1 INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT IN RICE FIELDS MANAGEMENT IN RICE FIELDS Badawi A. Tantawi Rice Research Program, field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural

11

INTEGRATED WATER INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT IN RICE FIELDSMANAGEMENT IN RICE FIELDS

Badawi A. Tantawi Badawi A. Tantawi

Rice Research Program, field Crops Research Institute,Rice Research Program, field Crops Research Institute,

Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619,

EGYPTEGYPT

22

Table (1): Actual consumptive use (Eta) and water requrment of Table (1): Actual consumptive use (Eta) and water requrment of the rice and its component as will as potantial evapotranspiration the rice and its component as will as potantial evapotranspiration

in mm /day as calculated by different methods. in mm /day as calculated by different methods.

PeriodPeriod (day)(day)

E E mm/daymm/day

TTmm/daymm/day

PPmm/daymm/day

C.UC.U mmmm

W.RW.R mmmm

EtaEta(E+T)(E+T)

ETpETp

PenmanPenmanBlaney & Blaney &

CriddleCriddlePanPan

July (27 day)July (27 day)

Aug.(31day)Aug.(31day)

Sep.(30 day)Sep.(30 day)

Oct. (31 day)Oct. (31 day)

Nov. (10 dayNov. (10 day))

4.824.82

4.504.50

2.922.92

2.482.48

1.731.73

2.952.95

3.543.54

2.922.92

1.461.46

0.780.78

11.6611.66

7.757.75

5.525.52

3.623.62

3.373.37

209.79209.79

249.24249.24

175.20175.20

122.14122.14

25.1025.10

524.61524.61

489.49489.49

340.80340.80

234.36234.36

58.8058.80

7.777.77

8.048.04

5.845.84

3.943.94

2.512.51

6.946.94

6.146.14

4.784.78

3.753.75

2.502.50

6.216.21

6.016.01

4.944.94

4.184.18

2.722.72

4.874.87

4.144.14

4.204.20

3.233.23

2.212.21

Total Total (129 day)(129 day)

781.4781.4866.59866.59781.47781.471648.061648.06781.4781.4662.4662.4658.9658.9508.1508.1

The varity used Giza 172. E = EvapoTranspiration (mm/day), T = Transpiration (mm/day), The varity used Giza 172. E = EvapoTranspiration (mm/day), T = Transpiration (mm/day),

P= Percolation (mm/day), C.U = Consumptive Use (mm), and W.R = Water Requirment (mm).P= Percolation (mm/day), C.U = Consumptive Use (mm), and W.R = Water Requirment (mm).

Total amount of evapotranspiration calculated by the different methods from transplanting to harvesting.Total amount of evapotranspiration calculated by the different methods from transplanting to harvesting.

33

Table(2):Average monthely water consumptive use valued (cm), Table(2):Average monthely water consumptive use valued (cm), actual evapotranspiration ETa, potential evapotranspirtion ETp actual evapotranspiration ETa, potential evapotranspirtion ETp

and rice coefficient valus Kc. and rice coefficient valus Kc.

MonthMonth

Irrigation every 4 daysIrrigation every 4 daysIrrigation every 8 daysIrrigation every 8 days

C.UC.U(cm)(cm)

ETa ETa (mm/(mm/day)day)

ETp ETp (mm/(mm/day)day)

KcKcC.UC.UETa ETa (mm/(mm/day)day)

ETp ETp (mm/(mm/day)day)

KcKc

June (20 days)June (20 days)

July (31days)July (31days)

Aug. (31 days)Aug. (31 days)

Sept. (12 days)Sept. (12 days)

9.739.73

32.3532.35

28.3528.35

7.807.80

4.854.85

10.4310.43

9.439.43

6.506.50

7.67.6

7.47.4

7.37.3

4.54.5

0.640.64

1.401.40

1.301.30

1.431.43

8.558.55

28.4528.45

25.0025.00

6.886.88

4.284.28

8.988.98

8.308.30

5.755.75

7.67.6

7.47.4

7.37.3

4.54.5

0.560.56

1.231.23

1.151.15

1.261.26

The varity used Giza 178. C.U = Consumptive Use (mm), ETa =actual evaporationtranspiratio The varity used Giza 178. C.U = Consumptive Use (mm), ETa =actual evaporationtranspiratio

