrect-I ate a few rice. Correct- I ate some rice.

38. Numeral Adjectives are used for Countable

Noun only and they show how many persons

or things are meant or in what order a

person or thing stands,

For example,

Incorrect- I have taught you little things.

Correct- I have taught you a few things.

39. When cardinal and ordinal are used

together ordinal preceds the cardinal.

For example,

Incorrect- The four first boys will be given the

chance.

Correct- The first four boys will be given the

chance.

40. Later, latest refer to time, latter and last

refer to position.

For example,

Incorrect- I reached at 10 am. But he was latter than

I expected.

Correct- I reached at 10 am. But he was later than I

expected,

41. Farther means more distant or advanced;

further means additional.

For example,

Incorrect- He insisted on farther improvement.

Correct- He insisted on further improvement.

42. Each is used in speaking of two or more

things, every is used only in speaking of

more than two.

For example,

Incorrect- Every of the two boys will get a prize.

Correct- Each of the two boys will get a prize.

43. To express quantity or degree some is used

in affirmative sentences, any in negative or

interrogative sentences.

For example,.

Incorrect- Have you bought some mangoes?

Correct- Have you bought any mangoes?

44. In comparing two things, the Comparative

should be used, The Superlativ should not be

used.

Incorrect- Which is the best of the two?

Correct- Which is the better of the two?

45. When two qualities of the same person or

thing are compared,the Comparative in-er is

not used. 'More' is used for this purpose.

Incorrect- He is wiser than brave.

Correct- He is more wise than brave.

46. When comparison is made by means of a

comparative, the thing compared should be

excluded from the class of things with which

it is compared by using 'other' or some such

word.

Incorrect- He is cleverer than any boy in the class.

Correct- He is cleverer than any other boy in the

class.

47. When comparison is made by means of a

superlative, the thing com-pared should

include the class of things with which it is

compared.

Incorrect- He is the strongest of all other men.

Correct- He is the strongest of all men ..

48. When two persons or things are compared,

it is important that the same parts of things

should be compared.

Incorrect- The population of Bombay is greater than

Delhi.

Correct-The population of Bombay is greater than that

of Delhi.

49. Double comparatives and superlatives

should not be used.

1. Incorrect- He is the most cleverest boy in the

class.

Correct- He is the cleverest boy in the class.

2. Incorrect- He is more wiser than his brother.

Correct- He 'is wiser than his brother.

50. The comparative Adjectives superior

inferior, senior, junior, prior, anterior,

posterior prefer, etc., should be followed by

'to' instead of 'than'.

Incorrect- He is senior than me.

Correct- He is senior to me.


Page 33

51. Adjectives like 'unique', ideal,

perfect, complete, universal, entire, extreme, chief,

full square and round, which do not admit different

degrees of comparison should not be compared.

Incorrect- It is the most unique thing.

Correct- It is a unique thing.

52. All the Adjectives which refer to the same

Noun should be in the same degree of

comparison.

Incorrect- He is the wisest and honest worker in the

office.

Correct- He is the wisest and most honest worker in

the office.

53. 'Elder' and 'eldest' should be used for

persons only, strictly speaking, they are used

for the members of the same family only.

'Older' and 'oldest' are used for both

persons and things.

Incorrect- He is my older brother.

Correct- He is my elder brother.

USES OF ADVERBS

54. To modify a Verb, an Adjective or another

Adverb, we use an Adverb.

Incorrect- She writes very careful.

Correct- She writes very carefully.

Carefully is an Adjective which cannot modify the

Adverb very, therefore carefully (Adverb) must be

used in place of Adjective careful.

55. Too means more than required and it is used

with Unpleasant Adjective. So, we cannot

use too glad, too happy, too pleasant, too

healthy.

For example,

Incorrect- I am too glad to meet you.

Correct- I am very glad to meet you.

56. A sentence which is based on ''Too .... To"

format, we cannot replace to with so that. If

we replace to with so that, too also must be

replaced with cannot.

For example,

Incorrect- He is too weak so that he cannot walk.

Correct- He is too weak to walk. Correct- He is so

weak that he cannot walk.

57. Much too is followed by Unpleasant

Adjective, whereas too much is followed by

Noun.

Much too + Unpleasant Adjective.

Too much + Noun.

For example,

Incorrect- His failure is too much painful for me.

Correct- His failure is much too painful for me.

Incorrect- His wife's rude behavior gives him much

too pain.

Correct- His wife's rude behavior gives him too

much pain.

58. Quite and all are not used together.

For example,

Incorrect- He is quite all right. Correct- He is quite

right. or He is all right-

59. A/An + Fairly + Adjective +

Noun or Rather + A + Adjective For example,

(i) a fairly good book

(ii) rather a difficult problem.

But we cannot use Pleasant Adjective with rather

and Unpleasant Adjective with fairly.

For example,

Incorrect- It was a rather good book.

Correct- It was a fairly good book.

60. Enough, when used as an Adverb, is

preceded by a positive degree Adjective or

Adverb.

For example,

Incorrect- He is greater enough to pardon you.

Correct- He is great enough to pardon you. '

61. Two negatives cancel each other. Hence two

negatives should not be used in the same

sentence unless we make an affirmation.

Incorrect-I have not got none.

Correct- I have not got any.

62. 'At present' means 'at the present time',

'presently' means 'shortly'. These should not

be confused.

1. Incorrect- Nothing more can be done presently.

Correct- Nothing more can be done at present.

2. Incorrect- He will come back at present.

Correct- He will come back presently.

63. 'Hard' means 'diligently', strenuously',

'Hardly' means 'scarcely at all'. These two


Page 34

Adverbial forms of 'hard' must not be

confused.

1. Incorrect- He tried hardly to win the race.

Correct- He tried hard to win the race.

2. Incorrect- She has eaten hard anything today.

Correct- She has eaten hardly anything today.

64. 'Much' is used before past participles and

Adjectives or Adverbs of comparative

degree. 'Very' is used before the present

participles and Adjectives and Adverbs of

positive degree.

1. Incorrect- The news is much surprising.

Correct- The news is very surprising.

2. Incorrect-I was very surprised at hearing the

news.

Correct- I was much surprised at hearing the news.

65. Hardly is an Adverb which means rarely.

Whereas hard is an Adjective which means

tough, rigid.

For example,

Incorrect- It is a hardly job.

Correct- It is a hard job.

66. Ago is always used with Past Indefinite

Tense. So, if ago is used in a sentence, that

sentence must be in the Past Indefinite

Tense.

For example,

Incorrect- He has come a month ago.

Correct- He came a month ago.

67. At present means at this moment and it is

used with •Present Tense, whereas presently

and shortly are used for future' action and

generally' used with Future Indefinite Tense.

For example,

Incorrect- Presently he is in the room.

Correct- At present he is in the room.

68. Early means "just after the beginning of

anything" and soon means just after a point

of time.

For example,

Roses blossomed early this spring.

69. The sentence which starts with seldom,

never. hardly. rarely or scarcely takes an

inverse structure, Le., Verb + Subject -

Structure. For example,

Incorrect- Seldom I had seen such a beautiful sight.

Correct- Seldom had I seen such a beautiful sight.

70. Inversion is also used in a sentence which

starts with here/there/ away/out/up/indoor

or outdoor and Main Verb, or Aux + Main

Verb is used before the Subject.

For example,

Incorrect- Away Sita went

Correct- Away went Sita.

USES OF CONJUNCTIONS

71. Two Conjunctions should not be used in the

same sentence.

Incorrect- Although she was tired, but she still went

on working.

Correct- Although she was tired, she still went on

working.

72. 'Both' should be followed by 'and'. It should

be used in the positive sense. In the negative

sense, 'neither' ..... .'nor• should be used in

place of 'both'.

incorrect- Both Ravi as well as Raja were present

there.

Correct- Both Ravi and Raja were present there.

73. 'Either ... or', 'neither .... nor:

'both and', 'not only but also'

should be followed by the same parts of speech.

Incorrect- He not only lost his ticket, but also his

luggage.

Correct- He lost not only his ticket but also his

luggage.

74. 'Neither' should be followed , by 'nor',

'either' should be followed by 'or'. Both

these should not be confused.

Incorrect- He washed neither his hands or his face.

Correct- He washed neither his hands nor his face.

75. 'No sooner' should be followed by 'than', not

by 'but' or 'then'.

Incorrect- No sooner do I finish this book then I

shall begin another.

Correct- No sooner do I finish the book, than I shall

begin another.

76. 'Hardly' and 'scarcely' should be followed

by 'when' or 'before', but not by 'than' or

'that'.


Page 35

Incorrect- Hardly did I reach the station, than the train

left it.

Correct- Hardly did I reach the station when the train

left it.

77. 'That' should not be used before a sentence

in Direct Speech and before Interrogative

Adverbs and Pronouns in the Indirect

Speech.

1. Incorrect- He said that, "I shall go there."

Correct- He said, "I shall go there".

2. Incorrect- He asked me that who I was.

Correct- He asked me who was.

USES OF PREPOSITION

78. Objective case (of Noun or Pronoun) is used

after Preposition.

For example,

Incorrect- I do not depend on he.

Correct- I do not depend on him.

79. The Prepositions used after two words must

be made clear if these two words are

connected by and or or.

For example,

Incorrect- She is conscious and engaged in her

work.

Correct- She is conscious of and engaged in her

work.

80. If a Principal Verb is used after about, after,

at, before. for, from, in, on. to, that Verb

must be in ing (V4) form.

For example,

Incorrect- You prevented me from do it.

Correct- You prevented me from doing it. .

81. On, in, at, are not used before today,

tomorrow, yesterday, the following day, the

next day etc.

For example,

Incorrect- He will go there on to-morrow.

Correct- He will go there tomorrow.

82. No Preposition is used before the word

home. At home is a phrase which bears a

different meaning.

For example,

Incorrect- Bring a T.V. set at home.

Correct- Bring a T.V. se$ home.

83. After Transitive Verbs, like discuss,

describe, reach, order, tell, demand, attack,

resemble, ridicule, etc. we directly use the

object and no Preposition is used after the

Verb.

For example:

Incorrect- The poet describes about the beauty of

naturel in this poem.

Correct- The poet describes the beauty of nature in

this poem.

84. Say/suggest/propose/speak/reply/explain/tal

k/listen/write is followed by to-Preposition if

there is a person in the form of object.

For example,

1. Incorrect- He did not reply me.

Correct- He did not reply to me. 2. Incorrect- He did

not write to a letter.

Correct- He did not write a letter.

USES OF PRONOUNS

85. When a Pronoun is used as the complement

of the Verb 'to be', it should be in the

nominative case.

Incorrect- If I were him, I would not do it.

Correct- If I were he, I would not do it.

86. When the Pronoun is used as the object of a

Verb or of a Preposition, it should be in the

objective case.

1. Incorrect- Let you and I do it.

Correct- Let you and me do it.

2. Incorrect- These presents are for you and I.

Correct- These presents are for you and me.

87. Emphatic Pronouns can not

stand alone as Subjects~

Incorrect- Himself did it.

Correct- He himself did it.

88. The Indefinite Pronoun 'one' should be used

throughout if used at all.

Incorrect- One must not boast of his own success.

Correct- One must not boast of one's own success.

89. 'Either' or 'neither' is used only in speaking

of two persons or things; 'any', 'no one' and

'none' is used in speaking of more than two.


Page 36

1. Incorrect- Anyone of these two roads leads to the

railway station.

Correct- Either of these two roads leads to the

railway station.

2. Incorrect- Neither of these three boys did his

homework.

Correct- No one of these three boys did his

homework.

90. 'Each other' is used in speaking of two

persons or things; 'one another' is used in

speaking of more than two.

Incorrect- The two brothers loved one another.

Correct- The two brothers loved each other.

91. A Noun or Pronoun governing a Gerund

should be put in the possessive case.

Incorrect- Please excuse me being late.

Correct- Please excuse my being late.

92. A Pronoun must agree with its antecedent in

person, number and gender.

Incorrect- Each of these boys has done their

homework.

Correct- Each of these boys has done his

homework.

93. When two or more Singular Nouns are

joined by 'and', the Pronoun used for them

must be in Plural.

Incorrect- Both Raju and Ravi have done his

homework.

Correct- Both Raju and Ravi have done their

homework.

94. When two or more Singular Nouns joined by

'and' refer to the same person or thing, a

Pronoun used for them must be in the

singular.

Incorrect- The collector and District Magistrate is

not negligent in their duty.

Correct- The collector and District Magistrate is not

negligent in his duty.

95. When two or more singular nouns joined by

'or' or 'nor', 'either ... or', 'neither .. nor', the

Pronoun used for them should be in the

singular.

Incorrect- Neither Ravi nor Raju has done their

homework.

Correct- Neither Ravi nor Raju has done his

homework.

96. When two or more singular Pronouns of

different persons come together, the

Pronoun of second person singular (you)

comes first, the pronoun of the first person

singular (I) comes last and the pronoun of

the third person singular (he) comes in

between.

Incorrect- I, You and he must work together ..

Correct- You, he and I must work together.

97. When two or more plural Pro-nouns of

different persons come together first person

plural (we) comes first, then second person

plural (you) and last of all third person

plural (they).

Incorrect- You, they and we must work together ..

Correct- We, you and they must work together.

98. The Relative Pronoun who is in subjective

case, whereas whom is in objective case.

Therefore, for who there must be a Finite

Verb in the sentence. Or otherwise, when

whom (Object) is used in the sentence and

there is more Finite Verb's than the number

of Subjects in the sentence, then whom

should be changed into who (Subject).

For example,

Incorrect- The doctor whom came here was Ram's

brother.

Correct- The doctor who came here was Ram's

brother.

99. With Superlative Degree Adjective, only,

none, all etc., as Relative Pronoun we use

that and not which or who.

For example,

Incorrect- All which glitters is not gold.

Correct- All that glitters is not gold.

100. After let, if a Pronoun is used, that

Pronoun must be in the Objective Case.

For example,

Incorrect- Let he go there.

Correct- Let him go there.


Page 37

Grammar Rules

NOUNS

Kinds of Nouns:

Common Nouns – They are names of

people (e.g.

man), things (e.g. books), animals (e.g.

monkey) and places (church).

Proper Nouns – They are special names of

people

(e.g. George ), things (e.g. Financial Times),

animals (e.g. King Kong) and places (e.g.

Paris). A proper noun begins with a Capital

Letter.

Abstract Nouns – An abstract noun is the

name of

something that we can only think of or feel

but cannot see (e.g. friendship).

Collective Nouns – They are names used for

a number of people, things or animals

together and treated as one. For example: a

group of friends, a bunch of bananas, a litter

of puppies.

Countable and Uncountable Nouns –

Countable

nouns are nouns which can be counted (e.g.

trees).

Uncountable nouns are nouns which cannot

be

counted. (e.g. smoke).

Nouns have four genders:

A. Masculine Gender – The masculine

gender is used for all males.

Example: boy, man

B. Feminine Gender – The feminine

gender is used for all females.

Example: girl, woman

C. Common Gender – The common

gender is used where the noun can be

both male and female.

Example: cousin, friend, person,

child, student

D. Neuter Gender – The neuter gender

is used for things which have no life

or sex.

Example: table, chair.

Singular and Plural Nouns – A noun that

shows only one person (e.g. a girl), thing

(e.g. pencil), animal (e.g. tiger) or place (e.g.

market) is called a singular noun.

A noun that shows more than one person

(e.g. girls), thing (e.g. pencils), animal (e.g.

tigers) or place (e.g. markets) is called a

plural noun.

Plural nouns are formed.

By adding –s. „es‟ to nouns ending

in –ch, –s, –sh and –x.

beach beaches, peach peaches

,branch branches speech speeches

,ditch ditches, watch watches, boss

bosses ,glass glasses, bus buses ,lens

lenses, chorus choruses ,pass passes

,brush brushes ,fish fishes, bush

bushes, lash lashes ,dish dishes ,wish

wishes ,box boxes ,hoax hoaxes, fax

faxes ,six sixes, fox foxes, tax taxes,

By adding „es‟ to nouns ending in –

o.

buffalo buffaloes, potato potatoes,

cargo cargoes, mosquito mosquitoes,

echo echoes, tomato tomatoes,

By adding „s‟ to nouns ending in –

o.

banjo banjos, patio patios, bamboo

bamboos, photo photos, radio radios,

video videos,

By replacing „y‟ with –ies.

baby babies , lorry lorries, fly flies,

navy navies, hobby hobbies ,puppy

puppies,

By adding „s‟ to nouns ending in –y.

boy boys , key keys, day days, toy


Page 38

toys,

donkey donkeys, turkey turkeys,

By replacing „f‟ or „fe‟ with –ves.

calf calves, loaf loaves, half halves,

self selves, life lives ,wife wives

By adding „s‟ to nouns ending in –f

or –fe.

chief chiefs, hoof hoofs, dwarf

dwarfs , reef reef, gulf gulfs, roof

roofs

By changing vowels.

foot feet , louse lice, goose geese

,tooth teeth, mouse mice, woman

women,

Some nouns have same words for plural and

singular.

Aircraft aircraft, music music, crossroads

crossroads, series series, furniture furniture

,sheep sheep,

Exceptional plural.

child children, ox oxen, crisis crises ,passer-

by passers-by, mouse mice, radius radii

VERB

Verbs are words that show action. Every

sentence must have a verb. A verb is not

always one word. It may be made up of

more than one word.

Auxiliary verbs The words: am, is, are, was,

and were are verbs. They are forms of the

verb ‗to be‘. They are helping verbs called

auxiliary verbs.

If the subject of a sentence is singular, the

verb must be singular. If the subject of a

sentence is plural, the verb must be plural.

The verb must agree with the subject in

number.

Examples of ‘subjects’ and ‘verbs’ being

singular:

The man is sleeping.

She goes to the market.

The student does his homework

every day.

The train has arrived.

‗Man‘, ‗she‘, ‗student‘ and ‗train‘ are

known as subjects. The subjects are

all singular. The verbs ‗is‘, ‗goes‘,

‗does‘ and ‗has‘ are all singular too.

Examples of ‘subjects’ and ‘verbs’ being plural:

The men are sleeping.

They go to the market.

The students do their homework every day.

The trains have arrived.

‗Men‘, ‗they‘, ‗students‘ and ‗trains‘ are

known as

subjects. The subjects are all plural. The

verbs ‗are‘, ‗go‘, ‗do‘ and ‗have‘ are all

plural too.

Other singular and plural subjects that take on

singular

and plural verbs:

Subjects with words like ‘each’, ‘every’, ‘any’, ‘no’,

‘none’ and ‘nobody’ take on the singular verbs.

