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T chc ngnh
Phn 1: Tng quan v mn hc
PGS. TS. T Thy Anh
TS. inh Th Thanh Bnh
Khoa Kinh t Quc t, i hc Ngoi thng H ni
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Tng quan v mn hc
T chc ngnh l g?
T chc ngnh nghin cu v cch thc t chc v hot ng ca nhng th trng cnh tranh khng hon ho (th trng c quyn- monopoly, th trng cnh tranh nhm oligopoly) v hnh vi ca cc doanh nghip (firms) trong cc th trng ny.
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What markets in Vietnam are not perfectly competitive?
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Tng quan v mn hc (cont.)
Nhng cu hi v tho lun sau y gip chng ta hiu nhng ni dung ca mn hc IO.
1. Nhng yu t no quyt nh cch thc t chc v c cu ca mt th trng?
a. Phm vi hot ng ca cc doanh nghip
Ti sao cc doanh nghip khng sn xut tt c cc sn phm, ti sao c s chuyn mn ha?
Mi quan h gia nh sn xut v ngi bn l.
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What markets in Vietnam are not perfectly competitive?
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Tng quan v mn hc (cont.)
b. S tp trung ca cc nh sn xut
S tp trung ca cc nh sn xut o mc phn tn v s lng v kch c ca cc DN.
Ti sao c nhiu DN nh sn xut la my?
Ti sao nhiu qun pizza v nh hng tp trung thnh ph ln?
Ti sao ng ch c bn bi cng ty Roger min Ty Canada?
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What markets in Vietnam are not perfectly competitive?
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Tng quan v mn hc (cont.)
c. S a dng v sn phm
S a dng v sn phm tn ti khi nhng sn phm c sn xut bi cc DN m khc nhau khng phi l nhng sp thay th hon ho.
Nhng yu t no quyt nh s a dng v sn phm?
Ti sao c rt nhiu loi kem nh rng hay ko trn th trng?
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What markets in Vietnam are not perfectly competitive?
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Tng quan v mn hc (cont.)
d. Nhng iu kin ra nhp th trng
Nhng yu t no khin mt hng tn ti nhiu nm trn th trng c th c quyn lc trn th trng?
Liu cc DN c th to ra nhng ro cn cn tr vic ra nhp th trng ca cc DN mi, bo v quyn lc th trng cng nh li nhun t cc i th cnh tranh?
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What markets in Vietnam are not perfectly competitive?
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Tng quan v mn hc (cont.)
2. Cch thc t chc th trng nh hng n hnh vi ca DN v vic vn hnh ca th trng nh th no?
Vic vn hnh cc hng hng khng M khng cn tun th nhng quy nh ca chnh ph vo nhng nm 1970 dn n iu g?
Nhng nn tng kinh t ca vic ra i nhng qui nh ca chnh ph v chnh sch chng c quyn?
Ti sao chnh ph li to ra v kim sot quyn s hu ti sn?
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What markets in Vietnam are not perfectly competitive?
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Tng quan v mn hc (cont.)
3. Hnh vi ca cc DN nh hng nh th no n cch thc t chc v vn hnh ca th trng?
Cnh tranh khng da vo gi (i.e. nghin cu v pht trin) c th nh hng n cch thc t chc ca th trng trong tng lai.
S a dng v sn phm khng ch ph thuc vo cc yu t ngoi sinh (th hiu ca ngi mua) m cn ph thuc vo cch thc m DN la chn c tnh, tnh a dng v cht lng ca sn phm.
Chin lc ca cc DN tr thnh c quyn.
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What markets in Vietnam are not perfectly competitive?
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V d 1: Cc cng ty cung cp dch v in thoi di ng Vit Nam
3 DN cung cp dch v in thoi di ng: Vinafone, Mobifone, Viettel.
Th phn ca cc DN ny ?
Mc cnh tranh ca cc DN ny?
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What markets in Vietnam are not perfectly competitive?
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V d 2: Ngnh hng khng Vit Nam
Trong nm 2011, Vit Nam Airline chim 80% th phn th trng hng khng ni a v khong 40% th phn khch du lch bay n v ri Vit Nam.
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What markets in Vietnam are not perfectly competitive?
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Ti liu mn hc
Jeffrey Church and Roger Ware (2000), Industrial Organization: A Strategic Approach, McGraw-Hill.
Enterprise Surveys
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Phng php nh gi sinh vin
Thi cui k: 60% tng s im.
Tiu lun: 30% tng s im (vit v trnh by).
Chuyn cn: 10% tng s im (bao gm vic tham gia lp hc, lm bi tp trn lp, v tch cc trong lp).
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C cu mn hc
Tng quan v mn hc
Nhng cch o v sc mnh th trng
[3-12, 428-429 ]
c quyn
Gi c quyn
nh thu mt cng ty c quyn
Nhng doanh nghip chim u th
[124-30]
Hnh vi ca cng ty c quyn
[155-178]
c quyn t nhin
[183-190]
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C cu mn hc (cont.)