(mm/day), ETp=potential evaporationtranspiratio (mm/day), and Kc = rice coefficient(mm/day), ETp=potential evaporationtranspiratio (mm/day), and Kc = rice coefficient

The values were measured after transplanting up to harvesting process.The values were measured after transplanting up to harvesting process.

44

Table(3) :Some water relations for some rice varieties Table(3) :Some water relations for some rice varieties as affected by irrigation treatments.as affected by irrigation treatments.

VarietyVariety( duration)( duration)

Irrigation Irrigation treatmentstreatments

Total Total water use water use

(m(m33/ha)/ha)

Water Water savedsaved

%%

WUEWUE kg/mkg/m33

Sakha 101Sakha 101

(135 days)(135 days)

Continuous floodingContinuous flooding

Continuous saturationContinuous saturation

Irrigation every 6 daysIrrigation every 6 days

14360.214360.2

10529.510529.5

13285.713285.7

--

26.6826.68

7.487.48

0.640.64

0.840.84

0.830.83

Sakha 102Sakha 102





13135.213135.2

9935.69935.6

12251.712251.7

--

24.3624.36

6.736.73

0.630.63

0.800.80

0.580.58

Giza 171Giza 171





16935.216935.2

11123.311123.3

15612.215612.2

--

34.3234.32

7.817.81

0.510.51

0.770.77

0.480.48

WUE = water use efficiencyWUE = water use efficiency

55

Table (4): Effect of irrigation treatments on grain Table (4): Effect of irrigation treatments on grain yield of some rice varieties.yield of some rice varieties.

TreatmentsTreatmentsGiza Giza 171171

Giza Giza 181181

Giza Giza 175175

Giza Giza 176176

meanmean

Irrigation every 6 days (IE 6 D)Irrigation every 6 days (IE 6 D)


IE 6 D shifting to 12 days for 36 days during tilleringIE 6 D shifting to 12 days for 36 days during tillering

IE 6 D shifting to 18 days for 36 days during tilleringIE 6 D shifting to 18 days for 36 days during tillering

IE 6 D shifting to 12 days for 36 days during PIIE 6 D shifting to 12 days for 36 days during PI

IE 6 D shifting to 18 days for 36 days during PIIE 6 D shifting to 18 days for 36 days during PI

IE 6 D shifting to 12 days for 36 days during floweringIE 6 D shifting to 12 days for 36 days during flowering

IE 6 D shifting to 18 days for 36 days during floweringIE 6 D shifting to 18 days for 36 days during flowering

Continuous flooding (chek)Continuous flooding (chek)

10.110.1

5.35.3

6.46.4

6.16.1

6.26.2

3.73.7

7.97.9

7.27.2

10.210.2

11.011.0

6.86.8

7.37.3

7.07.0

7.77.7

5.85.8

9.79.7

9.29.2

11.011.0

11.011.0

6.86.8

8.68.6

8.08.0

6.36.3

4.74.7

9.49.4

9.39.3

12.012.0

11.011.0

6.36.3

7.37.3

6.16.1

6.66.6

5.85.8

9.39.3

8.78.7

11.011.0

11.011.0

6.36.3

7.47.4

6.86.8

6.76.7

5.05.0

9.09.0

8.68.6

11.011.0

L.S.D 5%L.S.D 5%0.80.81.11.1

PI = panicle initiationPI = panicle initiation

66

Table(Table(55):Effect of irrigation withholding at different ):Effect of irrigation withholding at different Productivity times of Sakha 102 rice varietyProductivity times of Sakha 102 rice variety