Examples:

Each student is given a pen.

Every child is happy watching the show.

Nobody is allowed to walk on the grass.

Uncountable nouns always take singular verbs.

Examples:

Rice is eaten in many countries.

There is oil on the floor.

Salt is added to make the food taste better.

Subjects with words like „both‟, „all‟, „many‟,

„some‟,

„several‟ and „a number of‟ take on a plural verb.

Examples:


Page 39

Both of you have to come home early.

All of us want to be happy.

Some of my friends are female.

Two or more subjects joined by „and‟ always take

a plural verb.

Examples:

My brother and his friends like to play

football.

His father and mother are watching

television.

Transitive and intransitive verbs

The verb which needs an object to make its

meaning

clear or complete is called a transitive verb.

Example:

He feeds a cat.

The word ‘cat’ is called the object of the

verb ‘feeds’.

The object can be a noun or a pronoun.

The intransitive verb does not need an object but

the meaning is clear or complete.

Example:

He ran.

The verb ‗ran‘ does not need an object.

She reads every day. (No object)

He eats quickly. (No object)

The Finite verb

The finite verb changes with the subject. The

subject

is the person, thing, animal or place we refer to.

When

the subject is in the first or second person or is

plural,

the verb does not change. When the subject is in the

third person or is singular, the verb changes from,

say, ‗eat‘ to ‗eats‘. The verb ‗eat‘ is a finite verb.

Every sentence must have a finite verb.

Other usage of verbs to remember:

When “and” is used to join two nouns or

pronouns together, the verb is usually in

the plural.

Examples: Beef and mutton are meat.

He and I were classmates.

When we use two nouns for the same

person or

thing, the verb should be in the singular.

Examples: My friend and classmate is very

helpful.

Bread and butter is his only food.

When we use two nouns for the same

person, we use the article „the‟ only once

and the verb should be in the singular.

Example: The shopkeeper and owner of the

shop

is my uncle.

When we refer to two different persons, we

use the article twice and the verb must be

in the plural.

Example: The shopkeeper and the owner of

the

shop are my good friends.

When we join two nouns and treat them as

a whole, the verb is in the singular.

Example: Bread and butter is his usual

breakfast.

When a noun is a quantity or an amount, it

is treated as a whole and the verb is in the

singular.

Examples: Ten kilometers is not a long way

to

travel. Nowadays, fifty dollars is not a lot of

money.

A verb is used in different forms as

follow:

Simple Present Tense eat

Simple Past Tense ate

Present Participle is eating

Past Participle has eaten

Future Tense will eat


Page 40

THE PRESENT TENSE

The Present Simple

Used for a habitual or repeated action, that is,

for something that we do always, every day,

often, usually, etc.

Example: He plays football on Sundays.

a. Used for a general truth or a fact, that is, for

something that is true.

Example: Night follows day.

b. Used for something or an action happening

now.

Example: See how she walks.

c. Used instead of the future tense.

Example: He arrives tomorrow.

d. Used instead of the past tense, to make some

thing look more real.

Example: The tiger comes; it catches the

boy.

e. Used instead of the present perfect tense.

Example: We hear that the king is dead.

f. Used to introduce a quotation, that is, to

repeat

words spoken or written by someone else.

Example: Shakespeare says: ―Neither a bor

rower nor a lender be.‖

The Present Continuous Tense

Used to show that something is still happening, that

is, an action is still going on at the time of speaking.

It shows that the action is not yet complete.

Example: He is writing a letter.

a. Used instead of the future tense. We usually

say the time when this future action will take

place

Example: He is going to Japan next week.

b. Used to use the phrase ‗is going‘ which

means ‗about to‘.

Example: It is going to rain.

c. Used to show an action which happens

many times. We often use ‗always‘ with this

expression.

Example: He is always getting into trouble.

The Present Perfect Tense

Used to show an action which has just been

completed or a past action when the time is not

mentioned. The action may be a recent one or it

may be one which happened a long time ago.

Example: I have finished reading the book.

There have been many changes in this country.

a. Used for an action that has been going

on from

the past until now, that is, something that

happened in the past but is going on still.

Example: I have lived here for ten years.

b. Used often with ‗just‘, ‗already‘,

‗recently‘,

‗never‘, ‗yet‘ and (in questions) with

‗ever‘.

Example: I have already told them about

the plan

She has never replied to my letter.

Have you ever been to London?

c. Used often to answer questions which

contain

a verb in the Present Perfect tense.

Example: Where have you been? I have

been to London to see the Queen.

What have you lost? I have lost all

my money.

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Used for an action that had been going on in

the past before another action occurred in

the

past.

Example: She had been cooking when we

visited her.


Page 41

THE FUTURE TENSE

The Future Tense is used to show some

action or happening in the future. Future

Simple + ‗Going To‖

a. Simple Future Tense is used to show

future

action or that something will happen

in the future.

Example: We will complete the work

tomorrow.

b. ‗Going to‘ is used to express a future

action that has been planned in

advance.

Example: We are going to Japan next

week.

c. Future Continuous Tense is used to

show continuous action at some

future time.

Example: I shall be seeing both of

you tomorrow.

d. Future Perfect Tense is used for an

action

which will have finished by some

future time or date which is

mentioned or before another action

has begun.

Example: I shall have finished this

job by seven o‘clock. I shall have

finished this job by the time you

arrive.

Future Perfect Continuous Tense.

This continuous tense is formed with

‗shall/will have been‘ + a present particle.

Example: I shall have been married for

exactly

ten years next Saturday.

ADJECTIVES An adjective is a word that tells us

something about a noun, that is, about a

person, an animal, a thing or a place.

For example:

She is a pretty girl.

A giraffe has a long neck.

The table is round.

That is an old temple.

There are various kinds of adjectives:

An adjective which tells us about the quality

of the noun.

Example: the blue sky, a big house, a

square table, a cold morning

An adjective which tells us about the quatity

of the noun.

Example: The zoo has many animals.

The pen has not much ink left.

An adjective which tells us about the

ownership of the noun.

Example: That is my dog.

Those are their bicycles.

An adjective which poses question in an

‘interrogative’ manner.

Example: Which school do you go to?

Whose car is this?

An adjective which specifies a noun.

Example: This boy is a member of the club.

That girl is my sister.

Adjectives which end in ‘-ing’,

e.g. an interesting film, an amazing player,

an annoying habit,

Adjectives which end in ‘-ed,

e.g. the damaged goods, the escaped

prisoners, improved version,

Comparison of adjectives

We use the Positive degree to compare two

equal

nouns.


Page 42

For example: His house is as big as my

house.

We use the Comparative degree to compare

two

unequal nouns.

For example: His house is bigger than my

house.

We use the Superlative degree to compare

three or

more Nouns.

For example: His house is the biggest in the

neighbourhood

Positive Comparative Superlative

bold bolder boldest

deep deeper deepest

near nearer nearest

rich richer richest

tall taller tallest

careful more careful most careful

enjoyable more enjoyable most

enjoyable

forgetful more forgetful most forgetful

useful more useful most useful

wonderful more wonderful most

wonderful

bad worse worst

good better best

little less least

ADVERBS

An adverb adds more to the meaning of a verb, an

adjective or another adverb.

I called you last night. (called=verb; last

night=adverb)

Your dress is very beautiful.

(beautiful=adjective; very=adverb)

The rain stopped quite suddenly.

(suddenly=adverb; quite=adverb)

Types of Adverbs

1. Adverb of Time – This shows when an action or

something is done or happens. It answers the

question

―When?‖ It is either placed at the beginning or at

the end of a sentence.

Example: I phoned you yesterday.

I saw her walking along the river last week.

2. Adverb of Place – This shows where an action or

something is done or happens. It answers the

question

―Where?‖ It is placed after the verb.

Example: I live here.

He fell down.

3. Adverb of Manner – This shows how an action or

something is done. It answers the question ―How?‖

It is usually placed just after the verb.

Example: She sleeps soundly.

He drives quickly.

4. Adverb of Degree or Quantity – This

answers the questions, ―To what degree?‖ or

―How much?‖ It is usually placed before the

adjective and the adverb.

Example: It is too dark for us to see

anything.

Last night it rained very heavily..

5. Adverb of Frequency – This answers the

question ―How often?‖

Example: He will never have finished in

time.

We always go to school by bus.

Affirmative Adverb (yes) and Adverb of

negation(No)

Example: yes, surely, certainly, indeed, by all

means, no, not at all, by no means.

Interrogative Adverb (Question)

Example: When? Where? How? Why? How

much/often?

Relative Adverb: when, where, how, why

These words are the same in form as Interrogative

Adverbs; but they are not questions.

Example: The time when he arrived.


Page 43

The scene where the accident

occurred.

He knows how to do it.

The reason why he left.

Comparison of Adverbs

Similar to the comparison of adjectives, adverbs

have three degrees of comparison – the Positive, the

Comparative and the Superlative. Most adverbs

which

end in ‗-ly‘ form the Comparative with ‗more‘ and

the Superlative with ‗most‘.

Positive Comparative Superlative

comfortably more comfortably most comfortably

happily more happily most happily

kindly more kindly most kindly

loudly more loudly most loudly

noisily more noisily most noisily

THE ARTICLES Definite Article – ‗The‘

Indefinite Article – ‗A‘ or ‗An‘

‘A’ is used:

Before a word which begins with a

consonant.

Example: a woman

Before a singular, countable noun.

Example: a banana

When we mention something for the first

time.

Example: I saw a dog.

Before a word with a long sound of ‗u‘.

Example: a university, a uniform, a useful

book,

a European,

Before the word one. Example: a one-way

street, a

one-eyed man, a one-year course, a one-day

holiday, etc.

‘An’ is used:

Before a noun which begins with a vowel.

Example: an apple.

Before a word which begins with a vowel

sound or a silent ‗h‘.

Example: an hour, an honest man, an heir,

an honour, an honourable man, etc

Before a singular, countable noun which

begins with a vowel or silent ‗h‘.

Example: an orange

‘The’ is used:

When the same thing or person mentioned

again, that is, a particular thing or person.

Example: I bought an orange.

The orange is sweet..

When there is only one such thing.

Example: the earth, the sun, the moon.


Page 44

Before the names of famous buildings, etc.

Example: The Eiffel Tower, The Great Wall

of China.

When a singular noun is used to point out a

whole class, race, group, etc.

Example: The bear is a strong animal.

Before the special names of rivers, seas,

oceans, mountain ranges, groups of islands,

certain organizations, political parties, and

countries such as the U.S.A., the U.K., the

U.S.S.R. and the U.A.E., The Nile, The Dead

Sea, The Pacific Ocean, The Himalayas, The

United Nations, The Republican Party, etc.

Before the names of holy or important

books.

Example: The Koran, The Bible.

Before an adjective when the noun is

understood.

Example: The poor need help.

Articles are not used:

Before the name of a person:

Example: I am a fan of Michael Jackson.

(not A or The Michael Jackson)

Before the name of a place, town, country,

street, or road.

Example: Barcelona is a beautiful city.

(not A or The Barcelona)

Before names of materials.

Example: Gold is found in Australia.

(not A or The gold)

Before abstract nouns used in a general

sense.

Example: We love all beauty.

(not a beauty or the beauty)

TIPS ON HOW TO COMPLETE CLOZE TESTS

• First, slowly read all the text without filling any of the

gaps. Read it two or three times until you have a clear

understanding of what the text is about.

• Then only complete the gaps you are absolutely sure

of.

• Next try and find out what the missing words in the

remaining gaps are. See which part of speech may fit in

each gap (article?, pronoun?, noun?, adverb?, adjective?,

preposition?, conjunction?, verb?) and pay special

attention to the grammar around the words in each gap.

Many of the gaps may include the following:

preposition following a noun, adjective or verb.

(Example: good at languages)

prepositional phrase. (Example: in spite of )

adverb. ( Example: He moved to London two

years ago )

connector. (Example: First, he arrives; then he

sits down; finally, he leaves.)

conjunction. (Example: Although he is five, he

can speak five languages.

auxiliary verb . (Example: He has won 2

matches)

an article or some other kind of determiner.

(Example: I have no time)

a relative . (Example: Bob, who I met two years

ago, is my best friend)

a pronoun , either subject or object. (Example :

it is difficult to know)

is there a comparative or superlative involved?

(Example: she's taller than me)

Some sentences may seem to be complete and contain

gaps that appear to be unnecessary. If you find gaps like

this, you will probably need the following:

an adverb. (Example: He is always late)

a modal verb . (Example: They can swim very

well)

a word to change the emphasis of the sentence:

She's good enough to be queen

- The problems are too difficult

• A few gaps may demand a vocabulary item consistent

with the topic of the text; or a word which is part of an

idiomatic expression (example: Good heavens!); or a

word which collocates with another one (example: do a

job); or a word which is part of a phrasal verb (example:

I was held up by traffic).


Page 45

INTERIM RAILWAY BUDGET 2014-15

Former Railway Minister Mallikarjun Kharge

presented the Interim Rail Budget 2014-15 in

Parliament on 12 Feb 2014. The budget is for the

first four months of the of the fiscal year 2014-15

that begins in April 2014.Mr Kharge's maiden rail

budget comes just months away from the general

elections. Mallikarjun Kharge is the second

Railway Minister from Congress Party in the 10-

year UPA regime to be presenting a Railway

Budget, although interim. Earlier, under UPA-I

regime Lalu Prasad from RJD had presented vote-

on-account (interim budget) in 2009. No increase

in rail fare & freight has been proposed in the

Interim Rail Budget for 2014-15

Rail Budget 2014 Highlights

Here are some of the key announcements for

passengers travelling on the world‘s fourth-

largest railway network:

Major Achievement: National Project of

Kashmir witnessed a major l&mark last

June, when 11.2 km long tunnel linking

Banihal with Qazigund in the valley

became operational. The tunnel, which is an

engineering marvel, has reduced the distance

from 35 km to 17.5 km., provides an all-

season means of transport for the local

population.

The Annual Plan 2014-15 envisages

investment of Rs. 64,305 crore

Passenger fares to remain unchanged.

Leaves freight(Good Transported in Bulk)

fares unchanged.

New Surveys: 19 New Lines & 5 Doubling

Railway line from Kashmir to

Kanyakumari

Electrification of over 4,000 kilomteres in

plans

Railways completed 2,207 km of newlines

against target of 2,000 km, doubling of

2,758 km against 2,500 km

Completed electrification of 4,556 kms vs

target of 4,500 kms

Railways met from its own means the total

additional impact of Rs one lakh crore due

to implementation Of 6th Pay Commission

The Capital of Arunanchal Pradesh would

soon be on rail map in this financial year, as

Harmuti-Naharlagun newline is expected

to be commissioned shortly. The state of

Meghalaya is also all set to come on the

Railway map in this financial year, as

Dudhnoi – Mehendipathar newline is

getting completed by March 2014.

FDI being enabled to foster creation of

world-class rail infrastructure.

Expansion of Railway Network: During the

year we completed 1,532 km of New Line,

Doubling & Gauge Conversion against a

revised target of 1,525 km.

Three new factories viz. Rail Wheel Plant

in district Chhapra(BIHAR), Rail Coach

Factory at Rae Bareli(UP) & Diesel

Component Factory at Dankuni(WB) have

become functional.

Public Private Partnership (PPP)

Investment in Railways is being stepped up

by partnership with the private sector. PPP

projects related to rolling stock

manufacturing units, modernisation of

railway stations, multi-functional

complexes, logistics parks, private freight

terminal,freight train operations, liberalised

wagon investment schemes.

Safety

For Safety several measures have been &

are being taken for its further strengthening.

Some of these are:

Manning or elimination of all

unmanned level crossings. Towards

this end, a

total of 5,400 unmanned level

crossings were eliminated – 2,310 by


Page 46

manning & 3,090 by closure /

merger / construction of

ROBs/RUBs during the last five

years;

Planning for induction of

indigenously developed Train

Collision Avoidance System (TCAS)

over Indian Railways after

successfully completing field trials;

Provision of Vigilance Control

Device (VCD) in all electric & diesel

locomotives to monitor & judge the

alertness of driver to ensure safety of

the train;

A Comprehensive Fire & Smoke

Detection System is on trial on two

rakes of Rajdhani Express trains.

Based on the success of these trials,

this will be extended to all major

passenger trains;

Development of ''crashworthy''

coaches

Portable fire extinguishers in coaches

Induction based cooking to replace

LPG in pantry cars

Intensive checks against explosives

and inflammable materials.

Demand Management through Dynamic

Pricing

There are seasonal and occasion-specific

instances when the demand for travel by

certain trains goes up and the level of

demand satisfaction becomes low.

Passengers are prepared on such occasions

to pay more to undertake their journey.

Keeping this in view, a Premium Air-

Conditioned Special was introduced on the

busy Delhi – Mumbai sector with shorter

Advance Reservation Period in December

2013 – January 2014. The fare charged

included a dynamically varying premium

over tatkal fare of the Rajdhani services.

Such dynamic pricing was widely

appreciated by the users and the media and

gave increased earnings of about 48% as

compared to Rajdhani services on the same

sector. We are considering operation of this

scheme on larger scale.

FY15 gross traffic receipts seen at Rs 1.16

lakh crore

Need budgetary resources of Rs 19,805

crore for FY15

Gauge Conversion of strategically important

510 km Rangiya -- Murkongselek line in

Assam to be completed by this fiscal.

Specially designed coaches for adverse

weather condition for rail travel in Kashmir.

Green Initiatives

Railway Energy Management

Company becomes functional.

Windmill and solar power plants to

be set up with 40% subsidy from

Ministry of New & Renewable

Energy.

200 Stations, rooftops of 26

buildings and 2,000 level crossing

gates to be covered.

Railways bagged 22 out of 112

awards given by the Government.

''Green Curtains'' along the track

close to major stations; Pilot work at

Agra and Jaipur

Coverage of Bio-toilets in 2,500

coaches and would be increased

progressively.

Information Technology ·

Online booking of retiring rooms at

important railway stations.

Online booking of meals on trains at

several stations.

Mobile phone ticketing to be started

in the unreserved segment.

Increasing the number of automatic

ticket vending machines.

New Trains(72)

17 Premium trains

38 Express trains

10 Passenger trains


Page 47

4 MEMU(Mainline Electric Multiple

Unit)

3 DEMU (Diesel Electric Multiple

Unit )

Financial Health

Rail infrastructure by cost sharing

arrangement with State Govts;

Karnataka, Jharkhand Maharashtra,

Andhra Pradesh and Haryana agreed

to several projects

Several Public Private Partnerships

(PPP) projects are in the pipeline.

Rail Land Development Authority

raised Rs 937 crore so far.