Cnh tranh theo nhm
Tr chi v sn lng
[231-274]
Tr chi v gi
[211-226]
L thuyt tr chi
[211-226]
M hnh ng
[13.2]
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C cu mn hc (cont.)
Hnh vi mang tnh chin lc
Gii thiu
[459-480]
ng dng
[543-556]
Qung co
[561-571]
Nghin cu v pht trin
[575-592]
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Mc tp trung ca th trng
Trong phn ln cc th trng, mc cnh tranh nm gia 2 mc l cnh tranh hon ho (mc tp trung thp nht) v c quyn (mc tp trung cao nht). Phng php o mc tp trung cung cp mt cch thc n gin o mc cnh tranh ca mt th trng.
Hai l do gii thch ti sao vic o mc tp trung ca th trng l quan trng:
so snh nhng th trng khc nhau (trong v ngoi nc).
gip to ra nhng quy nh cho th trng: cc nh to lp cc quy nh cn bit mc tp trung ca th trng bo m li ihcs ca ngi tiu dng.
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Mc tp trung ca th trng (cont.)
Nhng ch s o mc tp trung ca th trng cn:
Tnh ton d dng
c lp vi kch c ca th trng
Din gii d dng
Thng thng, ch s ny nm trong khong
c quyn
Cnh tranh hon ho
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Mc tp trung ca th trng (cont.)
Mc tp trung ca th trng phn nh s phn b v kch c v s lng ca cc DN. S lng DN t hn v kch c ln hn dn n s gia tng mc tp trung ca th trng.
Mi quan h gia mc tp trung ca th trng v sc mnh th trng:
Khi mc tp trung tng ln, cc nh sn xut c kh nng nhiu hn trong vic gim bt mc cnh tranh v hp tc vi nhau trong vic nh gi. Mc tp trung tng khin cho vic cu kt/ thng ng tr nn d dng hn.
L thuyt v cnh tranh nhm (oligopoly) gi mt mi quan h gia quyn lc th trng v mc cnh tranh ca cc nh sn xut.
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Ch s o mc tp trung ca th trng
Hirschman-Herfindahl Index
1. Ch s Hirschman-Herfindahl (HHI): l tng bnh phng ca th phn ca tt c cc DN trong mt ngnh cng nghip (N).
l th phn ca DN i trn th trng.
HHI nm trong khong 1/N n 1 (c quyn).
HHI nh th hin khng c mt DN no c quyn lc ni tri trn th trng.
HHI cng ln , mc tp trung trong ngnh cng nghip cng cao.
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Ch s o mc tp trung ca th trng
Hirschman-Herfindahl Index
HHI di 0.01 th hin th trng c tnh cnh tranh cao.
HHI di 0.15 th hin khng c s tp trung th trng.
HHI nm gia khong 0.15 ti 0.25 th hin mc tp trung va phi th trng.
HHI trn 0.25 th hin mc tp trung cao th trng.
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Ch s o mc tp trung ca th trng
Hirschman-Herfindahl Index
V d: C 2 trng hp trong 6 DN ln nht sn xut 90% sn phm trn th trng.
Trng hp 1: Mi hng sn xut 15%.
Trng hp 2: Mt DN sn xut 80%, nm DN cn li mi DN sn xut 2%.
Gi nh rng cc DN cn li sn xut 10% sn phm, c chia u cho 10 DN c cng kch c.
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Ch s o mc tp trung ca th trng
Hirschman-Herfindahl Index
T l tp trung ca 6 DN u l 90%. Nhng trong trng hp th nht, th trng tn ti tnh cnh tranh tng i gia cc DN. Trong khi , trng hp th 2 th hin s c quyn trn th trng.
HHI th hin r iu ny:
Trng hp 1:
HHI = 6 * 0.152 + 10 * 0.012 = 0.136 (13.6%)
Trng hp 2:
HHI = 0.802 + 5 * 0.022 + 10 * 0.012 = 0.643 (64.3%)
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Ch s o mc tp trung ca th trng
T l tp trung (CR)
2. T l tp trung (CR): l tng th phn ca m doanh nghip ln nht thn th trng.
V d: Mt th trng c 6 doanh nghip ln nht vi th phn l 50, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10. Khi , CR4 l 0.80.
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ng cong th hin mc tp trung ca th trng
Th trng A c tp trung cao nht; th trng D c tp trung thp nht; ng cong B v C khng th kt lun iu g r rng (th trng B c t DN hn nhng mc khng cn bng v kch c DN cng nh hn).
Th phn
100
0
S lng DN
D
A
B
C
20
ng 450 th hin mc tp trung thp nht
5
10
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0,1