TreatmentsTreatmentsYield t/haYield t/ha

12 days withholding, 2 weeks AT12 days withholding, 2 weeks AT








12 days withholding,10 weeks AT12 days withholding,10 weeks AT

continuous floodingcontinuous flooding

irrigation every 6 daysirrigation every 6 days

alternate 4 days on + 6 days offalternate 4 days on + 6 days off

6.92 e6.92 e

6.91 e6.91 e

7.85 bc7.85 bc

7.79 bcd7.79 bcd

7.76 bcd7.76 bcd

7.49 cd7.49 cd

7.77 bcd7.77 bcd

8.21 ab8.21 ab

8.01 ab8.01 ab

8.38 a8.38 a

7.33 de7.33 de

8.00 ab8.00 ab

AT = After transplanting AT = After transplanting

77

Table (Table (66): Yield reduction and some water relations ): Yield reduction and some water relations under different irrigation regimesunder different irrigation regimes

Irrigation intervalsIrrigation intervalsYield Yield

reduction reduction %%

Water Water saved %saved %

Total water Total water used mused m3 3 /ha/ha





--

4.24.2

31.031.0

40.040.0

--

16.716.7

27.427.4

36.736.7

1620016200

1349613496

1175611756

1023910239

88

Table(Table(77):Water used, water saved and water use efficiency of ):Water used, water saved and water use efficiency of some rice varieties as affected by water regime some rice varieties as affected by water regime

TreatmentsTreatmentsWater RelationsWater Relations

Water used m3/ha*Water used m3/ha*Water saved %Water saved %Water use Water use efficiency (WUE)efficiency (WUE)

Continuous Flooding:Continuous Flooding: Giza 182Giza 182 Egyptian JasmineEgyptian Jasmine Sakha 103Sakha 103 Sakha 104Sakha 104

15064.215064.216253.316253.313211.213211.215064.215064.2

--------

0.680.680.510.510.720.720.660.66

MeanMean14898.214898.20.640.64

Continuous Saturation:Continuous Saturation: Giza 182Giza 182 Egyptian JasmineEgyptian Jasmine Sakha 103Sakha 103 Sakha 104Sakha 104

11193.711193.712368.112368.110706.210706.21 1119.71 1119.7

25.6925.6923.9023.9018.9618.9625.6925.69

0.880.880.650.650.860.860.860.86

MeanMean11365.411365.423.5623.560.810.81

Irrigation every 6 days:Irrigation every 6 days: Giza 182Giza 182 Egyptian JasmineEgyptian Jasmine Sakha 103Sakha 103 Sakha 104Sakha 104

13889.013889.014838.614838.612121.612121.613889.013889.0

7.807.808.708.708.258.257.807.80

0.690.690.530.530.740.740.670.67

MeanMean13684.613684.68.148.140.660.66

Irrigation every 9 days:Irrigation every 9 days: Giza 182Giza 182 Egyptian JasmineEgyptian Jasmine Sakha 103Sakha 103 Sakha 104Sakha 104

11568.111568.113968.513968.510876.410876.411568.111568.1

23.2123.2114.0614.0617.6717.6723.2123.21

0.770.770.480.480.700.700.770.77

MeanMean11995.311995.319.5419.540.680.68 Including the amount of water used before applying treatments ( through nursesries and land preparation)Including the amount of water used before applying treatments ( through nursesries and land preparation) RRTC (2001).RRTC (2001).

99

Table(8):water use, water saved % and water use efficiency kg/m3 as affected Table(8):water use, water saved % and water use efficiency kg/m3 as affected by different irrigation intervals and organic manure of Sakha 101 rice varietyby different irrigation intervals and organic manure of Sakha 101 rice variety.