Extension and Increase in frequency

3 Extension of trains

1. Delhi Sarai Rohilla – Sujangarh

Express to Jodhpur

2. Patna – Saharsa Express to

Murliganj

3. Kathgodam – Bhagat Ki Kothi

Ranikhet Express to Jaisalmer

3 increase in frequency

1. Bidar – Yesvantpur Express 3

days to daily

2. Hubli – Vijayawada Express

from 3 days to daily

3. Hubli – Secunderabad Express

from 3 days to daily

Doubling

Following surveys for doubling are

proposed to be taken up in 2014-15:-

i. Latur Road – Kurduwadi

ii. Pune – Kolhapur

iii. Allahabad – Pratapgarh

iv. Salem – Omalur

v. Prabhani – Parli

Premium Trains:

i. Howrah – Pune AC Express (Bi-weekly)

via Nagpur, Manmad

ii. Kamakhya – New Delhi AC Express

(Weekly) via Chhapra, Varanasi

iii. Kamakhya – Chennai AC Express

(Weekly) via Malda, Howrah

iv. Mumbai – Howrah AC Express (Bi-

weekly) via Nagpur, Raipur

v. Mumbai – Patna AC Express (Bi-weekly)

via Khandwa, Itarsi, Manikpur

vi. Nizamuddin – Madgaon AC Express (Bi-

weekly) via Kota, Vasai Road

vii. Sealdah –Jodhpur AC Express (Bi-

weekly) via Mughalsarai

viii. Yesvantpur - Jaipur AC Express

(Weekly) via Gulbarga, Pune, Vasai Road

ix. Ahmedabad – Delhi Sarai Rohilla

Express (Tri-weekly) via Palanpur, Ajmer,

Rewari

x. Bandra – Amritsar Express (Weekly) Via

Kota, New Delhi, Ambala

xi. Bandra (T) – Katra Express (Weekly) via

Kota, New Delhi, Ambala

xii. Gorakhpur – New Delhi Express (Bi-

weekly) via Lucknow, Moradabad

xiii. Katra – Howrah Express (Weekly)

Express via Mughalsarai, Varanasi,

Saharanpur

xiv. Mumbai – Gorakhpur Express ( Bi-

weekly) via Khandwa, Jhansi, Kanpur

xv. Patna– Bangalore Express (Weekly) via

Mughalsarai, Chheoki, Manikpur, Nagpur

xvi. Yesvantpur – Katra Express (Weekly)

via Gulbarga, Kacheguda, Nagpur, New

Delhi

xvii. Thiruvananthpuram – Bangalore

(Yesvantpur) Express (Bi- weekly) via

Erode, Tirupattur

Express Trains :

i. Ahmedabad – Katra Express (Weekly)

via Palanpur, Jaipur, Rewari, Hisar,

Bathinda, Amritsar

ii. Ahmedabad – Lucknow Jn Express

(Weekly) via Palanpur, Jaipur,Bandikui,

Mathura, Kasganj

iii. iii. Ahmedabad – Allahabad Express

(Weekly) via Jalgaon, Khandwa, Itarsi,

Satna, Manikpur

iv. Amritsar – Gorakhpur Express (Weekly)

via Saharanpur, Moradabad,Sitapur

Cantt.


Page 48

v. Aurangabad – Renigunta Express

(Weekly) via Parbhani, Bidar,Vikarabad

vi. Bangalore – Chennai Express (Daily) via

Bangarpet, Jolarpettai

vii. Bandra (T) – Lucknow Jn Express

(Weekly) via Kota, Mathura, Kasganj

viii. Bareilly – Bhopal Express (Weekly) via

Chandausi, Aligarh, Tundla, Agra

ix. Bhavnagar – Bandra Express (Weekly)

via Ahmedabad

x. Bhavnagar- Delhi Sarai Rohilla Link

Express (Weekly)

xi. Gandhidham – Puri Express (Weekly)

xii. Gorakhpur – Pune Express (Weekly) via

Lucknow, Kanpur, Bina,Manmad

xiii. Guntur-Kacheguda Double Decker

Express (Bi-weekly);

xiv. Howrah – Yeswantpur AC Express

(Weekly)via Bhubaneswar,

Gudur,Katpadi

xv. Hubli – Mumbai Express (weekly) via

Bijapur, Sholapur

xvi. Hyderabad – Gulbarga Intercity (Daily)

xvii. Jaipur – Chandigarh Intercity (Daily) via

Jhajjar;

xviii. Kacheguda – Tirupati Double Decker

Express (Bi Weekly);

xix. Kota – Jammu Tawi Express (Weekly)

via New Delhi, Ambala

xx. Kanpur – Bandra (T) Express (Weekly)

via Kasganj, Mathura, Kota

xxi. Lucknow – Kathgodam Express (Tri-

weekly)

xxii. Manduadih – Jabalpur Express (Weekly)

via Allahabad, Manikpur, Satna

xxiii. Malda Town – Anand Vihar Express

(Weekly) via Amethi & Rae Bareli;

xxiv. Mannargudi – Jodhpur Express

(Weekly) via, Jaipur

xxv. Mumbai – Chennai Express (Weekly)

via Pune, Gulbarga, Wadi

xxvi. Mumbai – Gorakhpur Express (Weekly)

via Gonda, Balrampur, Barhani (after

gauge conversion);

xxvii. Mumbai – Karmali AC Express

(Weekly) via Roha

xxviii. Nanded – Aurangabad Express (Weekly)

via Purna, Parbhani

xxix. Nagpur – Rewa Express (Weekly) via

Satna

xxx. Nagercoil – Kacheguda Express

(Weekly) via Karur, Namakkal, Salem

xxxi. Pune – Lucknow Express (Weekly) via

Khandwa, Bhopal, Bina, Jhansi, Kanpur

xxxii. Ramnagar – Chandigarh Express

(Weekly) via Moradabad, Saharanpur

xxxiii. Ranchi – New Jalpaiguri Express

(Weekly) via Jhajha, Katihar

xxxiv. Secunderabad – Visakhapatnam AC

Express (Weekly) via Kazipeth,

Vijaywada

xxxv. Santragachi – Anandvihar Express

(Weekly)

xxxvi. Srigangnagar – Jammu Tawi Express

(Weekly) via Abohar, Bathinda, Dhuri

xxxvii. Thiruvananathapuram-Nizamuddin

Express (Bi-weekly) one day via

Kottayam and one day via Allepey

xxxviii. Varanasi – Mysore Express (Bi-

weekly) via Wadi, Daund

xxxix. Balurghat – Howrah Express (Bi-

weekly)

Passenger trains :

i. Bina – Katni Passenger (Daily)

ii. Dekargaon – Naharlagun

Passenger (Daily)after

completion of new line

iii. Gunupur - Visakhapatnam

Passenger (Daily)

iv. Hubli - Belgaum Fast Passenger

(Daily)

v. Jaipur – Phulera Passenger

(Daily)

vi. Mannargudi – Mayiladuthurai

Passenger (Daily)

vii. Punalur – Kanniyakumari

Passenger (Daily) via Kollam,

Thiruvananthapuram


Page 49

viii. Sambalpur – Bhawanipatna

Passenger (Daily)

ix. Tatanagar – Chakulia Passenger

(Daily)

x. Tiruchendur – Tirunelveli

Passenger (Daily)

MEMU Trains :

i. Anand – Dakor (Daily 2

services)

ii. Anuppur-Ambikapur (6 days a

week)

iii. Delhi – Rohtak Passenger (Daily

2 services)

iv. Santragachi – Jhargram (5 days a

week)

DEMU Trains :

i. Morbi – Maliya Miyana

ii. Ratlam – Fatehabad Chandrawati Ganj

(Daily) after gauge conversion

iii. Rewari – Rohtak (Daily)

New Lines

i. Tiptur – Dudda

ii. Nimach – Singoli - Kota

iii. Dahod – Modasa

iv. Karad – Kadegaon – Lenare – Kharsundi

Attapadi – Diganchi –Mahud -

Pandharpur

v. Etah – Aligarh

vi. Karnal – Yamuna Nagar via Asandih

vii. Extension of Tindivanam – Nagari new

line up to Puducherry

viii. Challekere – Hiriyur – Huliyur

Chikkanayakanahalli – KB Cross –

Turuvekere - Channarayanpatna

ix. Betul – Chandur Bazar - Amravati

x. Chakia – Kesariya (Kaithwalia)

xi. Miraj – Kavathemahankal – Jath -

Bijapur

xii. Pune – Baramati via Saswad, Jejuri,

Moregaon

xiii. Etawah – Auraiya – Bhognipur –

Ghatampur – Jahanabad – Bakewar–

Bindki Road

xiv. Haldaur – Dhampur

xv. Belgaum – Hubli via Kitturu

xvi. Pune – Ahmednagar via Kegdaon Kasti

xvii. Bellary – Lingasugur via Siruguppa,

Sindhanur

xviii. Ghatanandur – Shrigonda Road / Daund

via Kaij, Manjarsumbha, Patoda and

Jamkhed

xix. Birari – Mahatoni – Marwara –

Mandanpur – Dhamoni - Sagar


Page 50

Narendra Damodardas Modi

15th

Chief Minister of India,

63, will be sworn-in as the India's 15 Prime

Minister on Monday 26th

May 2014 by President

Pranab Mukherjee at a grand, open air ceremony in

the forecourt of the majestic Rashtrapati Bhawan.

VISITORS

Nawab Sharif Prime Minister Pakistan Prime

Minister Srilanka Mahinda Rajapaksa, Afghanistan

President Hamid Karzai, Bhutan Prime Minister

Tshering Tobgay, Nepal Prime Minister Sushil

Koirala and Maldivian President Abdulla Yameen

Abdul Gayoom will be among the foreign

dignitaries attending the ceremony.

Bangladesh will be represented by Speaker Shirin

Chaudhury as Premier Sheikh Hasina would be

traveling to Japan at the time of the swearing-in

ceremony. This is the first time that the heads of

states of SAARC nations have been invited to

attend the swearing-in ceremony of the Indian

Prime Minister.

Cabinet Ministers: The Cabinet is the highest

decision making body in India.

Cabinet Ministers are the Senior most and

experienced paramiliterian of the ruling

Government who have been given important

portfolios.

The following is the list of council of ministers in

Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Cabinet:

Rajnath Singh: Home Minster

Sushma Swaraj: External Affairs &

Overseas Indian Affairs

Arun Jaitley: Finance Corporate Affairs &

Defence

M. Venkaiah Naidu: Urban Development

Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation &

Parliamentary Affairs

Nitin Jairam Gadkari: Road Transport and

Highways Shipping

D.V. Sadananda Gowda: Railways

Uma Bharati: Water Resources, River

Development and Ganga Rejuvenation

Dr. Najma A. Heptulla: Minority Affairs

Nitin Gadkari ( Interim): Rural

Development, Panchayati Raj & Drinking

Water and Sanitation

Ramvilas Paswan: Consumer Affairs, Food

and Public Distribution

Kalraj Mishra: Micro, Small and Medium

Enterprises

Maneka Gandhi: Women and Child

Development

Ananthkumar: Chemicals and Fertilizers

Ravi Shankar Prasad: Communications and

Information Technology & Law and Justice

Ashok Gajapathi Raju: Civil Aviation

Anant Geete: Heavy Industries and Public

Enterprises

Harsimrat Kaur Badal: Food Processing

Industries

Narendra Singh Tomar: Mines & Steel

Labour and Employment

Jual Oram: Tribal Affairs

Radha Mohan Singh: Agriculture

Thaawar Chand Gehlot: Social Justice and

Empowerment


Page 51

Smriti Zubin Irani: Human Resource

Development

Dr. Harsh Vardhan: Health and Family

Welfare

Minister of States

Minister of States: They are the junior of the cabinet

Ministers . They are the sub-ordinates of the

Cabinet Ministers.

Minister of States (Independent Charge): They are

also sub-ordinates but they have power to take

decision.

General V.K. Singh: Development of North

Eastern Region (Independent Charge) &

External Affairs Overseas Indian Affairs

Inderjit Singh Rao: Planning (Independent

Charge), Statistics and Programme

Implementation (Independent Charge) &

Defence

Santosh Kumar Gangwar: Textiles

(Independent Charge), Parliamentary Affairs

Water Resources, River Development and

Ganga Rejuvenation

Shripad Yesso Naik: Culture (Independent

Charge) & Tourism (Independent Charge)

Dharmendra Pradhan: Petroleum and

Natural Gas (Independent Charge)

Sarbananda Sonowal: Skill Development,

Entrepreneurship, Youth Affairs and Sports

(Independent Charge)

Prakash Javadekar: Information and

Broadcasting (Independent Charge),

Environment, Forest and Climate Change

(Independent Charge) & Parliamentary

Affairs

Piyush Goyal: Power (Independent Charge),

Coal (Independent Charge) & New and

Renewable Energy (Independent Charge)

Dr. Jitendra Singh: Science and

Technology (Independent Charge), Earth

Sciences (Independent Charge), Prime

Minister Office Personnel, Public

Grievances & Pensions Department of

Atomic Energy Department of Space

Nirmala Sitharaman: Commerce and

Industry (Independent Charge), Finance

Corporate Affairs

G.M. Siddeshwara: Civil Aviation

Manoj Sinha: Railways

Nihalchand: Chemicals and Fertilizers

Upendra Kushwaha: Rural Development,

Panchayati Raj & Drinking Water and

Sanitation

Radhakrishnan P: Heavy Industries and

Public Enterprises

Kiren Rijiju: Home Affairs

Krishan Pal: Road Transport and Highways

Shipping

Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Balyan: Agriculture &

Food Processing Industries

Mansukhbhai Dhanjibhai Vasava: Tribal

Affairs

Raosaheb Dadarao Danve: Consumer

Affairs, Food and Public Distribution

Vishnu Deo Sai: Mines, Steel & Labour and

Employment

Sudarshan Bhagat: Social Justice and

Empowerment


Page 52

MOUs‐Deal between India &

Other Countries

1. India has committed 8.5 billion rupees to Bhutan

for Small Development Project for the country‘s the

11th Five Year Plan.

2. Iran and Japan signed a Memorandum of

Understanding (MoU) for bilateral cooperation on

environmental issues in Tokyo.

3. India, Azerbaijan: to explore opportunities in

energy sector

4. India and Canada have signed three MoUs for

cooperation in health sector, audio‐visual co‐

production and skill development.

5. India, Poland agree to form Joint Working

Group for cooperation in films sector.

6. India and Fiji have signed a Double Taxation

Avoidance Agreement, DTAA for the avoidance of

double taxation and for the prevention of fiscal

evasion with respect to taxes on income.

7. India and Saudi Arabia have decided to enhance

their bilateral trade and economic co‐operation over

next 5 years.

8. India and Bhutan have signed an agreement on

development of hydropower projects.

9. India and Germany could sign an agreement for

€1 billion for Greenfield projects

10. India and Pakistan signed MoU on electricity

trade: India has expressed its intent to export

electricity to the tune of 500 MW to Pakistan

immediately if infrastructure for transmission of

power is made available.

11. India and Maldives ink several pacts and have

agreed to jointly patrol and conduct surveillance to

strengthen maritime

security in the Indian Ocean Region.

12. India has signed a Rs 4,000‐crore deal with the

US for procuring six more C‐130J Super Hercules

Special Operations aircraft for the Indian Air Force.

13. Election Commission signs MoU with Yemen.

India has offered its expertise to Yemen in election

management and electoral

roll preparations.

14. India and Macedonia have signed a new double

taxation avoidance agreement (DTAA) that

provides for among other things exchange of

banking information for tax administration

purposes.

As per the new agreement, dividend, interest and

royalty will be taxed in the source country and the

rate of taxation will not exceed 10 percent


Page 53

NEW APPOINTMENT 2013-2014NATIONAL

Ranjit Kumar was appointed as the

SOLICITOR GENERAL OF INDIA He

succeeds Mohan Parasaran who resigns

recently.

Mukul Rohtagi appoimted as Attorney

General of India after succeeding Ghoolam

E Vassaji.

Dilip Trivedi appointed Director General of

the CRPF He succeeded Pranay Sahay who

retired on 31 July 2013. CRPF is India‘s

largest paramilitary force.

Arvind Ranjan was appointed the full time

chief of the Central Industrial Security

Force (CISF) He will take his charge from

incumbent Director General Rajiv.

J.N.Chaudhary was appointed as new head

of NSG (National Security Guard) He will

take his charge from incumbent Arvind

Ranjan.

Aruna Bahuguna first woman to be

appointed chief of National Police

Academy She will replace the incumbent

IPS Subhas Goswami who was appointed as

the Director General of the Indo-Tibetan

Border Police (ITBP) in November 2013.

Subhas Goswami Appointed as the Director

General of ITBP He will succeed Ajay

Chadha,

Devendra Kumar Pathak has been

appointed as the Special DG, Border

Security Force (BSF). He Succeed

Subhash Joshi

Nishi Vasudeva Selected As the First

Woman to Head the Oil Company, HPCL

: She will replace Subir Roy Choudhury,

who will retire on 28 February 2014.

Poonam Khetrapal Singh Elected Regional

Director for WHO South-East Asia Region

She succeeds Samlee Plianbangchang from

Thailand and has served at the post for 10

years.

Shri S.K. Sharma was appointed as

Chairman and Managing Director of

Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) Mr.

Sharma took charge as CMD after Mr. Anil

Kumar retired on 31 December 2013.

P. Sudhakar Appointed as the CMD of

Electronics Corporation of India Limited

Justice Ajit Prakash Shah appointed as

Chairman of Law Commission of India

Justice Ajit Prakash Shah appointed as

Chairman of Law Commission of India

Usha Ananthasubramanian appointed as

CMD of Bharatiya Mahila Bank

Parvinder Sohi Behuria appointed new

Secretary General of NHRC She is the

successor of Ashok Sahu.

Union Government Appointed G B

Pradhan as the Chairperson of the Central

Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC)

Rajendra Kashyap was appointed as the

Financial Commissioner (Railways)

Arundhati Bhattacharya Took Charge as

the First Woman Chairperson of SBI She

succeeded Pratip Chaudhuri who retired on

30 September 2013.

S.Varadarajan took over as the CMD of

Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited

S.Varadarajan has succeeded R.K. Singh.

Ranjan Mathai Appointed as India's High

Commissioner to United Kingdom He will

succeed noted economist and veteran

diplomat Dr Jaimini Bhagwati

Ravindra Kumar, Editor of The Statesman

was elected as President of The Indian

Newspaper Society Ravindra Kumar

succeeded K N Tilak Kumar of Deccan

Herald and Prajavani.

