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1
• Ions combine to form ionic compounds.
• Ionic compound – a compound formed by reacting a metal (cation) with a nonmetal (anion)
• Properties of ionic compounds High melting points Conduct electricity
If meltedIf dissolved in water
Section 4.11
Compounds That Contain Ions
2
• Ionic compounds are electrically neutral.• The charges on the anions and cations in the
compound must sum to zero.
Section 4.11
Compounds That Contain Ions
3
• Write the cation element symbol followed by the anion element symbol.
• The number of cations and anions must be correct for their charges to sum to zero.
Formulas for Ionic Compounds
Section 4.11
Compounds That Contain Ions
Na +1 + Cl-1 NaCl
Cation charge anion charge Compound net charge +1 + -1 = 0
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• Write the cation element symbol followed by the anion element symbol.
• The number of cations and anions must be correct for their charges to sum to zero.
Formulas for Ionic Compounds
Section 4.11
Compounds That Contain Ions
5
Concept Check
A compound contains an unknown ion X and has the formula XCl2. Ion X contains 20 electrons. What is the identity of X?
a) Ti2+
b) Sc+
c) Ca2+ d) Cr2+
Section 4.11
Compounds That Contain Ions
Z = # of e- + positive chargeor
Z = # of e- - negative charge
6
Concept Check
A member of the alkaline earth metal family whose most stable ion contains 36 electrons forms a compound with bromine. What is the correct formula for this compound?
a) CaBr2
b) KrBrc) RbBr
d) SrBr2
Section 4.11
Compounds That Contain Ions
• Ionic compounds are electrically neutral.
• The charges on the anions and cations in the compound must sum to zero.
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7
Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation
FIFTH EDITION
by Steven S. ZumdahlUniversity of Illinois
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8
Nomenclature
Chapter 5
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Naming of Compounds
• Naming of compounds has long been necessary to identify something
• Names originally based upon “common names”
– Common name Stock system name– Epsom salts Magnesium chloride– Gypsum Calcium sulfate– Blue vitriol Copper (II) sulfate– Calomel Mercury (I) chloride– Saltpeter Potassium nitrate– Quicklime calcium oxide– Caustic soda sodium hydroxide
An ancient painting showing Romans drinking wine.
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Sugar of Lead
• Boiling of wine produced a thick, sweet liquid which was used as a sweetener.
• Actually contained lead acetate – Pb(C2H3O2)2
– Thought to have lead to the downfall of the Roman empire due to lead poisoning (in addition to lead water pipes)
– Lead poisoning causes lethargy and mental illness
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Problems• These common names were impractical
– Worldwide communication problems– 4 million compounds– We needed a system to “systematically” name
all of these compounds, you wouldn’t have to memorize each name to know what it was.
– If you learn the system, you will be able to name a compound from its formula and vice versa
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Common Names - Exceptions• Common names still in use today……..
• H2O = water, steam, ice
• NH3 = ammonia
• CH4 = methane
• NaCl = table salt
• C12H22O11 = table sugar
• CaSO4•2H2O=plaster of paris
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An artist using plaster of Paris, a gypsum plaster.
Source: Bob Daemmrick/The Image Works
Chemical names and Formulas• There are three types of ionic compounds to write
formulas for and name
o Binary ionic compound (Type I)o Transition metal compound (Type II)o Ionic compound containing polyatomic ions
• Covalent compounds have a different naming system
It uses prefixes
• Acids
5.1 Naming Compounds
• Binary ionic compounds are made up of only 2 different elements
o There can be more than 2 or more atoms
though
NaCl K2O Al2S3
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5.2 Naming CompoundsBinary Type I and II
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Classifying Binary Compounds
• Compounds containing a metal and a nonmetal are binary ionic– Type I and II
• Compounds containing two nonmetals are Covalent– Type III
• Compounds containing H and a nonmetal = Acids
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Metal Cations• Type I
– Metals that can only have one possible charge– Determine charge by position on the Periodic
Table• Type II
– Metals that can have more than one possible charge
– Determine metal cation’s charge from the charge on anion
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• To name a binary ionic compound Write the name of the cation first (always a metal) Next, write the name of the anion, but change the
ending to –ide Note that any subscripts do not change the name
NaCl
sodium
chlorine → chloride
sodium chloride
Type I Binary Ionic Compounds
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Examples
• KCl
• MgBr2
• SrO
• Al2O3
• Rb3N
• KI
potassium chloride
magnesium bromide
strontium oxide
aluminum oxide
rubidium nitride
potassium iodide
•Write formulas for the following compoundsoSodium sulfide
oPotassium iodide
oCalcium bromide
oAluminum oxide
oRubidium selenide
o Na2S
o KI
o CaBr2
o Al2O3
o Rb2S
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Type II Binary Ionic Compounds• Contain Metal Cation + Nonmetal Anion
o Transition metals can have various oxidation numbers or charges
For example iron can be either Fe2+ or Fe3+
• Metal cation name is the metal name followed by a Roman Numeral in parentheses to indicate its charge– Determine charge on metal from anion charge– Common Type II cations in Table 5.2
¶ Nonmetal anion named by changing the ending on the nonmetal name to -ide
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Examples
• FeS
• Fe2S3
• Cu2O
• CuO
• PbCl2
• PbCl4
• Hg2Se
iron (II) sulfide
iron (III) sulfide
copper (I) oxide
copper (II) oxide
lead (II) chloride
lead (IV) chloride
mercury (II) selenide
ferrous sulfide
ferric sulfide
cuprous oxide
cupric oxide
plumbous chloride
plumbic chloride
mercuric selenide
Systematic Name Latin Name
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• Polyatomic ions are ions that contain more than one atom
o (SO4)2-
o (OH)-
o (PO4)3-
o (NH4)+
• It is important to note that the charge is distributed throughout all the atoms in the ion
o Not only on the last atom
5.5 Naming Polyatomic ions
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Polyatomic Ions to be memorized!
• Carbonate CO32-
• Nitrate NO31-
• Phosphate PO43-
• Chlorate ClO31-
• Bromate BrO31-
• Sulfate SO42-
• Hydroxide OH1-
• Ammonium NH41+
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Patterns for Polyatomic Ions
• -ate ion– chlorate = ClO3
-
• -ate ion plus 1 O same charge, per- prefix– perchlorate = ClO4
-
• -ate ion minus 1 O same charge, -ite suffix– chlorite = ClO2
-
• -ate ion minus 2 O same charge, hypo- prefix, -ite suffix– hypochlorite = ClO-
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5.3 Naming CompoundsBinary Type III
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Type III - Binary Compounds of 2 Nonmetals
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Prefixes
• Drop last “a” in the prefix if the name begins with vowel
octa-8
hepta-7
hexa-6
penta-5
tetra-4
tri-3
di-2
mono-
(not used on first nonmetal)
1
PrefixSubscript
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Examples
• CO
• CO2
• BF3
• N2O5
• NO
• CCl4
• NO2
carbon monoxide
carbon dioxide
boron trifluoride
dinitrogen pentoxide
nitrogen monoxide
carbon tetrachloride
nitrogen dioxide
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A mix of types
• Na2O LiF
• N2O6 SnO
• H2O HgS
• Mg3P2 CoN
• CuF NCl3
• CrCl3 CS2
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Copper (II) sulfate crystals.
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5.6 Naming Acids and Bases
Bases
• Bases (ending in OH-) are named as taught before
A common base with a different name is NH3 (ammonia)
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Acids
• Contain H+ cation and anion
• Binary acids have H+ cation and a nonmetal anion
• Oxy (Ternary) acids have H+ cation and a polyatomic anion
• Try HI –
HF -
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Rules for Naming Acids cont.
• When anion contains oxygen (oxyanion) the root name of the anion is used, along with– ic acid for oxyanions ending in –ate– ous acid for oxyanions ending in –ite
– H2SO4 sulfate ion Sulfur ic acid– HNO3 nitrate ion Nitr ic acid– HNO2 nitrite ion Nitr ous acid
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Other examples
HClO hypochlorite ion hypochlorous acid HClO2 chlorite ion chlorous acid HClO3 chlorate ion chloric acid
HClO4 perchlorate ion perchloric acid
• HIO4 ?????!!!!!!
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5.7 Writing Formulas from Names
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Writing the Formulas from the Names
• For Type III compounds, use the prefixes to determine the subscripts
• For Type I, Type II, polyatomic Compounds and Acids– Determine the ions present– Determine the charges on the cation and anion– Balance the charges to get the subscripts
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Figure 5.3: A flow chart for naming acids. The acid is considered as one or
more H+ ions attached to an anion.