characterscharactersIrrigation Irrigation

IntervalsIntervals

Organic manure rates t/haOrganic manure rates t/ha

MeanMean0044881212

WaterWaterused m3used m3

Cont. floodingCont. flooding

6 days6 days

9 days9 days

1375013750

1240012400

1110011100

1335013350

1200012000

98009800

1311513115

1162011620

94009400

1290012900

1150011500

89008900

1327813278

1188811888

98009800

WaterWater saved %saved %


6 days6 days

9 days9 days

--

10.010.0

19.019.0

3.03.0

13.013.0

20.020.0

4.04.0

15.015.0

29.029.0

6.06.0

18.018.0

35.035.0

4.54.5

15.515.5

25.825.8

Water use Water use efficiency efficiency

(WUE) kg/ m3(WUE) kg/ m3


6 days6 days

9 days9 days

0.710.71

0.730.73

0.640.64

0.780.78

0.830.83

0.760.76

0.840.84

0.910.91

0.860.86

0.950.95

0.960.96

0.940.94

0.820.82

0.860.86

0.800.80

1010

Table (9) Effect of cut of irrigation dates on Table (9) Effect of cut of irrigation dates on grain yield of some rice cultivarsgrain yield of some rice cultivars

TreatmentsTreatmentsGrain yield (T/ha)Grain yield (T/ha)

Rice cultivarsRice cultivars ( V ) : ( V ) : Sakha 101Sakha 101 Sakha 102Sakha 102 Sakha 104Sakha 104L.S.D 5 %L.S.D 5 %

8.998.997.957.958.478.470.210.21

Cut of irrigation datesCut of irrigation dates (C): (C): At complete heading (CH)At complete heading (CH) 1 week after CH.1 week after CH. 2 weeks after CH.2 weeks after CH. 3 weeks after CH.3 weeks after CH.L.S.D 5 %L.S.D 5 %

6.886.887.937.939.139.139.939.930.190.19

Source : RRTC(2002 &2003)Source : RRTC(2002 &2003)

1111

Table(10) Effect of the interaction between cut of Table(10) Effect of the interaction between cut of irrigation dates treatments and cultivars on grain irrigation dates treatments and cultivars on grain

yield.yield.

TreatmentsTreatmentsSakha Sakha

101 101Sakha Sakha

102 102Sakha Sakha

104 104

At complete heading (CH)At complete heading (CH)

1 week after CH1 week after CH

2 weeks after CH2 weeks after CH

3 weeks after CH3 weeks after CH

7.187.18

8.408.40

9.979.97

10.4010.40

6.356.35

7.637.63

8.328.32

9.509.50

7.127.12

7.937.93

9.139.13

9.939.93

L.S.D 5 %L.S.D 5 %0.250.25

1212

Table(11)water use efficiency (WUE) kg /m3 of Giza 177 and Table(11)water use efficiency (WUE) kg /m3 of Giza 177 and Sakha 102 rice varieties as affected by land preparation and Sakha 102 rice varieties as affected by land preparation and

planting methods planting methods

TreatmentsTreatmentsGiza 177Giza 177Sakha 102Sakha 102

Land preparation:Land preparation: Disk + LevelingDisk + Leveling Chisel + Disk + LevelingChisel + Disk + Leveling Chisel + LevelingChisel + Leveling Mold + Disk + LevelingMold + Disk + Leveling

0.5120.5120.4930.4930.4550.4550.5200.520

0.5050.5050.5190.5190.4850.4850.5440.544

Planting methods:Planting methods: DrillingDrilling

DibblingDibbling BroadcastinigBroadcastinig

Manual TransplantingManual Transplanting Mech. TransplantingMech. Transplanting

0.4650.4650.5720.5720.4840.4840.5580.5580.4330.433

0.5060.5060.5930.5930.4600.4600.5400.5400.5220.522

1313

Table(12):Total water requirement and water use efficiency as Table(12):Total water requirement and water use efficiency as affected by land preparation and irrigation interval.affected by land preparation and irrigation interval.