R. Chandrashekhar was appointed as

President of National Association of

Software and Service Companies

(NASSCOM) R. Chandrasekhar succeeded

Som Mittal

Lt Gen Dalbir Singh Suhag designated as

the Vice Chief of Army Staff He will take

over from Lieutenant General SK Singh as


Page 54

the Vice Chief of Army Staff retires on 31

December 2013.

Harsh Kumar Bhanwala appointed

Chairman of National Bank for

Agriculture and Rural Development

(NABARD) for a period of five years.

Bhanwala succeeds Prakash Bakshi, who

retired as NABARD Chairman in September

2013.

Puneet Kumar appointed as the new

secretary general of AEPCApparel Export

Promotion Council ] He succeeded

Amarendra Sahoo

Usha Sangwan appointed first woman

managing director of LIC The other MD of

LIC S B Mainak, Sushobhan Sarkar,

Sangwan and V K Sharma.

Sidharth Birla, Chairman of Xpro India

Limited took the charge as the President of

Federation of Indian Chambers of

Commerce and Industry (FICCI). Sidharth

Birla succeeded the HSBC India Country

Head Naina Lal Kidwai.

Ashok Lavasa, appointed the New Civil

Aviation Secretary He will take charge

from incumbent K.N.Srivastava.

P. Pradeep Kumar appointed as MD

Corporate Banking of State Bank of India

Justice Mukul Mudgal appointed as Chief

of Broadcast Content Complaints Council

(BCCC). Justice Mudgal will replace Justice

A P Shah, former Chief Justice of Delhi

High Court who has been appointed as head

of the Law Commission of India.

Jatinder Bir Singh appointed CMD of

Punjab and Sind Bank He will succeed

D.P.singh

R.K.Tiwari was appointed as the new

chairman of Central Board of Direct Taxes

(CBDT)He will succeed Chairperson Sudha

Sharma who is scheduled to retire on 28

February 2014.

N Ramachandran was elected President of

Indian Olympic Association (IOA). He

Succeeded Abhay Singh Chautala

Justice Ashok Kumar Mathur appointed to

head 7th Central Pay Commission

Arun Gupta appointed as CMD of

Shipping Corporation of India The post

was vacant for over a year after the

retirement of S Hajara

Rajiv Takru appointed as the new Revenue

Secretary He will succeed Sumit Bose, who

will retire on 31 March 2014.

Economic Affairs Secretary Arvind

Mayaram has been designated as new

Finance Secretary. He Succeeded Sumit

Bose who retired on 31 March 2014

The Finance Ministry currently has five

secretaries including Arvind Mayaram.

The other secretaries are:

R P Watal (Expenditure)

Shaktikanta Das (Revenue)

Ravi Mathur(Disinvestment)

G S Sandhu (Financial Services)

Justice Rajendra Mal Lodha as Next Chief

Justice of India. He will be the 41st Chief

Justice of India. He will succeed Justice P.

Sathasivam.

R Gandhi was appointed as the Deputy

Governor of the Reserve Bank of India He

has been appointed as the successor of

Anand Sinha, who retired from the office on

20 January 2014. Till the time of retirement,

Sinha was looking after the new bank

licence process.

Sunil Gavaskar appointed as Interim

President of BCCI Sunil Gavaskar replaced

the present BCCI chief N Srinivasan.

Soma Mondal appointed first Women

director of National Aluminium Company

Ltd (NALCO).

Justice (Retd.) BN Srikrishna on 11 March

2014 was appointed as the Chairman of

Financial Planning Standards Board India

(FPSB). He will succeed Dhirendra Swarup,

the former chairman of Pension Fund

Regulatory and Development Authority

(PFRDA).


Page 55

Sheila Dikshit appointed as the new

Governor of Kerala She will succeed Nikhil

Kumar

Dinesh Sarraf appointed as next Chairman

and Managing Director (CMD) of Oil and

Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) Dinesh

Sarraf will replace Sudhir Vasudeva due to

retirement.

Robin K Dhowan took over as chief of the

Indian Navy He Succeeded D K Joshi .

Ila Patnaik appointed as Principal

Economic Advisor, She Succeeded Dipak

Dasgupta, a former Lead Economist for

India and South Asia at the World Bank.

HR Mohan has taken over as the President

of Computer Society of India

Harish Rawat was appointed as the 8th

Chief Minister of Uttarakhand. He

succeeded Vijay Bahuguna.

STATE

R. Banumathi Appointed Chief Justice of

the Jharkhand High Court

Laxmikanta Mahapatra appointed Chief

Justice of Manipur High Court

Justice Prafulla Chandra Pant Appointed

New Chief Justice of the Meghalaya High

Court Suceeded Justice T.Nandakumar

Singh

Justice G Rohini appointed as the first

women Chief Justice of Delhi High Court

she will become the first women Chief

Justice of the Delhi High Court. She will

succeed Acting Chief Justice Badar Durrez

Ahmed.

INTERNATIONAL

Jean-Claude Juncker has been nominated

as the next president of the European

Commission.

Imomali Rakhmon Reelected as the

President of Tajikistan

P.S. Raghvan was appointed as the next

Ambassador of India to Russia He will

succeed Ajai Malhotra, who will retire on 30

November 2013.

Janet Yellen Nominated as Head of US

Federal Reserve Board Janet Yellen

replaced Ben Bernanke as Chair of the

Federal Reserve Board.

Ruchira Kamboj appointed the Permanent

Representative of India to UNESCO She

will succeed VS Oberoi.

Subrahmanyam Jaishankar became the

ambassador of US He is the successor of

Nirupama Rao and his position in Beijing

will be taken by Ashok k. kantha.

Ahmet Uzumcu re-appointed as OPCW

Director General The Nobel Committee in

recognition of 16 years of achievement of

the OPCW has awarded it the 2013 Nobel

Peace Prize.

Abdul Basit appointed high commissioner

of Pakistan to India He will replace Salman

Bashir.

Marco Lambertini appointed Director-

General of The global conservation

organisation, WWF (World Wide Fund for

Nature) He will succeed James P Leape,

who was appointed as the DG of WWF

International in 2005.

Satya Nadella appointed as CEO of

Microsoft Satya Nadella will succeed Steve

Ballmer as the third CEO of the Microsoft

firm.Bill Gates is the founder and first CEO

of Microsoft. Nadella is thefirst Indian to

head the Microsoft in its 38-year history

M Teresa kho was appointed as Asian

Development Bank (ADB)‟s new Country

Director for India Teresa Kho replaced Hun

Kim who was appointed as Deputy Director

General of ADB‘s South Department in

Manila.

Sirajuddin Qureshi elected as the President

of Indian Islamic Cultural Centre (IICC).

Rajeev Suri appointed as President and

CEO of Nokia Corporation He replaces


Page 56

both Stephen Elop and Risto Siilasmaa who

were serving as interim President and

Interim CEO of Nokia respectively.

Viktor Orban re-elected as Prime Minister

of Hungary

Marie-Lousie Coleiro Preca sworn-in as

President of Malta Coleiro replaced George

Abela

President Francois Hollande on 31 March

2014 appointed Interior Minister Manuel

Carlos Valls as next prime minister of

France. Valls replaced PM Jean-Marc

Ayrault whose administration lost the

confidence of the French in the recently

concluded Municipal elections.

Jens Stoltenberg appointed as Secretary

General of North Atlantic Treaty

Organisation (NATO) He will replace the

incumbent Secretary General Anders Fogh

Rasmussen, the former Prime Minister of

Denmark.

Technology firm Avaya on 6 March 2014

appointed Priyadarshi Mohapatra as

Managing Director for its India and

SAARC operations.

Ibrahim Mahlab sworn in as Prime

Minister of Egypt Ibrahim Mahlab will

replace Hazem el-Beblawi government.

Matteo Renzi on 22 February 2014 sworn-

in as Italy‟s Prime Minister replacing

Enrico Letta, who resigned from the office

Abdelaziz Bouteflika won fourth time as

the President of Algeria

Air Chief Marshal (Retd.) N A K Browne

has been appointed India‟s next

Ambassador to Norway

Suresh Kumar Reddy appointed as the

First ambassador to ASEAN, Presently, he

is working as the Ambassador of India to

Iraq.

Neeraj Sahai, Indian-American has

appointed as president of Standard &

Poor's Ratings Services, the world's largest

ratings firm.

Shah Rukh Khan was appointed as the

goodwill ambassador for South Korea.

Aditi Khanna became first women

President of Indian Journalist's

Association List of past Presidents of Indian

Journalists‘ Association (IJA)

K S Shelvankar

Sundar Kabaddi

Tarapada Basu


Page 57

AWARDS & HONOUR 2013-2014

NATIONAL

Famous agricultural scientist MS Swaminathan

has been selected for the Indira Gandhi Award

for National Integration for the year 2012.

Reserve Bank of India Governor Raghuram

Rajan was awarded with the Deutsche Bank

Prize for Financial Economics 2013

Zubin Mehta, will be honored with the Tagore

Award for Cultural Harmony 2013 in

recognition of his outstanding contribution to

cultural harmony.

Legendary actress Waheeda Rehman will be

conferred with the first Centanary Award for

the Indian Film Personality at the 44th

International Film Festival of India (IFFI) to

be held in Goa.

Lord Swraj Paul was conferred with the

‗International Indian of the Decade‟ award. He

was presented this award for his outstanding

achievements in the fields of industry, education

and philanthropy.

The President of India, Mr. Pranab Mukherjee

awarded Stree Shakti Puraskar to six illustrious

women on International Women‘s Day for their

distinguished services for the upliftment of

women.

Awardees are-

Rani Gaidinliu Zeliang Award: Dr.

Vartika Nanda (Delhi) for creating

awareness on women‘s issues through

media.

Rani Lakshmibai Award: Ms. Manasi

Pradhan (Odisha) for her work in the

field of women‘s empowerment.

Rani Rudramma Devi Award: Dr. M

Venkaiah (Andhra Pradesh) for her

contribution in the field of women‘s

health.

Mata Jijabai Award: Ms. Bina Sheth

Lashkari (Maharashtra) honored for

her achievement in the field of

education and training

Kannagi Award: T Radha K Prashanti

(Andhra Pradesh) for her achievement

in the field of providing support to

orphans, visually impaired,

handicapped and destitute women.

Devi Ahilyabai Holkar Award: Dr

Seema Sakhare (Maharashtra) for her

contribution in the field of women‘s

rights, gender issues, legal counseling

and institutional support to women and

girls.

The noted Gandhian and environmentalist, Mr.

Chandi Prasad Bhatt selected for the Gandhi

Peace Prize for 2013.

Physicist Prof. Rajesh Gopakumar to be

honoured with 23rd G D Birla award for

scientific research for 2013.

The Union Ministry of Information and

Broadcasting announced that the Veteran poet

and film lyricist Gulzar (real name: Sampooran

Singh Kalra) has been chosen for the

Dadasaheb Phalke Award for the year 2013.


presented gallantry awards to defense personnel

for their distinguished services at Rashtrapati

Bhavan in New Delhi.

Kirti Chakra awards:

Wing Commander Darryl Castelino:

Awarded posthumously for his role in

operation Rahat in Uttarakhand where

his chopper crashed with 20 personnel

on board after he had helped in rescuing

lives of more than 80 people.

Major Mahesh Kumar (Punjab

Regiment): Awarded for his gallant acts

in counter-insurgency operations in

Jammu and Kashmir where he killed 4

terrorists in three separate incidents.

Captian Abhilash Tomy: Awarded for

completing world voyage on his sail

ship non-stop and without any external

support in 151 days.


presented the International Gandhi Award for

the year 2013 to Dr. Vijaykumar Vinayak

Dongre and Prof. Guocheng Zhang for making

outstanding contributions in the field of leprosy

to eradicate the disease through treatment,

training and research at Rashtrapati Bhawan,

New Delhi.

The famous Hindi writer, Mr. Vishwanath

Tripathi honored by the prestigious Vyas

Samman 2013. He has been chosen for his


Page 58

memoir ‗Vyomkesh Darvesh ‗that is a biography

of the noted Hindi scholar Acharya Hazari

Prasad Dwivedi.

Ms Arunima Sinha bagged with Amazing

Indian Award by the Vice President of India,

Mr. Hamid Ansari, for scaling Mount Everest

despite being physically challenged.

President Pranab Mukherjee conferred the

country‘s highest civilian honor Bharat Ratna on

eminent scientist Prof C.N.R. Rao and cricket

maestro Sachin Tendulkar at Rashtrapati

Bhavan in New Delhi.

Wipro Chairman Azim Premji,won the

Economic Times LifetimeAchievement Award

2013 for his role in creating India‘s third-largest

soft-ware exporter and also for the impressive

scale of his philanthropy.

Mammen Mathew, the Chief Editor and

Managing Director of Malayala Manorma has

been chosen for prestigious journalism award

The Lokmanya Tilak National Award 2013.

Renowned music director and concert conductor

Zubin Mehta won the special jury award of

Times Now NRI Awards 2014. The award

ceremony was held in Mumbai.

Vijay Seshadri won the prestigious 2014

Pulitzer Prize in the poetry category for his

collection of poems entitled 3 Sections published

in 2013.

Environmental activist Ramesh Agrawal, won

the prestigious Goldman Environmental Prize

for the year 2014. The prize is commonly called

as the Green Nobel. The prize honours the

heroic grassroot environmentalists around the

world for their achievements.

Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd (HAL) recieved the

Most Efficient Navratna Award for the year

2013.The award was collected by the Chairman

of HAL, Dr. R K Tyagi.

STATE

Former Miss Universe Sushmita Sen conferred

with the Mother Teresa Memorial

International Award by NGO. The Harmony

Foundation for her efforts towards achieving

social justice in Mumbai.

Legendary singer Lata Mangeshkar was

presented the first national Yash Chopra

Memorial Award.

Malayalam poetess Sugathakumari has been

conferred with the prestigious Saraswati

Samman 2012 for Manalezhuthu (the Writings

on the Sand), a collection of poems in

Malayalam.

Scientist Vinod Prakash Sharma has been

honored with the Gujar Mal Modi Award for

Innovative Science and Technology 2013 for

his achievements in malaria research, control

and prevention, including other vector borne

diseases.

Leading mathematician and founder of Super30

classes Mr. Anand Kumar bestowed with the

prestigious 2014 Ramanujan Mathematics

Award

President of India presented the Sunil

Gangopadhyay Memorial Award of 2012 and

2013 to two eminent Bengali poets, namely

Nirendranath Chakraborty and Sankha Ghosh,

respectively.

Andhra Pradesh bagged the Oil and Gas

Conservation Award for the best performance

among the big States. The award is given by the

Petroleum Conservation Research Association.

Eminent historian Bipan Chandra was awarded

Itihas Ratna award2013 from Asiatic Society

Bihar.

Taiwanese poet Yushi was awarded the

Thiruvalluvar award on 15 January 2014 by the

Tamil Nadu government in Chennai. The award

was given to him in recognition of his

contribution to the Tamil language.

Anjolie Ela Menon, a contemporary artist was

awarded with Dayawati Modi Award for Art and

Culture and Education by Dayawati Foundation

Engineering Excellence Award 2013 was

conferred on the Security Printing and Minting

Corporation of India Limited (SPMCIL), a

Public Sector Unit under the Ministry of

Finance, and Government of India.

INTERNATIONAL

Eleanor Catton, the 28-year old author from

New Zealand has won the Man Booker prize

2013 for her novel, ―The Luminaries.‖ . Eleanor

Catton was given a trophy, and Emmanuel

Roman along with 50000 Pound.

Nobel Prize 2013 Announced:

Alice Munro won the Nobel Prize for

literature for the contribution towards


Page 59

the master of the contemporary short

story. She was the first Canadian woman

to take the Nobel Prize since its launch

in 1901

Nobel Prize for Economics awarded

jointly to Eugene F. Fama, Lars Peter

Hansen and Robert J. Shiller for their

empirical analysis of asset prices ie; for

their work on creating a deeper

knowledge of how market prices move.

Peter Higgs, United Kingdom and

Francois Englert, Belgium jointly

awarded Nobel Prize for Physics for the

theoretical discovery of a mechanism

that contributes to our understanding of

the origin of mass of subatomic

particles.

The Organisation for the Prohibition

of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) won the

Nobel Peace Prize for the year 2013 for

its extensive efforts to eliminate

chemical weapons.

James Rothman and Randy Schekman

of US as well as German-born Thomas

Suedhof won the 2013 Nobel Prize for

Medicine and Physiology. They were

awarded for their groundbreaking work

on how the cell organises its transport

system.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry will be

shared by Michael Levitt, a British and

US citizen, US-Austrian Martin

Karplus and US-Israeli Arieh Warshel

for the development of multi scale

models for complex chemical systems.

Pakistani teen activist Malala Yousafzai, who

survived bullet-injury inflicted by the Taliban

for championing girls‘ education has won the

European Union‟s (EU) Sakharov Human

Rights Prize 2013.

Karan Thapar, well-known television journalist,

has been honored with the International Press

Institute (IPI) India Award for Excellence in

Journalism.

Indian social activist Anna Hazare has been

honored with the inaugural Allard Prize for

International Integrity conferred by the

University of British Columbia‘s Faculty of Law

at a function held in Vancouver, Canada.

The Allard Prize is one of the world’s largest

awards recognizing efforts to fight corruption

and to promote human rights.

Anjali Gopalan was awarded with French

highest civilian award Chevalier de la Legion

d‟Honneur. She was awarded for her work on

transgenders and HIV positive patients.

Aung Suu Kyi received the Sakharov Prize for

Freedom of Thought at Strasbourg,France.

The Government of Israel selected New York

City Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg as the first

ever recipient of the 1 million Dollar Genesis

Prize- an award popularly dubbed the Jewish

Nobel Prize. The Genesis Prize is awarded to

individuals who have achieved international

recognition in their professional field, the worlds

of science and the arts.

Indonesia‟s Corruption Eradication

Commission has been conferred with the

Ramon Magsaysay Award for its successful

campaign against corruption in Indonesia.

Parimarjan Negi put up a brilliant performance

to regain the Politiken Cup chess Title in

Copenhagen, Denmark.

Bollywood actor Aamir Khan has been chosen

for a U.S. award for his television show

‗Satyamev Jayate‟ along with renowned

American director Kathryn Bigelow and the

International Center on Nonviolent Conflict

(ICNC).

Indian author Mr. Pankaj Mishra won the

prestigious Donald Windham Campbell

Literature prize 2014.

An Indian-born scientist, Dr. M Madan Babu

won the Protein Science Young Investigator

Award for 2014 at Cambridge, UK. He got the

award for his effort in the field of biological

system and to understand intrinsically disordered

proteins and gene regulation clearly.

