Upload
russell-patrick
View
222
Download
3
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1
Introductionto
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
OTI 501
Trainer Course in Occupational Safety and Health Hazards for General Industry
2
Industrial Hygiene
“that science or art devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of those environmental factors or stresses, arising in or from the workplace, that may cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort and inefficiency among workers”
3
History
Circa 400 BC– lead toxicity in mining (Hippocrates)
500 years later– Pliny the Elder, a Roman scholar– zinc and sulfur hazards– protective mask
4
History
2nd Century AD– Galen
• copper miners exposure to acid mists
1473– Ulrich Ellenbog
• publication n occupational illness in gold miners
5
History
1556– Agricola, German scholar
• diseases of coal miners
• preventive measures
• publication - De Re Metallica
1700’s – Bernardino Ramazzini
• father of industrial hygiene
6
OSH Act of 1970
The purpose of the OSH Act is to
“assure so far as possible every working,
man and woman in the nation safe and
healthful working conditions and to
preserve our human resources.”
7
Environmental Factors or Stresses
Chemical hazards
– gases, vapors, dusts, fumes, mists, and smoke
Physical hazards
– non-ionizing and ionizing radiation, noise, vibration, extreme temperatures and pressures
8
Environmental Factors or Stresses
Ergonomic hazards
– workstation design, repetitive motion, improper lifting/reaching, poor visual conditions
Biological hazards
– insects, mold, yeast, fungi, bacteria, and viruses
9
Routes of Entry
Inhalation
– airborne contaminants
Absorption
– penetration through the skin
Ingestion
– eating
– drinking
10
OSHA Hierarchy of Control
Engineering controls
Work practice controls
Administrative controls
Personal protective equipment (PPE)
11
Types of Exposure
Acute
– Short term period between exposure and onset of symptoms
Chronic
– Long time period between exposure to an agent and the onset of symptoms
12
Types of Air Contaminants
Particulates
– dusts, fumes, mists, and fibers
– non respirable particles
• > 10 m in diameter
– respirable particles
• < 10 m in diameter
13
Types of Air Contaminants
Fumes– volatilized solids condenses in cool air
• < 1.0 m in diameter
– hot vapor + air (reaction with) = oxide
Mists– suspended solid droplets– generated by a condensation of liquids from a
vapors to a liquid state
14
Types of Air Contaminants
Fibers– solid, slender, elongated structures– length several times the diameter
Gases– formless fluids that expand to occupy a space
• arc-welding, internal combustion engine exhaust air
Vapors– liquid changed to vapor
• organic solvents
15
Units of Concentration
ppm – parts per million
mg/m3 – milligrams per cubic meter
mppcf– millions or a particle per cubic foot
f/cc– fibers per cubic centimeter
16
Exposure LimitsAir Contaminants
OSHA– Occupational Safety and Health Administration
NIOSH– National Institute of Occupational Safety and
Health
ACGIH– American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists
17
Exposure LimitsAir Contaminants
OSHA– PEL
• permissible exposure limit
NIOSH– REL
• recommended exposure level
ACGIH– TLV
• threshold limit value
18
Exposure LimitsAir Contaminants
OSHA
– PEL, STEL, Ceiling
NIOSH
– TWA, STEL, Ceiling
ACGIH
– TWA, STEL, Ceiling
19
Exposure LimitsAir Contaminants
TWA
– takes into account variable exposure through a full shift, 8 hour work day
STEL
– limit of exposure during a short period, 15 minutes
CEILING
– absolute maximum level of exposure not to be exceeded
20
Exposure LimitsAir Contaminants
Legally enforceable
– OSHA PEL
– OSHA AL (action level)
21
Air Contaminants
29 CFR 1910.1000– Table Z-1
• Substances with Limits Preceded by “C” - Ceiling Values
– Table Z-2• employee’s exposure to Table Z-1 contaminants shall not
exceed exposure limits listed in Z-2 (TWA and ceiling concentrations)
– Table Z-3• Mineral Dusts
22
Hearing Conservation
2.9 million workers experience 8-hours noise exposures > 90 bBA
29 CFR 1910.95
– PEL
• 90 dBA
• 8 hours
• engineering and administrative controls
23
Hearing Conservation Program
Mandatory
– at an 8-hour TWA > 85 dBA
Exposure monitoring
Audiometric testing
Hearing protection
Employee training
Recordkeeping
24
Hearing Conservation Program
An effective program depends upon
– employers
– supervisors
– employees
– others
25
Bloodborne Pathogens
Bloodborne pathogens include
– Hepatitis B
– HIV
– Others
29 CFR 1910.1030
– describes actions employers must take to reduce risk of exposure in the workplace
26
Bloodborne Pathogens
29 CFR 1910.1030
– Scope and application
• all employees with occupational exposure to blood and other potentially infectious materials (OPIM)
– Exposure control plan (ECP)
27
Bloodborne Pathogens
29 CFR 1910.1030 - ECP– engineering and work practice controls– personal protective equipment– training– medical surveillance– Hepatitis B vaccinations– signs and labels– other provisions
28
Industrial Hygiene
ANTICIPATION RECOGNITION EVALUTION CONTROL