TreatmentTreatment

Total waterTotal water usedused

Water used Water used efficiencyefficiency

GizaGiza177177

SakhaSakha101101

GizaGiza177177

SakhaSakha101101

Land Preparation:Land Preparation:

Chisel plough (2 passes) + wet levelingChisel plough (2 passes) + wet leveling

Chisel plough (1 pass) + dry levelingChisel plough (1 pass) + dry leveling

Moldboard plough + disk + dry levelingMoldboard plough + disk + dry leveling

Zero tillageZero tillage

Irrigation interval:Irrigation interval:

Every 3 daysEvery 3 days




63946394

65726572

79757975

60926092

79877987

68966896

63336333

58185818

71827182

74137413

90799079

65006500

85568556

78237823

71807180

66156615

0.4230.423

0.3730.373

0.3610.361

0.2510.251

0.3940.394

0.4040.404

0.3320.332

0.2780.278

0.5070.507

0.4060.406

0.3720.372

0.4150.415

0.4680.468

0.4870.487

0.4010.401

0.3200.320

1414

Table (13):some of water relations for Giza 178 and Sakha 102 rice Table (13):some of water relations for Giza 178 and Sakha 102 rice varities as affected by irrigation regimes and different planting methods.varities as affected by irrigation regimes and different planting methods.

PlantingPlanting

methodmethod

Irrigation Irrigation

treatmentstreatments

Total water use mTotal water use m33/ha/haWater saved %Water saved %WUE kg /mWUE kg /m33

Giza 178Giza 178Sakha 102Sakha 102meanmeanGiza 178Giza 178Sakha 102Sakha 102meanmeanGiza 178Giza 178Sakha 102Sakha 102meanmean

Maual Maual

transplantingtransplanting

II11

II22

II33

II44

14018.414018.4

13020.513020.5

12434.412434.4

11397.111397.1

12983.912983.9

12076.912076.9

11545.311545.3

10901.910901.9

13501.213501.2

12548.712548.7

11989.911989.9

11149.511149.5

--

7.127.12

11.3011.30

18.7018.70

--

6.996.99

11.0811.08

16.0416.04

--

7.067.06

11.1911.19

17.3717.37

0.670.67

0.690.69

0.680.68

0.640.64

0.700.70

0.710.71

0.680.68

0.620.62

0.690.69

0.700.70

0.680.68

0.630.63

BroadcastingBroadcasting

II11

II22

II33

II44

15271.715271.7

14118.514118.5

13423.513423.5

12727.312727.3

14167.014167.0

13300.013300.0

12890.212890.2

12078.312078.3

14719.414719.4

13709.313709.3

13156.913156.9

12402.812402.8

--

7.557.55

12.1012.10

16.6616.66

--

6.126.12

9.019.01

14.7414.74

--

6.126.12

9.019.01

14.7414.74

0.600.60

0.620.62

0.620.62

0.590.59

0.600.60

0.610.61

0.580.58

0.530.53

0.600.60

0.620.62

0.600.60

0.560.56

Mech. DrillingMech. Drilling

II11

II22

II33

II44

13811.613811.6

12894.012894.0

11933.411933.4

11391.811391.8

12915.012915.0

12027.812027.8

11459.611459.6

10933.210933.2

13363.313363.3

12460.912460.9

11696.511696.5

11162.511162.5

--

6.646.64

13.6013.60

17.5217.52

--

6.876.87

11.2711.27

15.3715.37

--

6.766.76

12.4412.44

16.4316.43

0.660.66

0.670.67

0.670.67

0.650.65

0.670.67

0.660.66

0.630.63

0.610.61

0.670.67

0.660.66

0.650.65

0.630.63

DibblingDibbling

II11

II22

II33

II44

15407.815407.8

14324.114324.1

13487.713487.7

12865.512865.5

14790.214790.2

13783.913783.9

13021.713021.7

12067.512067.5

14172.514172.5

13783.913783.9

13021.713021.7

12466.512466.5

--

7.037.03

12.4612.46

16.5016.50

--

6.556.55

11.4111.41

14.8514.85

--

6.796.79

11.9511.95

15.6815.68

0.600.60

0.620.62

0.620.62

0.610.61

0.620.62

0.620.62

0.610.61

0.550.55

0.610.61

0.620.62

0.620.62

0.580.58

II11= 4days on + 6 days off, I= 4days on + 6 days off, I22= 4days on + 8 days off, I= 4days on + 8 days off, I33= 4days on + 10 days off, I= 4days on + 10 days off, I44= 4days on + 12 days off= 4days on + 12 days off

1515

Table (14): Grain yield (t/ha) as influenced by irrigation Table (14): Grain yield (t/ha) as influenced by irrigation treatments and different planting methods.treatments and different planting methods.