Malala Yousafzai, Kainat Riaz and Shazia

Ramzan were chosen for the GG2 Hammer

Award, for their bravery at the GG2 (Garavi

Gujarat 2) Leadership Awards 2013 a London.

Indian Journalist Mr. Shubhranshu Choudhary

won the Google Digital Activism Award 2014 in

Barbican Centre in London for his work in using

mobile phones to bring local news to remote

Indian regions in their native language i.e.

known by CGNet Swara (Voice of

Chhattisgarh).


Page 60

The Japanese architecture, Mr. Shigeru Ban

won the Pritzker Architecture Prize 2014 for his

unique approach in using materials viz. paper

tubes, bamboo and shipping containers.

UK-born physicist Stuart Parkin won the

Millennium technology prize 2014. Parkin won

this prize for his breakthrough in magnetic disk

drive storage capacity.

Mahatma Gandhi‘s grand daughter, Ms. Ela

Gandhi honored with the Prestigious South

African Award, „Amadelakupha‟ by the South

African Government.

Professor Dr. Tej Vir Singh won the 2013

UNWTO Ulysses Prize for Excellence in the

Creation and Dissemination of Knowledge in

Madrid, Spain.

Pakistani teen activist Malala Yousafzai, who

survived bullet-injury inflicted by the Taliban

for championing girls‘ education has won the

UN Human Rights Prize 2013.

Cyrus Mistry won the DSC prize 2014 for South

Asian literature for his book Chronicles of a

Corpse Bearer.

Rajiv Gandhi InternationalAirport (RGIA),

Hyderabad awarded the Sword of Honour for

safety management in London.

Rahul Jindal, a doctor of Indian origin was

selected for the prestigious Outstanding

American by Choice award. He was awarded

for his contribution to US health sector.

The 18th International Children's Film Festival

concluded in Hyderabad. A Dutch Film named

Kauwboy, directed by Boudewijn Koole won the

Golden Elephant Award for best film in the

'International Live Action' category.

US honoured Laxmi, an acid attack victim with

the prestigious International Women of

Courage Award.

Myanmar will be presented the award of

World‟s Best Tourist Destination for 2014 by

the European Union Council on Tourism and

Trade.

Tomas Halik, the Czech priest won the

Templeton Prize for 2014 for religious and

spiritual progress.

Indian-origin Gopal Rao won UK Twitter Prize

Turkish investigative journalist Ahmet Sik won

2014 UNESCO Guillermo Cano World Press

Freedom Prize.

NR Narayana Murthy, the founder and

executive Chairman of Infosys was honoured

with the 2014 Canada India Foundation

Chachalani Global Indian Award in Toronto,

An Indian- American Cardiologist, Dr. Sumit

Chugh along with one more researcher has been

chosen for the Prestigious Simon Dack Award

for Outstanding Scholarship. This award will be

given to him in recognition of his contributions

to the organisation‘s peer-reviewed medical

journals.

86th Annual Academy Oscar

Awards 2014

The 86th Annual Academy Oscar

Awards 2014, presented by the

Academy of Motion Picture Arts

and Sciences (AMPAS), honored

the actors, technical

achievements, and films of 2013

and took place on 2 March 2014,

at the Dolby Theatre in

Hollywood, Los Angeles.

List of Winners at 86th annual

Academy Awards :-

Best Picture :- “12 Years a

Slave.”

Best Actor :- Matthew

McConaughey, “Dallas Buyers

Club.‖

Best Actress :- Cate Blanchett,

“Blue Jasmine.”

Best Supporting Actor :- Jared

Leto, “Dallas Buyers Club.”

Best Supporting Actress :- Lupita

Nyong‟o, “12 Years a Slave.”

Best Directing :- Alfonso

Cuaron, “Gravity.”

Best Foreign Language Film :-

―The Great Beauty,” Italy.

Best Adapted Screenplay :- John

Ridley, “12 Years a Slave.‖

Best Original Screenplay :- Spike

Jonze, “Her.”

Best Animated Feature Film :-

“Frozen.”

Production Design :- “The Great

Gatsby.‖

Best Cinematography :-

“Gravity.”

Best Sound Mixing :- “Gravity.”

Best Sound Editing :- “Gravity.”

Best Original Score :- ―Gravity,”

Steven Price.

Best Original Song :- ―Let It Go”

from “Frozen.”

Padma Vibhushan Awards:

These are awarded for

exceptional and distinguished

service. This year both the

awardees were from

Maharashtra:

Dr. Raghunath A. Mashelkar for

Science and Engineering

Shri B.K.S. Iyengar for Yoga

Padma Bhushan Awards:


distinguished service of high

order:

Shri Kamala Haasan, Art-

Cinema, Tamil Nadu

Ms. Anita Desai, Literature and

Education, Delhi

Shri Ruskin Bond, Literature

and Education, Uttarakhand

Shri Pullela Gopichand, Sports

– Badminton, Andhra Pradesh

Shri Leander Paes, Sports –

Tennis, Maharashtra

Late Justice Jagdish Sharan

Verma, Public Affairs, Uttar Pra

#

Late Dr. Anumolu

Ramakrishna, Science and Eng,

And Prah #

Prof. Anisuzzaman, Literature

and Education, Bangladesh*

Prof. Lloyd I. Rudolph and

Prof. Susanne H. Rudolph,

Literature and Education,

USA*$

2014 Padma Shri Awards:


distinguished service in any

field:

Ms. Geeta Mahalik, Art –

Odishi Dance, Delhi

Shri Sudarsan Pattnaik, Art –

Sand Artist, Orissa


Page 61

Best Costume :- “The Great

Gatsby.‖

Best Makeup and Hairstyling :-

―Dallas Buyers Club.‖

Best Animated Short Film :- ―Mr.

Hublot.”

Best Documentary Feature :- “20

Feet from Stardom.‖

Best Documentary (short subject)

:- “The Lady in Number 6:

Music Saved My Life.”

Best Film Editing :- “Gravity.”

Best Live Action Short Film :-

“Helium.‖

Best Visual Effects :- “Gravity.”

Padma Awards 2014

President Pranab Mukherjee

announced the names of

Recipients of this year‘s Padma

awards. He approved conferment

of 127 Padma Awards including

one duo case (counted as one).

Padma Awards, the country‘s

highest civilian awards, are

conferred in three Categories viz.

Padma Vibhushan, Padma

Bhushan and Padma Shri. The list

comprises two Padma Vibhushan,

24 Padma Bhushan and 101

Padma Shri Awardees.

Shri Paresh Rawal, Art –

Cinema and Theatre,

Maharashtra

Ms. Vidya Balan, Art-Cinema,

Maharashtra

Late Dr. Narendra Achyut

Dabholkar, Social Work,

Maharst#

Shri Ashok Kumar Mago, Trade

and Industry, USA*

Dr. Siddharth Mukherjee,

Medicine-Oncology, USA*

Dr. Vamsi Mootha, Medicine –

Biomedical Research, USA*

Dr. Sengaku Mayeda, Literature

and Education, Japan*

Note: * indicates awardees in

the category of Foreigners /

NRIs/ PIOs.

# indicates awardees in the

posthumous category.

$ indicates one duo case.

(treated as one award )

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013-2014

NATIONAL

India‟s ANTRIX (ISRO‟s commercial arm)

successfully launched 5 foreign satellites from four

countries on board PSLV-C23 rocket which placed

them in orbit.

The rocket was launched from Satish Dhawan Space

Centre in Sriharikota and was also witnessed by PM

Narendra Modi.

ISRO‘s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle PSLV-C23

placed all five satellites into their respective orbits.

The rocket carried with it primary payload of 714 kg

French Earth Observation Satellite SPOT-7, 14 kg

AISAT of Germany, NLS7.1 (CAN-X4) and NLS7.2

(CAN-X5) of Canada each weighing 15 kg and the 7 kg

VELOX-1 of Singapore.

SPOT 7: French satellite, it will be part of the existing

Earth observation satellite. It has been built by European

space technology company Airbus Defence and Space.

AISAT: German nano-satellite, to focus on the global

sea-traffic monitoring system with special emphasis on

high traffic zones using AIS signals.

NLS 7.1 and NLS 7.2: Canadian satellite, they will

perform Two-spacecraft precision formation flying using

differential GPS with centimetre-level relative position

and sub-metre level accurate position control system.

VELOX-1: Singaporean satellite, it is a technology

demonstrator for in-house design of image sensor,

MEMS-based attitude determination and control system

and inter-satellite RF link.

Indian Navy Inducted Offshore Patrol Vessel „ INS

Sumedha Sumedha is the 3rd ship of the indigenous

Naval Offshore Patrol Vessel (NOPV) Project to be

inducted into the Indian Navy. The ship has been

designed & built by Goa Shipyard Ltd.

India successfully test-fired the indigenously developed

Pinaka from a base at Chandipur, off the Odisha coast.

Pinaka is a multi-barrel rocket launcher (MBRL). Pinaka

is an area weapon system with a range of 40 km.

India Successfully Test Fires Nuclear Capable Agni-

III Missile India test-fired its nuclear-capable Agni-III

surface-to-surface missile ballistic missile with a strike

range of more than 3,000 km as part of a user trial by the

Army from Wheeler Island off Odisha coast.

India Successfully Test Fired „ Akash „ Missile A

medium-range surface-to-air missile tested from a

defence base in Odisha, for the third time. The


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indigenously-developed missile, with a 27-km range and

an effective ceiling of 15 km, was test-fired from the

Integrated Test Range of Chandipur in the coastal

district of Balasore.

India Successfully Tested Nuclear Capable Prithvi-II

Missile Prithvi-II surface-to-surface missile tested from

a military base in Odisha. The indigenously-developed

ballistic missile with a maximum range of 350 km.

Prithvi is India‟s first indigenously-built ballistic

missile.

BrahMos Missile Successfully Test Fired In Salvo

Mode The 290km-range supersonic cruise missile was

successfully fired from a naval warship INS Trikand in

salvo mode in the Arabian Sea.For the first time, the

cruise missile was fired in salvo mode off the Russian-

built warship off the coast of Karnataka with an interval

of three seconds off the coast of Goa.

GSLV-D5 Rocket Carrying Communication Satellite

GSAT-14 Successfully Launched Indian Space

Research Organisation(ISRO) successfully launched its

heavy-duty rocket Geosynchronous Satellite Launch

Vehicle-Development 5 (GSLV-D5) having indigeneous

cryogenic engine that placed a 1,982 kg GSAT-14

communication satellite into the orbit. The 49.13-metre

tall rocket GSLV-D5 lifted off from Satish Dhawan

Space Centre at Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh .

Indian Navy Inducts Advanced Jet Trainer „Hawk

132′ Indian Navy inducted the fourth generation

advanced jet trainer aircraft „Hawk 132′, which has led

to a jump in the operational versatility. „Hawk 132′ was

inducted into the Navy at a ceremony held at the Naval

Air Station INS Dega at Visakhapatnam,Andhra

Pradesh.

Biosimilar Trastuzumab got Approval of DCGI Indian

Biotech Company Biocon announced that it had received

market authorisation from the Drug Controller General

of India (DCGI) for its Breast cancer Drug- biosimilar

Trastuzumab. The biosimilar trastuzumab will be

marketed in India under the brand name of CANMAb by

the company.

India conducts successful test of first indigenous air-

to-air Beyond Visual Range (BVR) „Astra‟ missile It is

tested from a Sukhoi-30MKI fighter jet, marking an

important achievement in the development of complex

BVR weapons. Astra will initially provide a 44-km

range with ―high single-shot kill probability‖, while its

Mark-II version will be able to hit hostile aircraft over

100 km away.

Astra v/s Brahmos Cruise Missile: India is also likely to

initiate testing the 290-km supersonic BrahMos cruise

missile from the heavy-duty Sukhoi-30MKIs by the end

of 2014. So, while Astra is being developed to smash

enemy aircrafts, BrahMos will give incisive land-strike

capability against hostile targets.

Interceptor Missile test fired successfully by DRDO

India‟s premier defence equipment manufacturer

Defense Research and Development Organization

(DRDO) successfully test-fired a new Prithvi Defence

Vehicle (PDV) interceptor missile capable of

neutralizing any incoming long-range missile at higher

altitude. Earlier DRDO had successfully tested six

interceptor missiles developed by it, both in the endo-

atmosphere (within 30 km altitude above the sea level)

and exo-atmosphere stage (above 30 km altitude above

the sea level).

Mobile makers should install “SoS” button for women

safety: Finance Minister The Centre approved several

proposals for improving women‟s safety under the

Nirbhaya Fund. Finance Minister announced that mobile

handset makers will have to introduce an SoS alert

button to ensure that women in distress can be reached

by the police in the minimum possible time. It must be

noted that SOS is not an abbreviation and there it does

not stand for anything. Although some phrases like

―save our ship―, ―save our souls‖ and ―send out succour‖

were popularly associated with SOS, these may be

regarded as mnemonics.

India rolls out its First indigenous LCA – Tejas Tejas,

India‟s first indigenous Light Combat Aircraft (LCA),

which is all set to replace the MiG-21 series, developed

by the DRDO with HAL as its principal partner.

ISRO successfully launched Mars mission from the

Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota. The

satellite is scheduled to reach the Mars orbit in

September 2014 and is designed to circle the Red Planet

in an elliptical orbit of 366 km X 80000 km.

Supercomputer PARAM Yuva- II ranked 1 in India

Supercomputer PARAM Yuva- II was rated 1st in India,

9th in the Asia Pacific Region and 44th in the world

among the most power efficient computer systems as per

the Green500 List. It was announced at the Super

computer Conference (SC 2013) in US. PARAM Yuva-

II was developed by the C-DAC.

STATE

The first trial run of the India‟s fastest train on the

New Delhi-Agra route was performed successfully by

the Indian Railways. The train covered a distance of 200

kms in 100 minutes against the slated time of 90


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minutes. Although the average speed of the train during

the entire journey was 125-130 km/h, its speed reached a

maximum speed of 160 kmph.

Assam and Nagaland became first States to get Plastic

Photo Identity Card Nagaland and Assam will be the

first two states to be issued plastic Electors Photo

Identity Card (EPIC) for the upcoming Lok Sabha

elections.

Net Metering‟: An innovation to slash electricity bills

Over two years of its launch in Andhra Pradesh, „Net

Metering‟ system may soon be taken up by other states

of India.

What is „Net Metering‟? Net Metering is an eco-

friendly idea that encourages the power consumers to

adopt the generation of solar power to manage their

demand and supply of electricity. In this process, the

consumers not only generate power for their own needs

but also get paid for the excess power generated by their

solar Photovoltaic systems (PV systems).

Portal „Railsaver‟ to Improve Energy Efficiency in

Indian Railways It is a web based Electrical Energy

Management System called ―RAILSAVER”. A web

based Portal developed by Centre of Railway

Informatics System (CRIS).

“Sandesh Pathak”- A Software application to aid

farmers C-DAC Mumbai, IIT-Madras, IIIT Hyderabad,

IIT Kharagpur, and C-DAC Thiruvananthapuram have

jointly developed the ―Sandesh Pathak‖ software

application. The application uses TTS (Text-To-Speech)

software to help out farmers by reading out loud SMS

messages and benefiting those who may have difficulty

in reading. Thus, when a farmer receives an SMS

message either containing agriculture-related advice or

some other thing, the Sandesh Pathak application will

read aloud the content.

Know your candidate‟ tool launched by Google for Lok

Sabha Elections 2014 As part of the ongoing Lok Sabha

Elections 2014 in India, Internet giant Google has come

up with its tool „Know Your Candidate‟ which will

assist Citizens of India to get a very basic snapshot

information about their Candidates, incumbent MPs as

well as other candidates contesting from all over India.

“Polling at your fingertips”- SMS based service

launched in Meghalaya In order to help voters to locate

their respective polling stations, the Election

Commission launched an SMS based service ―Polling at

your fingertips‖ in Shillong, Meghalaya.

India‟s first electric bus launched in Bangalore As an

initiative of the Bangalore Metropolitan Transport

Corporation, India‟s first electric zero-emission bus

launched in Bangalore by the Karnataka Transport

Minister R Ramalinga Reddy.

India‟s first post office savings bank ATM inaugurated

in Chennai The Union Finance Minister P.

Chidambaram inaugurated the India‟s first post office

savings bank ATM at the Head Post Office in

Thyagaraya Nagar, Chennai.

India‟s Largest Solar Power Plant launched in

Madhya Pradesh Welspun Solar MP project, the largest

Solar Power Plant of India launched at Bhagwanpur in

Neemuch, Madhya Pradesh..

“Patna” – World‟s Longest Free Wi-Fi Zone in India

The Chief Minister of Bihar, Mr. Nitish Kumar unveiled

the world‟s longest free Wi-Fi zone at the e-Bihar

summit in Patna. The free Wi-Fi zone stretched nearly

20 km . This new free Wi-Fi zone beats the current

world‟s longest zone of 3.5 km in China.

Purushottam Express will get first Braille signage

coach in India Purushottam Express will become the

first train in India to be attached with a Braille-

embedded AC coach for visually challenged passengers

by the end of February 2014. Purushottam Express is a

super-fast train running between Delhi and Puri.

Nuclear power project will be establish in Kovvada in

Andhra Pradesh with a capacity of 10,000 MW.

INTERNATIONAL

Astronomers Discovered Hypergiant Star 1300 Times

The Size of Our Sun A hypergaint star which is 1300

times wider than the sun has discovered. This is the

biggest yellow star ever spotted. It is named as HR 5171.

This star is 12,000 light years away. This star can be

about one million times brighter than the Sun.

Australian Astronomers Discovered Oldest Known Star

In Universe A team of scientists at the Australian

National University has discovered the oldest known star

in the Universe. The star known as SMSS J031300.36-

670839.3, is in the Milky Way galaxy and some 6000

light years from the Earth.

Indian-origin Boy Shubham Banerjee Invents Braille

Printer Using Lego Set A 12-year-old boy of Indian

Origin Shubham Banerjee has designed a low-cost

Braille printer using toy construction Lego pieces.

Banerjee developed the Braille printer called Braigo,

which is short for Braille with Lego. It was created from

the Lego Mindstorms EV3 set.

Astronomers Discovered Two New Exoplanets A team

of Astronomers from Harvard-Smithsonian Center for

Astrophysics (CfA), have discovered two new extrasolar

planets circling a dim, red dwarf star about 200 light-


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years away from our planet. One of the planets, dubbed

KOI-314c, weighs the same as Earth, but around 60

percent larger in diameter.The second planet, named

KOI-314b, is about the same size as KOI-314c but

significantly denser, weighing about 4 times as much as

Earth.The team discovered the planet using data from

NASA‟s Kepler spacecraft.

