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1
Introduction to TCP/IP
and Internet
Governance Computer Network SystemSirak Kaewjamnong
2
What is TCP/IP
• Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
• TCP/IP refers to an entire suite of networking protocol, developed for use on the Internet.
• TCP and IP are certainly two of the most important.
3
TCP/IP Characteristics
• TCP/IP provides the services necessary to interconnect computers and to interconnect networks, creating the Internet.
• Independent from underlying network topology, physical network hardware, and OS.
• Unique IP address• Universal connectivity through out the
network
4
TCP/IP Internetworking
5
TCP/IP Networking Software
• TCP/IP protocol suites define a set of universal communication service/
• Service can be implemented in standardized manner in the networking software, normally bundled in OS.
6
TCP/IP and Internet
• 1957 USSR Spunik , USA establish ARPA• 1969 ARPA funded ARPANET• 1971 Network with 15 nodes• 1973 Ethernet (Bob Metcalfe, Ph.D.
Dissertation)• 1983 TCP/IP as a core protocol• 1983 BSD 4.2 (U. Berkeley ) with TCP/IP
7
TCP/IP Implementations
• 1983 4.2BSD: first widely available TCP/IP release
• 1986 4.3BSD: performance improvements• 1988 4.3BSD Tahoe: add slow start,
congestion avoidance and fast retransmit• 1990 4.3BSD Reno: add TCP header
prediction. SLIP compression, new routing table
• 1993 4.4BSD: add multicasting
8
Internet Growth
9
Internet
• The world wide group of networks combined with TCP/IP
• Who control Internet?– No single administrative organization– IETF determines standards– industry also preemptive control
standards
10
Internet Technical Bodies Structure
IESG
WG
WG
IETF
IAB
ISOC International, nonprofit
organization Promote research and other
activities relating to the Internet
Technical Advisor to the ISOC Oversee the development of TCP/IP
protocol
Internet Society
Internet Architecture Board
Internet Engineering Task Force
Internet Research Task ForceIRSG
WG
WG
IRTF
A forum of working groups managed by Internet Engineering Steering Group
Develop of protocols and specifications for standardization
A forum of working groups managed by Internet Research Steering Group
Conduct long-term
research
11
Internet Registries
• IP addresses space, Autonomous System Numbers (ASN), reverse resolution – ARIN : North America – APNIC : Asia-Pacific– RIPE : Europe– AFRINIC : Africa– LACNIC : Latin American and Caribbean
12
Internet Standard Process
RFC
Internet Draft
Proposed Standard
Draft Standard
Internet Standard
official publication for Internet standard and other publications
entry-level, protocol specifications should be stable technically
at least 2 independence and interoperable implementation that test all specification functions
have had significant field use and clear community interest in production use.
draft version for informal review and comment
Sta
nd
ard
tra
ck
13
ICANN
• Formed in October 1998
• Internationalization of Policy Functions for DNS and IP Addressing systems and Private Sector (Non-governmental) Management
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
14
What does ICANN do?
• Coordinates policies relating to the unique assignment of:– Top Level Domain Names (gTLDs, cTLDs)– IP Address – Protocol Port and Parameter Numbers
•Coordinates the DNS Root Server System- through Root Server System Advisory Committee
Source: Andrew McLaughlin
15
Does ICANN regulate/govern?
• ICANN coordinates.• What ICANN is NOT
– Technical Standard-Setting Body– Internet Police Force– Consumer Protection Agency– Competition Authority– Legislature or Court
Source: Andrew McLaughlin
16
Situation Before ICANN
Most Internet DNS and IP Address coordination functions performed by, or on behalf of, the US government
– Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)• Information Sciences Institute (ISI) of University of
Southern California• Stanford Research Institute (SRI)
– National Science Foundation (NSF)• IBM, MCI, and Merit• AT&T, General Atomics, Network Solutions, Inc.
– National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)– US Department of Energy
Source: Andrew McLaughlin
17
Jon PostelJon Postel1943-19981943-1998
IANA
Source: Andrew McLaughlin
18
What are the IANA functions?
• Protocol parameter assignments– Under March 1, 2000 IETF/IAB/ICANN
Memorandum of Understanding• IP Address Allocations• DNS root zone file management
Source: Andrew McLaughlin
19
Need for Change Globalization of Internet Commercialization of Internet Need for accountability Need for more formalized management structure Dissatisfaction with lack of competition Trademark/domain name conflicts
Source: Andrew McLaughlin
20
Status of Transition from USG• 25 November, 1998 - ICANN recognized in MoU
• June, 1999 - Cooperative agreement among ICANN, US Government, root server operators
• 10 November, 1999• ICANN and Network Solutions sign gTLD registry and registrar
agreements• DoC transfers root authority over gTLDs to ICANN
• 9 February, 2000• Contract with US Government to complete transfer of IANA functions
• Year 2000:– ccTLD registry agreements– RIR (Regional Internet Registries) agreements
• LACNIC and AfriNIC
Source: Andrew McLaughlin
21
ICANN Structure
Business/Commercial
Non-Commercial
ISPs
ccTLD Registries
gTLD Registries
Registrars
Trademark and IP
Domain Name Supporting Organization[3 Directors]
APNIC
ARIN
RIPE NCC
Address Supporting Organization
[3 Directors]
IETF
W3C
ITU-T
ETSI
Protocol Supporting Organization[3 Directors]
At Large Members
At Large Membership
[9 Directors]
ICANN Board of Directors[18 Directors + President and CEO]
Governmental Advisory Committee
Root Server SystemAdvisory Committee
MembershipTask Force
FundingTask Force
22
ICANN Board of Directors
At Large Directors:
• Karl Auerbach (USA)
• Ivan Moura Campos (Brazil)
• Frank Fitzsimmons (USA)
• Masanobu Katoh (Japan)
• Hans Kraaijenbrink (Netherlands)
• Andy Mueller-Maguhn (Germany)
• Jun Murai (Japan)
• Nii Quaynor (Ghana)
• Linda S. Wilson (USA)
ASO Directors:• Rob Blokzijl (Netherlands)• Lyman Chapin (USA)• Sang-Hyon Kyong (South Korea)DNSO Directors:• Amadeu Abril i Abril (Spain)• Jonathan Cohen (Canada)• Alejandro Pisanty (Mexico)PSO Directors:• Helmut Schink (Germany)• Vint Cerf (USA) - Chairman• Phil Davidson (U.K.)ICANN President• M. Stuart Lynn (USA)
23
New gTLDs
• .aero : aerospace • .biz : business• .coop : CoOp• .info : Information• .museum : museum under
International Council of Museums• .name : individual • .pro : professionals
24
Registry and Registrar
• What is Registry?– The organization responsible for
the actual administration and maintenance to a top-level domain
• What is Registrar?– The organization responsible for
the actual registration of the domain name
25
Sample Registry/Registra
Domain Registry Registrar.com, .net., .org Verisign Several accredited registrar.mil DDN NIC DDN NIC.edu EDUCAUSE EDUCAUSE.gov U.S. GSA U.S. GSA.int IANA IANA.jp JPRS JPRS.ca CIRA ~70 accredited registrar.th THNIC THNIC
26
Payment Path
ICANN
Registry
RegistrarRegistrant
27
Redelegation Parties
ICANN
Old-Admin
New-Admin
GovernmentAgency
• A process to transfer domain administrative authority