TreatmentsTreatmentsGrain yield (t / ha)Grain yield (t / ha)

Irrigation regimes Irrigation regimes ( I ) : ( I ) :

Cont. flooding ICont. flooding I11

Cont. saturation ICont. saturation I22

6- day off I6- day off I33

8- day off I8- day off I44

L.S.D 5 %L.S.D 5 %

9.859.859.549.549.189.188.178.170.210.21

Planting methodsPlanting methods (P): (P): Broadcasting P1 Broadcasting P1 Drilling P2Drilling P2 Mech. Transplanting P3 Mech. Transplanting P3 Transplanting P4Transplanting P4 L.S.D L.S.D 5 % 5 %

9.289.288.618.619.169.169.709.700.210.21

1616

Table (15A): Some of water relations of Sakha 104 rice cultivar Table (15A): Some of water relations of Sakha 104 rice cultivar as affected by irrigation treatments and methods of planting .as affected by irrigation treatments and methods of planting .

Planting Planting methodsmethods

Total water used 1000 mTotal water used 1000 m33/ha/haWater saved %Water saved %

PP11PP22PP33PP44MeanMeanPP11PP22PP33PP44MeanMean

Cont.floodingCont.flooding

Cont.saturationCont.saturation

6- day off6- day off

8- day off8- day off

1583315833

1180911809

1446014460

1277112771

1438914389

1098410984

1300913009

1178611786

1459914599

1110711107

1281212812

1157711577

1501615016

1138811388

1375513755

1240712407

1495914959

1132211322

1350913509

1212512125

--

25.4125.41

8.668.66

19.3419.34

--

23.6723.67

9.609.60

18.1018.10

--

23.9223.92

12.2312.23

20.7020.70

--

24.1624.16

8.408.40

17.3717.37

--

24.2924.29

9.729.72

18.8818.88

Water used Water used before before

treatments treatments mm33/ha/ha

59675967360336033420342043534353--

P1=Broadcasting,P1=Broadcasting, P2= Drilling, P2= Drilling,

P3= Mech. Transplanting,P3= Mech. Transplanting, P4 = Transplanting. P4 = Transplanting.

1717

PlantingPlantingYield reduction %Yield reduction %WUE Kg /mWUE Kg /m33

methodsmethodsPP11PP22PP33PP44MeanMeanPP11PP22PP33PP44MeanMean


Cont. saturationCont. saturation

6- day6- day

8- day8- day

--

4.334.33

8.158.15

13.8813.88

--

3.533.53

8.248.24

19.5919.59

--

1.441.44

5.895.89

13.6513.65

--

3.153.15

5.355.35

21.1021.10

--

3.113.11

6.916.91

17.0617.06

0.630.63

0.810.81

0.630.63

0.670.67

0.660.66

0.820.82

0.660.66

0.650.65

0.660.66

0.860.86

0.710.71

0.720.72

0.700.70

0.890.89

0.720.72

0.670.67

0.660.66

0.850.85

0.680.68

0.680.68

MeanMean0.690.690.700.700.740.740.750.75

P1=Broadcasting,P1=Broadcasting, P2= Drilling, P2= Drilling,

P3= Mech. Transplanting,P3= Mech. Transplanting, P4 = Transplanting. P4 = Transplanting.

Table (15 B): Grain yield (t/ha) as influenced by irrigation Table (15 B): Grain yield (t/ha) as influenced by irrigation treatments and different planting methods.treatments and different planting methods.