World‟s Fastest Organic Transistor Developed

Scientists claim to have developed the world‟s fastest

thin-film organic transistor that could operate more than

five times faster than previous examples of this

technology.

SpaceX Rocket Successfully Launches Its First

Commercial Satellite An unmanned Falcon 9 rocket

developed by Space Exploration Technologies, blasted

off to put its first commercial satellite known as „ SES –

8 „ into orbit. Previously SES satellites were launched

primarily aboard Russian Proton and European Ariane

rockets, which cost far more than the approximately $55

million the company paid for its ride on SpaceX‟s

Falcon booster.

Greece Tests Russian-Made S-300 Missile System for

First Time. Greece is the only NATO member that has

an S-300 in service.

Iran Sent Second Monkey into Space For Second Time

Iran has successfully launched its second monkey named

„ Fargam „ into the space and back, the country‟s latest

step toward sending humans into orbit. The monkey was

flown on Iran‟s liquid-fueled „ Pajohesh „ (research)

rocket for a 15-minute mission that took him

approximately 72 miles into space. The first rocket

carrying a monkey named Pishgam (pioneer) in the

space was launched by Iran on 28 January 2013.

First Human Artificial Heart Implanted In France The

first human artificial heart implantation performed in

Georges Pompidou Hospital, Paris was successful. The

artificial heart weighs as little as less than a kilogram

(900grams), almost three times heavier than an average

healthy human heart.

Pakistan Successfully Test-Fires Short Range „ Hatf

IX „ Missile

Pakistan successfully test fired Hatf IX (Nasr) missile, a

short range surface to surface missile that has a range of

60-kilometres. The missile has the capability to carry

nuclear weapons.

World‟s First Green Helicopter Tested in Germany

Helicopter which is noiseless and emission-free has been

successfully tested in Germany. The helicopter, named

Volocopter, developed by the German company e-volo,

two seat prototype made it earlier voage in kalsruhe,

Germany. The volocopter uses eighteen electrically

driven rotos propel instead of one combustion engine

which is environmentally friendly and emission-free.

KINECT Developed by Microsoft US software company

Microsoft recently developed a new cost effective sign

language translator that converts signs into spoken and

written language - and vice versa. In collaboration with

researchers in China, Microsoft created the Kinect Sign

Language Trans lator,

In Mars Findings Mangalyaan & Maven will

Complement Each Other ISRO and NASA will

coordinate functions of their Mars Orbiters-

Mangalyaan and MAVEN once both get into orbit of

the Mars planet in September 2014. This was announced

by ISRO scientists. NASA‟s Mars-bound spacecraft, the

Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutionN (MAVEN)

is the second mission for NASAs.

Existence of 117th element “Ununseptium (Uus)”

confirmed The existence of element 117- ―Ununseptium

(Uus)‖ has been confirmed by the scientists at the GSI

accelerator laboratory in Germany, including those from

India, who have created atoms of the element. The atoms

were similar to the heaviest atoms ever observed, 40%

heavier than an atom of lead. Ununseptium(Uus)

Chemical Symbol: Uus

Atomic number: 117

Chemical series: Period 7 element, Haloge

“SOLAR-JET”: An EU project makes “solar”

kerosene from sunlight A research project named

―SOLAR-JET‖ funded by the European Union (EU) has

produced the world‟s first ―solar‖ jet fuel from water

and carbon dioxide (CO2). Scientists for the first time

successfully showed the entire production chain for

renewable kerosene, using concentrated light as a high-

temperature energy source.

Southern California tiny Mite is World‟s Fastest Land

Animal (Relative to Size) Mite (Paratarsotomus

macropalpis) was recently recorded running at up to 322

body lengths per second. This makes it the world‟s

fastest land animal. Previously, this record was held by

the Australian tiger beetle, which was recorded running

at 171 body lengths per second. By comparison, a

cheetah running at 60 miles per hour reaches only about

16 body lengths per second. The mite‟s speed in terms

of body length per seconds is equivalent to a person

running roughly 1300 miles per hour.

―Putnisite” – A new mineral discovered with a unique

composition The discovery of ―Putnisite” so special and

different from the world‟s known 4,000 minerals is its


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very strange combination of Strontium(Sr),

Calcium(Ca), Chromium(Cr), Sulphur(S),

Carbon(C), Oxygen(O) and Hydrogen(H) elements,

forming a kind of panoptic and distinctive formula

“SrCa4Cr83+(CO3)8SO4(OH)16•25H2O”.

Bluefin-21 Robotic submarine deployed to solve

mystery of lost Malaysian plane MH370 Bluefin-21

robotic submarine (Underwater Autonomous Vehicle)

will explore for wreckage of the Flight MH370 in an

area defined by 4 ping signals from the flight‟s Black

Box heard a few days ago.

“Charkilo”: First-ever miniature planet with rings

discovered Astronomers from Niels Bohr Institute have

discovered a miniature planet ―Charkilo‖ with two rings

of ice and pebbles between Saturn and Uranus in the

Kuiper Belt . Diameter: 250 km.

―HSP90”- New molecule discovered to kill malaria

parasite without harming human red blood cells The

researchers from the University of Geneva discovered a

new molecule HSP90 (Heat Shock Protein 90) that

could be effective for the treatment of malaria. HSP90

has the potential to kill malaria parasite without harming

human red blood cells.

“HR 5171 A”- the largest ever yellow hypergiant star

discovered The astronomers of Oliver Chesneau of the

Cote d‟Azur Observatory (Nice, France) discovered the

largest Yellow star ―HR 5171 A‖ in our Milky way

Galaxy. Also known as V766 Centauri, HD 119796 and

HIP 67261.

“Akron”: Indian-American owned firm developing

zero pressure tyre for US army An Indian-American

owned engineering firm, Akron (Ohio-based American

Engineering Group (AEG)) has received a $1 million

Phase-II project grant from the US Department of

Defense to develop tyres that will continue running even

after being shredded by roadside bombs or gunfire.

“Venom GT”- world‟s fastest car recorded 435 km/hr

(270 Miles/hr) The US car manufacturer Hennessey

developed the world‟s fastest car ― Venom GT‖ with a

top speed of an incredible 435 km/hr. The firm set a new

record for the fastest car in the world during a test run at

the Kennedy Space Centre in Florida.Venom GT beat

the previous best record of 431km/hr set by Bugatti

Veyron Super Sport.

Indian- American Scientist Sangeeta Bhatia developed

cheap paper diagnostic for cancer The Indian-American

scientist, Ms. Sangeeta Bhatia developed a cheap, paper

test that could improve cancer diagnosis rates and help

people to get treated earlier.

“Email Miles”- Tracks how far our email has traveled

Email miles is a new GPS based system that tells us how

far our email has travelled. This new technology uses

Global Positioning System (GPS) and internet tracking

to calculate the number of miles an email has travelled

before reaching an inbox. Inventor: Jonah Brucker-

Cohen.

The coldest place on Earth is in East Antarctica NASA

satellites discovered a desolate and remote ice plateau in

East Antarctica, the coldest place on earth. The remote

region plunged as low as minus 94.7oC (minus

135.8oF). This beat the previous record of -89.2 degrees

Celsius measured at the Russian Vostok Research

Station in East Antarctica on July 21, 1983.

Kirobo: World‟s first robot astronaut Kirobo, the

world‟s first robot astronaut talks about Christmas in its

first chat with the Japanese commander of the

International Space Station.

Michiaki Takahasi: Developer of chickenpox vaccine

passed away Michiaki Takahashi (85), a Japanese

virologist, who developed a vaccine for the chicken pox

virus passed away.

Mr. Mikhail Kalashnikov: Designer of AK-47 (

”Avtomat Kalashnikova 1947″) passed away The

Russian gun designer whose AK-47 rifle became the

weapon of choice for many national armies and

guerrillas around the world, passed away.

Any Time Milk (ATM): Amul launches its first Milk

ATM India‟s dairy major Amul has launched India‟s

first milk ATM which will sell milk through ―Any Time

Milk‖ vending machines. The 24×7 ATM has been

installed at Anand in Gujarat.

Chinese scientists invented „Water-jet‟ printer China

have invented a printer that uses water to print, instead

of ink. After about 22 hours, the paper fades back to a

plain sheet of white paper, allowing it to be re-used. The

―water-jet” technology is capable of reprinting

numerous times, spares people their money and saves

trees. As per the statistics, many papers (40% of office

Prints) are throwing into the dustbin after the single

reading.

Oldest known human DNA decoded The scientists on 4

December 2013 decoded the oldest DNA from ever

found 400000 year old thigh bone of human family.

First multi-coloured 3D Printer launched World‟s first

3D-printer Objet500 Connex3 was launched. The printer

was manufactured by the USA based company Stratasys,

the owner of the MarkBot range of printers. Object500

Connex3 is the world‟s first 3D printer that can produce

multi-colour, multimaterial objects at the same time.


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Tech major Microsoft launched „Guardian,‟ a new

safety application (app), that enables friends and family

of Windows Phone users to track them in real time.

NASA is planning to grow plants and vegetables —

such as turnip and basil — on the Moon, by 2015, to

understand whether humans can live and work on the

Earth‟s natural satellite

SPORTS 2013-14 NATIONAL

Novak Djokovic (Serbia) beat Roger Federer

(Switzerland) in the final of 2014 men‟s Wimbledon

championship in a challenging contest. It was the first

time since 2007 that Federer and Djokovic had met for a

Grand Slam title. Djokovic, who had 6 major titles

before this match had last won Wimbledon in 2011.

Djokovic was beaten in 2013 by Andy Murray. Roger

Federer‘s last title at Wimbledon was in 2012.

Czech tennis star Petra Kvitova clinched her second

Wimbledon title as she defeated Canada‘s Eugenie

Bouchard in a very short match.

Indian Men‟s Hockey Team Qualified For Hockey

World Cup 2014 Indian men‘s team has qualified for the

Rabobank Hockey World cup 2014 to be held at The

Hague, Netherlands.

India To Host Men‟s Hockey World Cup In 2018 The

finals will be played from 1 to 16 December 2018.Also,

England will host the Women‘s World Cup of hockey

2018. India last hosted the World Cup in New Delhi in

2010 , while the 2014 edition of Hockey World Cup

would be played in The Hague, Netherlands.

Sunil Chhetri Named 2013 AIFF Player of the Year

Indian football captain Sunil Chhetri was named the

2013 AIFF Player of the Year. The announcement was

made by All India Football Federation (AIFF) at the

annual general meeting held at the Football House in the

Capital.Chhetri.

India Won Men‟s Kabaddi World Cup 2013 India

defeated Pakistan 48-39 in the Kabaddi World Cup in

the final played at Guru Nanak Dev Stadium in

Ludhiana, Punjab. With this win, India retained the title

for fourth consecutive time.

India Won Women‟s Kabaddi World Cup 2013 India

won the women‘s Kabaddi World Cup championship for

the third time in a row, defeating New Zealand 49-21 in

the summit clash in Jalandhar, Punjab.

Chitra Won Bronze at IBSF World Snooker

Championships India‘s Chitra Magimairajan had to

settle for a bronze at the International Billiards &

Snooker Federation (IBSF) World Snooker

Championship held at Daugvapils, Latvia. She lost to

Wendy Jans of Belgium in the semifinals.In the final,

Wendy Jans successfully defended her title by defeating

Chunxia Shi of China.The next edition of the IBSF


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World Snooker Championship will be held at Bangalore

in November 2014.

India To Host Under-17 FIFA World Cup In 2017

India have won the right to host the 2017 Under-17

FIFA World Cup in 2017 by the FIFA executive

committee in its meeting at Salvador de Bahia in Brazil.

By virtue of being the host country, India will take part

in the 24-nation tournament for the first time in its

history.

Pankaj Advani Won National Snooker Title World

champion Pankaj Advani (PSPB) won his sixth Men‘s

National Snooker title after defeated Kamal Chawla of

Railways in the 81st national snooker championship, in

Lucknow.

Zaheer 4th Indian bowler to claim 300 wickets in Test

cricket Zaheer Khan became the fourth Indian bowler to

claim 300 wickets in Test Cricket. Jacques Kallis was

his 300th Wicket. With the 300 wickets, Zaheer joined

the club of bowlers of India, who has taken 300 wickets

namely Kapil Dev (434 wickets), Anil Kumble (619

wickets) and Harbhajan Singh (413 Wickets).

Men‟s Junior Hockey World Cup 2013 Germany lifted

the Men‘s Junior Hockey World Cup for a record sixth

time. In the title clash at New Delhi, defending

champions Germany defeated France, 5-2 to retain the

title.

Macau Open Badminton Singles title Indian shuttler PV

Sindhu won the Women‘s Singles trophy at the Macau

Open Grand Prix Gold Badminton Tournament. In the

title clash, Sindhu, defeated seventh seed Li Michelle of

Canada

34th National Archery Championship Deepika Kumari

won her sixth consecutive title at the 34th National

Archery Championships at JRD Tata Stadium of PSPB,

Jamshedpur on 25 December 2013.

Asia-Pacific Junior Golf Team Titles India won the

boy‘s and girl‘s team titles in the Asia-Pacific junior golf

championship at the Royal Calcutta Golf Club (RCGC).

It was India‘s first ever victory in the Asia Pacific Junior

Golf Championship.

Indonesia Open Golf Tournament 2013 Indian Golfer

Gaganjeet Bhullar finishes by72 holes won the 2013

edition of the Indonesia open at Jakarta Malaysia‘s

Nicholas Fung (66) finished tied 2nd alongside

Thailand‘s Chapchai Nirat (66).

Fastest Batsman to Score 5000 Runs in ODIs Indian

Cricketer Virat Kohli became the fastest batsman to

score 5000 runs in one-day internationals when he

scored 86 against the West Indies in the first ODI in

Kochi on 21 November 2013.

FIDE World Chess Championship 2013 Magnus

Carlsen of Norway won the FIDE World Chess

Championship 2013 at Chennai on 22 November 2013.

Magnus Carlsen defeated the previous world champion

Viswanathan Anand of India.

Cricketer Shikhar Dhawan: Canara Bank‟s Brand

ambassador The public sector lender, Canara Bank

announced cricketer Shikhar Dhawan as its brand

ambassador. Cricketer Rahul Dravid has been Bank of

Baroda‘s brand ambassador since 2005.

Sourav Kothari won the National Billiard

Championship title Mr. Sourav Kothari won the

National Billiard Championships held in Lucknow by

beating Alok Kumar.

Rahul Dravid is brand ambassador for National

Tobacco Control Campaign The Ministry of Health and

Family Welfare named former Indian cricket team

captain Rahul Dravid as the brand ambassador for its

National Tobacco Control Campaign.

Virat Kohli appointed as brand ambassador of BSF

The Border Security Force has appointed Indian

cricketer Virat Kohli as its brand ambassador.

Delhi Waveriders Won Hockey India League Title

Delhi Waveriders defeated Jaypee Punjab Warriors in

the penalty shoot-out to emerge as the champions in the

second edition of Hero Hockey India League (HIL) at

the packed Astroturf Hockey Stadium at Ranchi on 23

February

Vijay Amritraj Honoured with Davis Cup Commitment

Award Vijay Amritraj, a former Indian tennis player was

on 1 February presented the Davis Cup Commitment

Award .The award was instituted by the International

Tennis Federation (ITF).

Mizoram Won Santosh Trophy – 2014 Mizoram won

the 68th edition of National Football Championship of

Santosh Trophy after defeated Railways 3-0 in the final

in Siliguri, West Bengal. This is the maiden Santosh

Trophy for Mizoram also this was the first appearance

for them in the final match

High altitude cricket stadium inaugurated in Kerala

South India‘s first high altitude cricket stadium was

inaugurated at Krishnagiri in Waynad district of Kerala.

This is the second cricket ground in India after

Dharamsala stadium to be located as such height. The

stadium spreads over 4.4 hectares area and is situated at

about 2800 feet above the sea level.

Karnataka won the Vijay Hazare Trophy 2013-14

Karnataka won the Vijay Hazare Cricket Trophy 2013-

14 by defeating Railways by four wickets at the Eden


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Gardens in Kolkata. For the first time, Karnataka won

the Vijay Hazare trophy.

“Unbreakable”: The autobiography of Mary Kom

unveiled Mary Kom, the legendary boxer from North

East wrote her autobiography titled ―Unbreakable‖. The

book was inaugurated by Bollywood Megastar Amitabh

Bachchan at Mumbai.

Saina Nehwal won Syed Modi India Open-2014 Indian

ace shuttler Saina Nehwal clinched the Syed Modi

International India Grand Prix Gold badminton title by

defeating her compatriot P.V. Sindhu in the women‘s

singles competition.

INTERNATIONAL

Star Indian badminton player Saina Nehwal defeated

Spain‟s Carolina Marin to win the $750,000 Star

Australian Super Series title.

Sebastian Vettel Won United States Grand Prix 2013

Red Bull Formula One driver Sebastian Vettel of

Germany won United States Grand Prix. France‘s

Romain Grosjean in Lotus was second with Red Bull‘s

Mark Webber took the third place

Sebastian Vettel Won Abu Dhabi F1 Grand Prix 2013

Red Bull Formula One driver Sebastian Vettel of

Germany won the Abu Dhabi Formula 1 Grand Prix at

the Yas Marina circuit, Abu Dhabi.Vettel‘s team-mate

Aussie Mark Webber finished with second position.

Heena Sidhu Won Pistol Gold In World Cup Shooting

Shooter Heena Sidhu created history by becoming the

first pistol exponent from India to win a gold medal at

the ISSF World Cup finals in Munich, Germany .In the

Women‘s 10-metre Air Pistol event final, She defeated

World Champion Zorana Arunovic of Serbia to bag her

first Gold.

Yuki Bhambri Won Traralgon Challenger Title Indian

Yuki Bhambri won the ATP men‘s singles title of

Traralgon event in Australia.He defeated Bradely Klahn

of America in the final.

Novak Djokovic Won Paris Masters Title Novak

Djokovic of Serbia won the Paris Masters Tennis Title at

Paris, France. He defeated David Ferrer of Spain in the

final.

Cheteshwar Pujara is ICC‟s Emerging Cricketer of

theYear The Indian cricketer and a Rising Test batsman,

Cheteshwar Pujara has bagged the Emerging Cricketer

of the Year award.The annual International Cricket

Council (ICC ) awards were announced in Dubai . In

total, there were eleven individual awards.

The full list of winners is :-

* ICC Cricketer of the Year (Sir Garfield Sobers

Trophy) — Michael Clarke (Australia)

* ICC Test Cricketer of the Year — Michael Clarke

(Australia)

* ICC Women‟s ODI Cricketer of the Year — Suzie

Bates (New Zealand)

* ICC ODI Cricketer of the Year — Kumar Sangakkara

(Sri Lanka)

* ICC Emerging Cricketer of the Year — Cheteshwar

Pujara (India)

* ICC Associate and Affiliate Cricketer of the Year —

Kevin O‘Brien (Ireland)

* ICC Twenty20 International Performance of the

Year — Umar Gul (Pakistan)

* ICC T20I Women‟s Cricketer of the Year — Sarah

Taylor (England)

* ICC Spirit of Cricket Award — Mahela Jayawardena

(Sri Lanka)

* ICC Umpire of the Year (winning the David

Shepherd Trophy) — Richard Kettleborough

* LG People‟s Choice Award — MS Dhoni

Netherlands Won Hockey World League 2014 The

Netherlands on 18 January won the first ever Hockey

World League final after defeating New Zealand by 7-2

in New Delhi. Belgium retained his fifth place , while

India secured sixth place.

Ana Ivanovic Won Auckland Open Tennis Title Ana

Ivanovic of Serbia won the Auckland Open Tennis Title.

She defeated Venus Williams (U.S) in the final at

Auckland, New Zealand.

Rafael Nadal Won Qatar ExxonMobil Open Title

Rafael Nadal of Spain won the Qatar ExxonMobil Open

title on 4 January. He defeated France‘s Gael Monfils in

the Men‘s Singles final at Doha.

Joshna Chinappa Won Winnipeg Open Title India‘s

Squash player Joshna Chinappa won the Winnipeg

Winter Club Open trophy on 3 February. She defeated

Heba El Torky of Egypt in the final.

Nico Rosberg Won Australian Grand Prix Mercedes

driver Nico Rosberg of Germany won the Australian

Grand Prix on 16 March at Melbourne in

Australia.Kevin Magnussen of Denmark (McLaren) was

declared second

Mexican Open Tennis Tournament Winners – 2014

Women‟s Singles :- Dominika Cibulkova of

Slovakia won by defeating American Christina

McHale in the final .


Page 69

Men‟s Singles :- Bulgaria‘s Grigor Dimitrov

won after defeating South African Kevin

Anderson in the final.

Brisbane International Tennis Tournament Winners –

2014

Women‟s Singles :- Serena Williams of the

U.S.after defeating Victoria Azarenka of

Belarus in final.

Men‟s Singles :- Australia‘s Lleyton Hewitt

won by defeating Roger Federer of Switzerland

in the Final.

South Africa Captain Graeme Smith Announced

Retirement South African captain Graeme Smith has

announced on 4 March that he will retire from

international cricket . Smith is the longest serving

captain for South Africa in international cricket.

IMET Squash Open 2013 Indian squash player

Mahesh Mangaonkar has won the IMET Open 2013 in

the Slovakian capital Bratislava on. Mahesh, the 19-

year-old World No.98 from Mumbai downed defending

champion Greg Lobban, of Scotland.

Rifle/Pistol World Cup Finals Heena Sidhu became a

part of the history by becoming the third Indian pistol

shooter to win Gold at the World Cup Final on 10

November 2013 in Munich. In the Women‘s 10- metre

Air Pistol event at the ISSF World Cup final, the 24-

year-old shooter defeated World Champion Zorana

Arunovic of Serbia to bag her first Gold.

Golf World Cup 2013 Jason Day, Australian Golfer won

the Golf world cup at The Royal Melbourne Golf Club

in Melbourne Australia team (Jason Day and Adam

Scott) won the team Championships by beating the

American team of Matt Kuchar & Kevin Streelman.

Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships Indian

weightlifter, Deepak Lathore won Gold and two Silver

medals in the Boys‘ 50 Kg category of the

Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships on 25

November at Penang, Malaysia.

World Athletes of 2013 The Jamaican sprinters, Usain

Bolt and Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce were crowned the

male and female World Athletes of the Year, 2013.

Fastest Century in ODI by Corey Anderson New

Zealand‘s Corey Anderson has made world record by his

name by blasted the fastest century in One Day

International. Fastest Hundreds in One Day

Internationals • Corey Anderson 36 balls • Shahid

Afridi 37 balls • Mark Boucher 44 balls • Brian Lara 45

balls

Kathy Cross is first woman in ICC Umpire‟s Panel

Kathy Cross of New Zealand became the first woman to

be appointed in an International Cricket Council (ICC)

umpires panel.

Australian Open title

Men‟s Single Stanislas Wawrinka won by

defeating Rafael Nadal in Melbourne.

Women‟s Single Li Na of China won the

women‘s singles title by defeating Dominika

Cibulkova at Melbourne Park.

Mixed Doubles French-Canadian pair of

Kristina Mladenovic and Daniel Nestor won

the Mixed doubles title of the tournament after

defeating India‘s Sania Mirza and her Romanian

partner Horia Tecau.

Men‟s Doubles: Łukasz Kubot (Poland) and

Robert Lindstedt (Sweden) took the men‘s

doubles title with a victory over Eric

Butorac(USA) and Raven Klaseen (South

Africa).

Women‟s Doubles: Sara Errani and Roberta

Vinci were the defending chanmpions and

successfully defended their title, by defeating

Ekaterina Makarova and Elena Vesnina in the

final.

Third Nations Cup International Boxing Tournament

Nikhat Zareen won gold medal at the third Nations Cup

International Boxing Tournament held in Novi Sad,

Serbia. Zareen defeated Paltceva Ekaterina of Russia in

the 51 kg weight category.

Sri Lanka beat India to win its maiden Cricket World

Cup T20 title Sri Lanka lifted their maiden World

Twenty20 title by beating India in the finals held at

Mirpur , Bangladesh.

Australia beat England to win their 3rd successive

Women‟s Cricket T20 World Cup (2014) title Australia

lifted their 3rd World Twenty20 title by beating England

in the finals held at Dhaka , Bangladesh. England

medium-pacer Anya Shrubsole was named as the

Women‘s Player of the Tournament.

Novak Djokovic clinched 2014 Miami Masters title by

defeating Rafel Nadal in the finals Novak Djokovic

clinched his 4th Miami Masters title by defeating World

No:1 Rafael Nadal in the men‘s singles final.

Hockey to become 60-minute game from Sept. 1, 2014

To make hockey exciting and viewer-friendly, the

International Hockey Federation (FIH) introduced major


Page 70

changes in the structure of the sport viz. reduced the 70-

minute game to 60 minutes, comprising four 15-minute

quarters instead of two 35-minute halves. After the first

and third quarters there will be a two-minute break while

the existing 10-minute half-time will remain unchanged.

South Africa won ICC Under-19 World Cup 2014 For

the first time, South Africa won the ICC Under-19

Cricket World Cup by defeating two-time former

champions Pakistan by six wickets at the Dubai

International Cricket Stadium.

Man of the match – Mr. Corbin Borsch (South Africa)

Player of the tournament – South African captain Mr.

Aiden Markram.

Sochi 2014: Russia topped medal table as Winter

Olympics came to an end The 2014 Winter Olympics,

officially known as the XXII Olympic Winter Games,

held in Sochi, Russia.

Top five Countries who topped the list:

Rank Country Gold Silver Bronze

1 Russia (RUS)* 13 11 9

2 Norway (NOR) 11 5 10

3 Canada (CAN) 10 10 5

4 United States (USA) 9 7 12

5 Netherlands (NED) 8 7 9

India wins its first Sultan of Johor Cup title India

vanquished Malaysia to clinch Under-21 Sultan of Johor

Cup hockey.

„Brazuca‟ : The new FIFA World Cup ball unveiled

Sports goods manufacturer Adidas unveiled the new ball

for 2014 World Cup – called the ―Brazuca,‖ in honor of

Brazil at a ceremony in Rio de Janeiro

Cristiano Ronaldo wins FIFA Ballon d‟Or Award

2013Real Madrid forward footballer, Cristiano Ronaldo

won the 2013 FIFA world‘s best player award at FIFA

Awards Ceremony in Switzerland.

2014 FIFA World Cup Host country Brazil

Dates 12 June – 13 July

Teams 32 (from 5 confederations)

Venue(s) 12 (in 12 host cities)

The 2018 FIFA World Cup will be the 21st

FIFA World Cup, an international men's football

tournament, that is scheduled to take place in

2018 in Russia.

Logo The official logo of the competition is entitled

"Inspiration", and was created by Brazilian agency

Africa. The design is based around a photograph of three

victorious hands together raising the World Cup trophy

and its yellow and green colouring is meant to represent

Brazil warmly welcoming the world to their country.

The official slogan is "All in One Rhythm" (Portuguese:

"Juntos num só ritmo").

Mascot "Fuleco" is a portmanteau of the words

"Futebol" ("Football") and "Ecologia" ("Ecology") (in

addition, nicknames ending with -eco are popular in

Brazil).

Match ball The official ball of the 2014 World Cup will

be the Adidas Brazuca.


Page 71

SPEED UP YOUR MATHEMATICS CALCULATIONS A Specialised Method By Er. Deepak Kumar

First rule of the mathematics:

The easier the method you use to solve a problem, the faster you will solve it with less chance of making a

mistakes.

Why mathematics is important?????

People equate mathematical ability with general intelligence.

If you are good at maths, you are generally regarded as highly intelligent.

High achieving maths students are treated differently by their teachers and colleagues.

Mental calculations improves concentration, develops memory, and enhances the ability to retain several

ideas at once

Mathematical knowledge boosts your confidence and self-esteem.

These methods will give you confidence in your mental faculties, intelligence and problem-solving

abilities.

1. MULTIPLYING NUMBERS UP TO 10:

We will begin by learning how to multiply numbers up to 10x10

E.g. 1 7X8=????

Go to the first number 7. How many more do you need to make 10? The answer is 3.

Go to the next number 8. How many more do you need to make 10? The answer is 2

Then subtract diagonally. Take either one of the number. ( 7-2 =5 8-3= 5)

7 x 8 =5(3 x 2)( put 5 on the left side and next to tat 5 put the multiplication of 3 and 2) and we

get 7 x 8 =56.

2. MULTIPLYING NUMBERS GREATER THAN 10. (MULTIPLYING WITH A REFERENCE

NUMBER)

Using 100 as a reference number

(96-100= -4, 97-100=-3,), (97-4= 93 (diagonally sub))

93x100=9300 (multiply with 100), (-4x-3=+12)

=> 9300+12=9312

Steps involved:

Just take an example of multiplying 96 X 97

Take 100 as a reference number.


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Just subtract 96-100 = -4 and 97-100 = -3

Then subtract diagonally and take either of the number, we will get 93 and it was multiplied by

100.

You will get 9300 and -4 X-3 gives you +12. Add this 12 with 9300 we will get 9312.

3. MULTIPLYING NUMBERS ABOVE 100:

(106-100= +6, 104-100=-4,), (106+4=110 (diagonally add))

110x100=11000 (multiply with 100), (6x4=24)

=>11000+24=11024

Take 100 as reference number, 106-100 = +6, 104-100 = 4.

This time just add diagonally. We will get 110 and it was multiplied by 100 we get 11000.

Then multiply +6 and +4 we get 24 and it was added to 11024.

4. COMBINATIONAL METHOD

Suppose on subtracting the given numbers with the reference number

we getting higher number, we need to do the same procedure for the number (which we will get on

subtracting the main number from the reference number.

5. MULTIPLYING NUMBERS ABOVE AND BELOW THE REFERENCE NUMBERS:

The same principle is to be followed.

Here 98 is lower than 100 and 135 is more than 100.

Just subtract the multiplying number with the reference number. We will get -2 and +35.

Then just follow the previous technique we will get 13300,

Then multiply -2 and +35 we get -70.

Then just add 13300-70 we will get 13230.

6. MULTIPLICATION BY FACTORS:

It‘s easy to multiply by 20, as 20 are 2 times 10. And it is simple to multiply by 10 and by 2.

This is called multiplication by factors, as 10 and 2 are factors of 20.


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(23+11=31+3=34, )

(34 x 20=> 34x 10=340, 340x 2= 680)-> multiplication by factors

Just do the same procedure.

(23+11=31+3=34, )

(34 x 20=> 34x 10=340, 440x 2= 680)-> multiplication by factors

3*11 gives 33 and 680+33 gives you 713 tats the answer.

7. MULTIPLYING BELOW 20

(19-4=16-1=15,)

(15X2X10=30x10=300 )-> multiplication by factors

Here the only difference we need to take 20 as reference number.

And follow the same procedure.

8. MULTIPLYING USING DOUBLE REFERENCE NUMBER:

8 X 37=????

In this problem we have two reference nos. , for 8, the reference no is 10 and for 37, the

reference no is 40.

Its shows the reference no of 8 is four times the reference number of the 37.

Just subtract the no from its reference no. (8 - 10= -2, 37- 40= -3)

Then multiply the first difference (2) by 4 ( the multiplies of the reference no 10) , -> -2 x 4 = -8,

Then -8+37 = 29 , and multiply by the main reference no 10., 29x10 = 290.

Then -2 x -3 = 6, 290+6 = 296.

The answer is 296.

9. EASY MULTIPLICATION BY 9

The reference no for 9 is 10, and for 486 is 490,

And the second reference no is 49 times the first reference no.


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Just the subtract the respective no from their reference no.

We will get 9-10 = -1, 486-490= -4

Multiply the difference of first reference no (10) by the multiple of the second reference no.

=> -1 x 49 = -49.

Subtract -49 from 486, => 486-50+1 = 437 and multiply by the first reference no. we will get -

4370.

10. ADDITION

The basic rule for mental addition:

To add 9, add 10 and subtract 1: to add 8, add 10 and subtract 2; to add 7 add 10 and subtract 3, and so

on.

If you wanted to add 47, you would add 50 and subtract 3,

To add 196, add 200 and subtract 4.

To add 38 to a number, add 40 and subtract 2,

TWO DIGIT MENTAL ADDITIONS:

If the units digit is high, round off to the next ten and then subtract the difference. If the units digit is

low,

add the tens then the units.

With two digit mental addition you add the tens digit of each number first, then the units. If the

digit is high, round off the number upwards and then subtract the difference. If you are adding47,

add 50, and then subtract 3.

To add 35, 67, and 43 together you would begin with 34, add 70 to get 105, subtract 3 to get 102,

add 10 to get 142 then the 3 to get your answer of 145.

ADDING THREE DIGIT NUMBERS:

355+752+694 =?

355+700 = 1055

1055+50+2 = 1107

1107+700-6 = 1807-6 = 1801

OR

You may prefer to add from left to right; adding the hundreds first, then the tens and then the units.

ADDITING LARGER NUMBERS:

8461

We begin with the thousands column.8+5 = 13, since we are dealing with thousands, our answer is 13

thousand.

Observe that the numbers in the hundreds column conveniently add to 10, so that gives us another

thousand. Then answer is 14000.

Then add 61 to 14000, we getting 14061.

Add 80 to and subtract 2. To add 80 add 100 and subtract 20, (14061+100-20-2) = 14161-20- 2=14141-

2=14139 is the answer.


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An easy rule is: when adding a column of numbers add pairs of digits to make tens first, then add the

other digits.

11. SUBTRACTION:

To subtract mentally, try and round off the number you are subtracting and then correct the answer.

To subtract 9, take 10 and add 1: to subtract 8, take 10 and add 2; to subtract 7, take 10 and add 3,

1. Eg: 56-9 =

-1

(To take 9 from 56 in your head, the easiest and fastest method is to subtract 10, (46) and add1 we get 47.)

2. 54-38 = 16

+2

44-40, plus 2 makes 16

3. 436-87 =

+13

Take 100 to get 336. Add 13 and we will get 349 easy.

SUBTRACTING ONE NUMBER BELOW A HUNDREDS VALUE FROM ANOTHER WHICH

IS JUST ABOVE THE SAME HUNDREDS NUMBERS.

THREE DIGIT SUBTRACTIONS:

1. 461 -275 =

25

161+25 = 160+20+5+1 = 186

2. 834 - 286 =

14

534+14 = 530+10+4+4 = 540+8 = 548

SUBTRACTION METHOD ONE:

1. 7254-3897 =


Page 76

12. SQUARING THE NUMBERS:

1. Squaring the numbers ending with 5.

352 =


Page 77

Separate the 5 from the digits in front. in this case there is only a 3 in front of the 5.

Add 1 to 3 get 4 (3+1= 4)

Multiply these numbers together: 3 x 4 = 12

Write the square of 5 (25) after 12. We will get 1225.

135 2 = ??

Take 13, add 1 to it we will get 14.

Then 13 x 14 = 182

Add the square of 5 next to it. We will get 18225.

13. SQUARING THE NUMBERS NEAR TO 50:

462 =

Forty six squared means 46 x 46. Rounding upwards, 50 x 50 = 2500.

Take 50 and 2500 as our reference points.

50 462

- 4

46 = 50-4, so 4 is a minus number.

So we take 4 from the 25 hundreds.

(25-4) x 100= 2100

To get the rest of the answer, we square the number in the minus. ( 4 2= 16)

Add 2100 and 16 we will get 2116 is the answer.

562 =

Fifty six squared means 56 x 56. Rounding upwards, 50 x 50 = 2500.

Take 50 and 2500 as our reference points.

50 562

+6

56 = 50+4, so 6 is a positive number.

So we add 6 to 25 hundreds.

(25+6) x 100= 3100

To get the rest of the answer, we square the number in the minus. ( 62= 36)

Add 3100 and 36 we will get 3136 is the answer.

14. SQUARING NUMBERS NEAR TO 500:

This is similar to our strategy for squaring numbers near 50.

Five hundred times 500 is 250000, we take 500 and 250000 as our reference number.

5062 =

500 5062

+6

5002 = 250000

Five hundred and six is greater than 500,

Square of 500 is 250000

The number 6 is added to the thousands

(250+6) x1000 = 256000

Square 6 is 36.


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256000+36 =256036 is the answer.

15. Square the number ends with 1:

312 =

First, subtract 1 from the number. The number now ends in zero and should be easy to

square. (302 = 3 x 3 x 10 x 10) = 900

Add 30 and its next number 31 (30+31). We will get 61)

Add (900 + 61) = 961.

3512=?

3502 = 122500

350 +351 = 701

122500 +701 = 123201

16. WE CAN ALSO USE THE METHOD FOR SQUARING NUMBERS ENDING IN 1 FOR

THOSE ENDING IN 6.

862 =

852 =7225

85+86 = 171

7225+171 = 7396

Squaring numbers ending with 9

292 =

Add 1 to the number. The number now ends in zero and is easy to square.

302 = 900

Now add 30 with given number29 (30+29 =59)

Then sub (900 - 59 = 841)

3492 =

3502 = 122500

350+349 = 699

Sub (122500 - 699 = 121801)

BASIC MATHEMATICAL FORMULA

10.


Page 79

COMPUTER AWARENESS

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model:

Definition: The OSI model defines internetworking in terms of a vertical stack of seven layers. The upper layers

of the OSI model represent software that implements network services like encryption and connection

management. The lower layers of the OSI model implement more primitive, hardware-oriented functions like

routing, addressing, and flow control.

The OSI model was introduced in 1984. Although it was designed to be an abstract model, the OSI

model remains a practical framework for today's key network technologies like Ethernet and protocols

like IP.

The OSI model should be used as a guide for how data is transmitted over the network. It is an abstract

representation of the data pathway and should be treated as such.

The OSI model was specifically made for connecting open systems. These systems are designed to be

open for communication with almost any other system. The model was made to break down each

functional layer so that overall design complexity could be lessened. The model was constructed with

seven layers for the flow of information. These are:

1. Application Layer

2. Presentation layer

3. Session layer

4. Transport layer

5. Network layer

6. Data link layer

7. Physical layer

Layer Responsible for interacting with OS while sending mails

APPLICATION LAYER: This is the layer responsible to communicate with operating systems whenever user

choses to send e-mails, files or documents.

Functions:

File accessing

Directory Services

Inter-process communication

Network Management

Directory Services

Mailing System (EMAIL)

Protocols Used: FTP, HTTP, SMTP, DNS, NFS, TELNET

File Transfer System (FTP): Used for transferring files over network

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP): Allows the servers and browsers to interact each other


Page 80

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): Used for transferring emails between servers

Domain Name System (DNS): Translates the domain and host names to IP Address

TELNET: Terminal emulation program which connects PS to the server on the network

Network File System (NFS): A system designed by SUN Microsystems for accessing files on different

computers

Layer responsible for converting the data understandable by other layers

PRESENTATION LAYER: Presentation layer is responsible for converting the data provided by application

layer, which is understandable by remaining Layers. We can say this is the Translator of the network.

Presentation Layer is also called as ―Syntax Layer”

Functions:

Code Translation (ASCII to human readable)

Data Conversion

Data Compression

Data Encryption

Protocols Used: ASCII, EBCDIC, MIDI, MPEG, JPEG

American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII): Represents the English Alphabets as Numbers

Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC): An 8-bit code by IBM for representing the

English Alphabets as Numbers

Musical Instrument Device Interface (MIDI): A computer instrument which controls note events, timing events,

pitch bends and pedal information.

Layer responsible for Authentication Process

SESSION LAYER: Session is nothing but allowing the connections between the applications

Functions:

Establishing, managing, terminating the connections between applications is the responsibility of session

layer

It performs some of the actions like Logon, Name Reorganization for security over the network

Protocols Used: SQL and RPC

Layer Responsible for Data Transmission

TRANSPORT LAYER: It is responsible for transferring the data between the devices. It ensures that whether

the message is delivered without any error or duplication.

Functions:

Message Acknowledgement: Delivers a message whether message is sent or not

Message Segmentation: Divides the message into segments while sending

Error Recovery: It checks whether the message is transferred completely without any errors

Flow Control

Protocols Used: TCP and UDP

Layer Responsible for sending data to right place

NETWORK LAYER: It is responsible for sending the data in right path to right destination using routing,

virtual circuits and switching technologies.

Functions:

Routing and forwarding

Addressing


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Internetworking

Error Handling

Congestion Control

Packet Sequencing

Protocols Used: IP, ICMP, ARP and PING

Layer Responsible for sending packets in the form of bits

DATA LINK LAYER:

In this layer, Data is sent in the form of Frames

Data link layer sends the coded and decoded data into bits over Medium Access Control (MAC) layer and

Logical Link Layer (LLC) layer.

Functions:

Synchronization

Flow Control

Error Recovery

Protocols Used: IEEE 802.2, 802.3, 802.5

PHYSICAL LAYER: This is the lowest layer in OSI which is responsible for transmitting and receiving the

raw data for higher layers. Some of the physical characteristics are Connections, timing and voltage levels

Protocols Used: IEEE 802.2 and 802.5

Repeaters, bridges, and routers are devices used to link individual LANs together to form larger internetworks.

each one operates within a specific layer of the OSI model.

Repeaters operate at the Physical Layer of the OSI model. They simply listen to all network traffic on

one port and send it back out through one or more ports, extending smaller networks into a larger, single

network. A repeater simply receives frames, regenerates them, and passes them along. It performs no

processing of the frames or the data they contain.Relation to OSI Layer Functions


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Because repeaters operate at the Physical Layer, they do not need any addressing data from the frame.

Repeaters do not even look at the frames they are forwarding, passing along even damaged frames. This

can be especially problematic if one segment malfunctions and begins a broadcast storm. All those

erroneous broadcasts are forwarded faithfully by the repeater!

Bridges operate at the Data Link Layer. They use the Data Link Layer and its physical addressing to

join several networks into a single network efficiently.

Bridges join two or more network segments together, forming a larger individual network. They

function similarly to a repeater, except a bridge looks to see whether data it receives is destined for the

same segment or another connected segment. If the data is destined for a computer on the same segment,

the bridge does not pass it along. If that data is going to a computer on another segment, the bridge sends

it along.

Computer Networks

A group of two or more computer systems linked

together. There are many [types] of computer

networks:

Peer To Peer (workgroups)

The computers are connected by a network,

however, there is NOT a Server present.

Client/Server

The computers are connected by a network, and

there is a Server present.

Other Classifications:

Local-area networks (LANs): The

computers are geographically close together

(that is, in the same building).

Metropolitan-area networks (MANs): The

computers are farther apart and are

connected (that is, in the same city).

Wide-area networks (WANs): The

computers are farther apart and are

connected (that is, NOT in the same city).

In addition to these types, the following

[characteristics] are also used to categorize

different types of networks:

Topology : The geometric arrangement of a

computer system. Common topologies

include a bus, star, and ring. Hybrids of

these are, star bus & star ring.

Protocol : The protocol defines a common

set of rules and signals that computers on the

network use to communicate.

Architecture : Networks can be broadly

classified as using either a peer-to-peer or

client/server architecture. One of the most

popular architecture for LANs is called

Ethernet. Another popular LAN architecture

for PCs is the IBM token-ring network.

Computers on a network are sometimes

called nodes or workstations. Computers

and devices that allocate resources for a

network are called servers or file servers.

Internetworking The art and science of connecting individual local-

area networks (LANs) to create wide-area

networks (WANs) , and connecting WANs to form

even larger WANs. Internetworking can be

extremely complex because it generally involves

connecting networks that use different protocols.

Internetworking

is accomplished with routers, bridges, and

gateways.

Routing In internetworking, the process of moving a packet

of data from source to destination. Routing is

usually

performed by a dedicated device called a router.

Routing is a key feature of the Internet because it

enables messages to pass from one computer to

another and eventually reach the target machine.

Each intermediary computer performs routing by

passing along the message to the next computer.

Part of this process involves analyzing a routing

table to determine the best path.

Routing is often confused with bridging, which

performs a similar function. The principal

difference between the two is that bridging occurs at

a lower level and is therefore more of a hardware

function whereas routing occurs at a higher level

where the software component is more important.

And because routing occurs at a higher level, it can

perform more complex analysis to determine the

optimal path for the

packet.

Local-Area Network -LAN A computer network that spans a relatively small

area. Most LANs are confined to a single building


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or group of buildings. However, one LAN can be

connected to other LANs over any distance via

telephone lines and radio waves. A system of LANs

connected in this way is called a wide-area network

(WAN).

Most LANs connect workstations and personal

computers. Each node (individual computer) in a

LAN has its own CPU with which it executes

programs, but it is also able to access data and

devices anywhere on the LAN. This means that

many users can share expensive devices, such as

laser printers, as well as data. Users can also use the

LAN to communicate with each other, by sending

e-mail or engaging in chat sessions.

There are many different types of LANs, Ethernet

being the most common for PCs. Most Apple

Macintosh networks are based on Apple's

AppleTalk network system, which is built into

Macintosh computers.

The following characteristics differentiate one LAN

from another:

Topology : The geometric arrangement of

devices on the network. For example,

devices can be arranged in a ring or in a

straight line.

Protocols : The rules and encoding

specifications for sending data. The

protocols also determine whether the

network uses a peer-to-peer or client/server

architecture.

Media : Devices can be connected by

twisted-pair wire, coaxial cables, or fiber

optic cables. Some networks do without

connecting media altogether,

communicating instead via radio waves.

LANs are capable of transmitting data at

very fast rates, much faster than data can be

transmitted over a telephone line; but the

distances are limited, and there is also a

limit on the number of computers that can be

attached to a single LAN.

Metropolitan Area Network - MAN

Short for Metropolitan Area Network, a data

network designed for a town or city. In terms of

geographic breadth, MANs are larger than local-

area networks (LANs), but smaller than wide-area

networks (WANs). MANs are usually characterized

by very high-speed connections using fiber optical

cable or other digital media.

Wide-Area Network - WAN

A computer network that spans a relatively large

geographical area. Typically, a WAN consists of

two or more local-area networks (LANs).

Computers connected to a wide-area network are

often connected through public networks, such as

the telephone system. They can also be connected

through leased lines or satellites. The largest WAN

in existence is the Internet.

Topology

The shape of a local-area network (LAN) or other

communications system. There are three principal

topologies used in LANs.

Bus topology: All devices are connected to

a central cable, called the bus or backbone.

Bus networks are relatively inexpensive and

easy to install for small networks. Ethernet

systems use a bus topology.

Ring topology : All devices are connected

to one another in the shape of a closed loop,

so that each device is connected directly to

two other devices, one on either side of it.

Ring topologies are relatively expensive and

difficult to install, but they offer high

bandwidth and can span large distances.

Star topology: All devices are connected to

a central hub. Star networks are relatively

easy to install and manage, but bottlenecks

can occur because all data must pass through

the hub. These topologies can also be mixed.

For example, a bus-star network consists of

a high-bandwidth bus, called the backbone,

which connects a collection of slower-

bandwidth star segments.

advantages and disadvantages; for example, some

are simpler than others, some are more reliable, and

some are faster.

From a user's point of view, the only interesting

aspect about protocols is that your computer or

device must support the right ones if you want to

communicate with other computers. The protocol

can be implemented either in hardware or in

software.


Page 84

MARKETING AWARENESS Market

It is a physical place or an environment where

sellers and buyers meet together to exchange goods

and services.

Marketing

It is the sum total of all activities that are related to

the free flow of goods from the producer to the

customer.

Getting the right goods & services, to the right

people, at the right place, at the right time and at the

right price.

Marketing Management

It is the art and science of choosing target markets

and getting, keeping and growing customers

through creating, delivering and communicating

superior customer value.

Market Research

It is a process of collection and analyzing

information regarding customer needs and buying

habits, the nature of competition in the market,

prevailing prices, distribution network,

effectiveness of advertising media etc for arriving at

a decision.

Relationship Marketing

It is basically building mutually satisfying long term

relationships with key parties like customers,

suppliers, distributors and other marketing partners

in order to earn and retain their business.

Direct Marketing

It consists of a manufacturer selling directly to the

final customer. It is also called zero level channel.

The major examples are door-to-door sales,

telemarketing, Internet selling etc.

Packaging

It involves putting the goods in attractive packets

according to the convenience of consumers. Well

designed packages can build brand equity and drive

sales. The package is the buyer's first encounter

with the product and is capable of turning the buyer

on or off.

Personal Selling

It is a part of promotional activity. It involves

communicating directly with the target audience

through paid personnel of the company or its agents

for making sales.

SWOT Analysis

S- Strengths, W- Weakness, O- Opportunities, T-

Threats

PEST Analysis

P- Political Factors, E- Economic Factors,

S- Socio-cultural Factors T- Technological Factors

Marketing Mix (4P's)

Product, Price, Place, Promotion

Viral Marketing

Marketing by the word of mouth having a high pass

route from person to person is called viral

marketing. It can create a splash in the market place

to showcase a

brand and its noteworthy features.

Product Policy

It is concerned with defining the type, volume and

timing of the products a company offer for sale.

Rights of consumers

Right to safety, Right to be informed, Right to

choose, Right to be heard Right to seek redressal,

Right to consumer education


Page 85

Cross Selling

An exposure to various other unutilized services of

the bank to a customer is called cross selling. It also

includes identifying customer needs, matching the

products to customer needs, convincing the

customers of product benefits & responding to

questions and objections of customers

SME's

It stands for Small & Medium Enterprises

Market Expansion

It is growth in sales through existing and new

products by adopting competitive strategies. It

includes expanding the total market, defending

market share, expanding market share etc.

Product Diversification

It refers to manufacturing or distributing more than

one product by the producer or dealer.

Marketing Plan

It is a written document that summarizes what the

marketer has learned about the market place and

indicates how the firm plans to reach its marketing

objectives. It is the one of the most important

outputs of the marketing process.

Green Marketing

It is a new environment friendly marketing

technique.

Product Elimination

It is a process of removing product from the product

line (it is a group of products that are closely related

to each other).

Drip Marketing

The method of sending promotional items to clients

is called drip marketing.

Selling

It is confined to persuasion of consumers to buy

firm's goods and services. It involves the transfer of

ownership of goods to create possession utility.

Bench Marketing

A comparison of the business processes with

competitors and improving prevailing ones is called

bench marketing.

Qualities of a good seller

Devotion to the work, Submissive, Sympathy,

Active mind set, Communication skill, Creativity,

Motivation

Prospect

A 'likely' interested customer of the bank is termed

as a prospect.

Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

It allows the company to discover whom its

customers are, how they behave and what they need

or want. It also enables the company to respond

appropriately, coherently and quickly to different

customer opportunities.

Call

In marketing, calling on the prospective customer is

known as a call.

Sales Forecasting

It is the expected level of company's sales based on

a chosen marketing plan an assumed marketing

environment. It involves sales planning, sales

pricing, distribution channels, consumer tastes etc.

Motivation

It refers to inspiring one self and others to perform

better.

Branding

The essence of a product, its quality and

competitiveness displayed in the form of letters,

symbols and colours is known as branding.

Sales Forecasting

The method of estimating volume of sales that a

company can expect to attain within a planned

period is called sales forecasting.


Page 86

Advertising

Any paid form of non-personal presentation and

promotion of ideas, goods or services by an

identified sponsor.

Segmentation

The process of dividing a market into a number of

sub markets is known as market segmentation. '

Positioning

The development of marketing mix to influence a

customer's perception of a brand is called

positioning.

Consumer Behaviour

A consumer's buying behaviour is influenced by

cultural, social, personal and psychological factors.

Promotion

When a marketer persuades a person or group of

prospective buyers, the communication is termed as

promotion.

Product Life Cycle (PLC)

It is the life period of product in the market. The

different stages includes Introduction, Growth,

Maturity, Decline

Bancassurance

Bancassurance simply means selling of insurance

products by banks. In this arrangement, insurance

companies and banks undergo a tie-up, thereby

allowing banks to sell the insurance products to its

customers.

Consumer Goods

Goods meant for personal consumption by the

households or ultimate consumers are called

consumer goods. It includes items like groceries,

cloths etc.

Industrial Goods

Goods meant for consumption as use as inputs in

production of other products or

provision of some service are termed as industrial

goods.

Demarketing

Marketing aimed at limiting market growth; for

example, some governments practice demarketing

to conserve natural resources, and organizations use

a demarketing approach when there is so much

demand that that are unable to serve the needs of all

potential customers adequately


Page 87

Highlights of Rail Budget 2014 Union minister Sadananda Gowda is presenting his first

Rail Budget in the Lok Sabha. Here are the highlights :

Indian railways to become the largest freight

carrier in the world.

Social obligation of Railways in 2013-14 was

Rs 20,000 crore.

Gross traffic receipts in 2013-14 was Rs

12,35,558 crore; operating ratio was 94 per

cent.

Focus in past has been on sanctioning projects

rather than completing them, Railway minister

says.

Indian Railways spent Rs 41,000 crore on

laying of 3,700 km of new lines in last 10 years.

Fare revision will bring in Rs.8,000 crore;

need another Rs.9,000 crore for golden

quadrilateral project.

Railways also proposes to set up Food

Courts at major stations.

Need to explore alternative sources of

resource mobilisation and not depend on

fare hike alone, Railway minister says.

Spend 94 paisa of every rupee earned,

leaving a surplus of only 6 paisa.

With 12,500 trains, railways move 23

million passengers every day; equivalent to

moving Australia's population.

Separate housekeeping wing at 50 major

stations.

CCTV to monitor cleanliness activities.

Mechanized laundry will be introduced.

Dedicated freight corridor on Eastern and

Western corridors.

5400 unmanned level crossing removed.

Tourist trains to be introduced to link all

major places of tourist interests across the

country.

4,000 women constables to be recruited to

ensure safety of women. 17,000 RPF

constables to provide safety to passengers.

Setting up of Railway University for

technical and non-technical study.

Ultrasonic system to detect problem in

track.

Proposal to start Bullet trains on Mumbai—

Ahmedabad route. Speed of important trains

will be also raised.

Diamond Quadrilateral project of high

speed trains to connect all major metros.

E-ticketing system to be improved. Future

e-ticketing to support 7200 tickets per

minute & to allow 120,000 simultaneous

users

Wifi in A1 and A category stations and in

select trains. Internet-based platform and

unreserved tickets.

GIS mapping and digitization of Railway

Land. Extension of logistics support to

various e-Commerce Companies.

Bulk of future projects will be financed

through PPP mode.

Facilitate transport of milk through rail.

Special milk transportation trains in

association with Amul and National Dairy

Association Board.

One ticket to reach from Delhi to Srinagar.

Udhampur to Banihal by bus and Banihal to

Srinagar by train.

Mumbai local to get 860 new, state-of-the

art coaches. 64 new EMUs to be introduced.

Train connectivity to Char Dham.

Paperless office of Indian railways in 5

years. Digital reservation charts at stations.

Ready-to-eat meals to be introduced in

phased manners.

27 Express trains to be introduced.

5 Jansadharan , 5 Premium AC trains to be

introduced.

Source Times of India


Page 88

Title of e-magazine : INCRIDIBLE BANKING

Periodicity of Publication: Quarterly

Publisher‟s Name: Mr. Rahul Rituraj

Editor‟s Name: Er. Deepak Kumar

Research Team: Team I Work For Humanity

Graphics Designed: MATRIX Printing Press

A Special thanks to all my Associates of My Team “ TEAM I WORK FOR HUMANITY ” for their contribution

from starting to End.

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