1 JOURNAL CLUB[1]

8/7/2019 1 JOURNAL CLUB[1]

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³What, Why and How of Journal club´.

Time: 10.00AM ± 11.00AM



DEFINITION OF JOURNAL

It is a periodical, aimed at a particular discipline.It differs from a magazine in several ways. The

journals are intended for specialists, not general

readers, and normally journal articles are written

by academicians, not journalists. They are more

prestigious than magazines.



1. To impress others2. To keep current with the literature

3. To understand Patho -biology

4. Seasoned clinician -----------handles a particular

problem5. Whether to use a new or old diagnostic test.

TEN REASONS TO READ CLINICAL JOURNALS



6. To know causality.

7. To understand manifestations.

8. Distinguish useful from useless or even harmful

9.To find out the needs, utilization, quality andcost-implications of clinical and community

interventions.10. To be titillated by the letters to the editors

TEN REASONS TO READ CLINICAL JOURNALS



DIFFERENT TYPES OF SCIENTIFIC WRITING

1. Original article2. Case report

3. Review article

4. Editorial

5. Letters to editor



SOME KEY DATES IN THE EVOLUTION OF

SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING (IN MEDICAL SCIENCES)

� 1665 ² First scientific journal in France and

United Kingdom.� 1820·s ² First specialist journals.

� 1870·s ² References began to be collected atthe end of articles.

� 1920·s ² First summaries appeared at the end

of articles.� 1930·s ² First paper on the use of statistics.



� 1950·s ² Widespread acceptance of the IMRAD

format.� 1960·s ² Summaries at the end became

abstracts at the beginning.

� 1970·s ² Databases introduced.

� 1980·s ² First international conference onPeer-Review.

� 1990·s ² Introduction of electronic journals(Online journals).



CLASSIFICATION OF SCIENTIFIC PAPERS

1. Data driven papers.

� Survey reports and formal experiments.

2. Tutorial papers.

� Analytical papers on methods

3. Method mongering papers.

� describing a method with rhetoric language.



4. Consciousness r aising papers.

� Raise awareness of issues which are untouched or less attended

5. Theoretical papers.� Theoretical issues which are highly influential.

6. Review papers.

� Deal with secondar y research.

7. Demonstr ation of concept papers.

� Demonstr ate a par ticular concept as f easible,usef ul and interesting. To apply for f unding.



DEFINITION OF JOURNAL CLUB

A journal club is a group of individuals whomeet regularly to know, describe, critically

read, understand and evaluate the articles

published in medical or dental literature.



1

.Who said history is boring?

2.What we are today is because of what happened

in the past with us, do you agree?

3.Should we know the past, to understand the

present?



1. It·s boring only to those who are bore to

others.

2. Yes, science approves this.

3. We learn out of our errors



HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF JOURNAL

CLUB

� First information --------in book of memoirs andletters by Sir James Paget, a British surgeon.

� Sir William Osler is called the founder of journal

clubs.



The primary aim of journal club

� Until 1980·s

To provide up-to-date medical literature.

� After 1980·s

A forum for teaching and learning critical

appraisal techniques� In 1990·s

To teach and learn EBM and EBD

DEVELOPMENTS RELATED TO AIM OF

JOURNAL CLUBS



COMMON JOURNAL CLUB GOALS

1. To provide an update of literature.

2. Teaching and learning the techniques of

¶Critical Appraisal· and ¶Critical Reflection· of

available literature.

3. Importation of findings into clinical and public

health practice.



TYPES OF JOURNAL CLUBS

1. Journal clubs

Aimed at updating knowledge related to a f ield

of interest

2. Journal clubs

Aimed at updating clinical pr actice

3. Journal clubs

Aimed at teaching and learning critical appr aisal

techniques and EBM OR EBD.



4. Problem based journal clubs

Aimed at problem solving

5. Alternative journal clubs

6. Innovative journal clubs



FORMATS OF PROBLEM BASED JOURNAL

CLUB

1) Implied hypothesis is given and asked:

» To design a study,

» To def ine the variables,

» To def ine the sample etc.

2) Title of the ar ticle is given and asked:

To prepare the methodology.



3) The title and methodology are given and asked

-To recognize the methodological pitfalls.

4) The methodology is given and asked:

-Gener alizability and implications.



HOW TO START A JOURNAL CLUB?1. Select a Director

-Having academic appetite and str ong conviction

2. Def ine the goals

-To describe, to appr aise, to reflect, to apply and to innovate.

3. Optimize attendance

-Fixed schedule and serving snacks.

4. Gener ate par ticipant interest

-Select ar ticles of interest and create contr oversy

5. Special prepar ation for journal clubs with Critical Appr aisal Techniques

-Prior orientation of epidemiology and statistics



JOURNAL CLUB FORMAT

The articles for journal club are

- Proposed by the students

- Selected by the director

Selection and approval of articles-Be done two to three weeks before



� Student as a presenter

- Should collect all pertinent information,

-Study that in detail

-Discuss with the director, moderator andsubject experts

� Student should confidently present

- the content,- evaluation report

- Self-opinions with justifiable line of defense

HOW TO CONDUCT A JOURNAL CLUB



JOURNAL CLUB SESSIONSEATING:� Round table (seat audience in a circle) or horse-shoe.

� Presenter:

- should initiate and lead

� Moderator

-should solicit comments and stimulate discussion

� Director- Should direct and break the impasse

- Attempt should be made to reach consensus



METICULOUS ANALYSIS OF A SINGLE ARTICLE- In-depth evaluation of one article for its

methodological flaws and strengths including its

implications at clinical and public practice levels



SELECT ARTICLES WHICH HAVE

DIFFERENT STUDY DESIGNS



� Engage a debate format.

� Select articles with opposing hypothesis.

� Engage a neutral faculty member as

¶facilitator·.

CREATING A CONTROVERSY



PROBLEM BASED LEARNING

A pr oblem faced by a clinician by the chair side is

picked up for journal club. One session is spent on thor ough liter ature search

related to the pr oblem

. Relevant ar ticles are critically evaluated for internal

and external validity. A consensus is reached about the solution for the

pr oblem

. Advocated for trial on the subjects



REACH CONCENSUS



WHY JOURNAL CLUB?

1. Journal clubs are valued as a means of keeping abreast with the literature

2. Journal clubs offer a forum for teaching

and learning critical appraisal

techniques.



IMPACT OF JOURNAL CLUBS

1) Improves reading habits

-By enabling critical thinking-By meta-questioning

-By meta thinking

2. Expands the body of knowledge

within a person.

3. Facilitates acquisition of new

skills.



4. Induces scientific temperament:-By promoting questioning attitude.

5. Makes the members to be more skeptical of

the author·s conclusions.

6. Improves knowledge of clinical epidemiology

and biostatistics.

IMPACT OF JOURNAL CLUBS

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1 JOURNAL CLUB[1]