1818

Table (16): Weed dry weight as influenced by regime, row spacing, Table (16): Weed dry weight as influenced by regime, row spacing, and number of seedling in manually transplanted rice.and number of seedling in manually transplanted rice.

Weed dry weight (g/mWeed dry weight (g/m22))**Water regimeWater regime

SpacingSpacing(cm)(cm)

SeedlingSeedlingno/hillno/hill

ContinuousContinuousfloodingflooding

4-days on +4-days on +6- days off6- days off

4-days on +4-days on +12- days off12- days off

10x2010x203314 14 bb167167 d d288288 c c

660.0 b0.0 b129 ef129 ef241 de241 de

990.0 b0.0 b100 f100 f224 e224 e

20x2020x203317 b17 b227 c227 c220 dc220 dc

6612 b12 b183 d183 d295 c295 c

997 b7 b156 de156 de261 d261 d

20x2020x20335656 a a328328 a a389389 e e

6628 ab28 ab263 b263 b331 b331 b

9915 b15 b218 c218 c331 b331 b* Means followed by a common are not significantly at the 5% level by DMRI * Means followed by a common are not significantly at the 5% level by DMRI

1919

Table 17 Dry weight of weeds and grain yield of transplanted rice Table 17 Dry weight of weeds and grain yield of transplanted rice (Sakha 101 cv) as influenced by conventional weed control treatments(Sakha 101 cv) as influenced by conventional weed control treatments

TreatmentsTreatments(Hreebicides kg a.i/ha)(Hreebicides kg a.i/ha)

WeedsWeeds(g/m2)(g/m2)

YieldYield(t/ha)(t/ha)MBCRMBCR

A. Improved weed control (10x20 cm)A. Improved weed control (10x20 cm)

1- Continuous flooding for 15 days:1- Continuous flooding for 15 days:

- Butachlor (1.1)- Butachlor (1.1)38389.139.132828 - Weedy check- Weedy check1691696.346.34

2- Continuous flooding for 15 days:2- Continuous flooding for 15 days:

- Butachlor (1.1)- Butachlor (1.1)0.00.09.979.973232 - Weedy check- Weedy check1421426.836.83

B. Conventional weed control (20x20 cm)B. Conventional weed control (20x20 cm)

1- flooding every 6 days:1- flooding every 6 days:

- Hand weeding twice- Hand weeding twice75758.238.232525 - Thiobencarb (2.4)- Thiobencarb (2.4)64648.978.971919 - Butachlor (2.4)- Butachlor (2.4)59598.878.872222 - Weedy check- Weedy check3733734.514.51

2020

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

In order to increase the efficiency of the irrigation water in In order to increase the efficiency of the irrigation water in rice fields the following alternatives should be used rice fields the following alternatives should be used

1.1. Substituting long duration varieties with short duration varieties in Substituting long duration varieties with short duration varieties in all rice growing areas.all rice growing areas.

2.2. Convince farmers to use the laser technique and dry leveling in land Convince farmers to use the laser technique and dry leveling in land preparation.preparation.

3.3. Use the optimum plant density with the specific rice varieties.Use the optimum plant density with the specific rice varieties.

4.4. Use the drought tolerance varieties such as Giza 178 at the end of Use the drought tolerance varieties such as Giza 178 at the end of canals. canals.

5.5. Withholding irrigation water for short time at medium tillering stage Withholding irrigation water for short time at medium tillering stage and during late grain filling stage.and during late grain filling stage.

6.6. Improving the irrigation and drainage system to minimize water Improving the irrigation and drainage system to minimize water losses.losses.

7.7. Extensive public awareness campaign on the importance of the water Extensive public awareness campaign on the importance of the water and the possible methods for saving.and the possible methods for saving.

8.8. Other water resources have to be developed such as ground water Other water resources have to be developed such as ground water particularly for the reclaimed areas.particularly for the reclaimed areas.

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Documents

1 INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT IN RICE FIELDS MANAGEMENT IN RICE FIELDS Badawi A. Tantawi Rice Research Program, field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural