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Lecture 2
Cell, Genes and phenotype
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Cell, Gene expression and phenotype• Cellular Organization• DNA and RNA Structure and Function• Gene expression• How is sex determined• Chromosomes• Genotype & Phenotype• Dominant & Recessive traits
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Plasma Membrane Model
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Nucleus and Nuclear Membrane
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Ribosomes
• Ribosomes are found singly or in groups (polyribosomes) in the cytoplasm.– Function in protein synthesis.
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The Endomembrane System- also function in protein synthesis
• Endoplasmic Reticulum.– System of membranous channels and
saccules.Rough ER is studded with ribosomes
and synthesizes proteins.Smooth ER synthesizes phospholipids,
as well as various other functions.
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The Endomembrane System- process final products and monitor incoming vesicles
• The Golgi Apparatus.– Consists of a stack of three to twenty
curved saccules, along with vesicles.Receives protein and or lipid vesicles
that bud from the ER.• Lysosomes.
– Membranous sacs produced by the Golgi apparatus that contain hydrolytic digestive enzymes.
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Endomembrane System
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Mitochondria- The “powerhouse”
• Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles involved in cellular respiration.– Site of ATP production.
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Cellular Respiration
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The Cytoskeleton
• The cytoskeleton is formed of several types of filamentous structures that give the cell its shape and organelles the ability to move about the cell.– Microtubules.– Actin Filaments.
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Centrioles
• Centrioles are short cylinders composed of microtubules that are involved in spindle formation during cell division
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Cilia and Flagella
• Cilia and flagella (cilium, flagellum) are projections that move in an undulating or whipping fashion.– Cilia tend to be shorter while flagella tend
to be longer.
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Cellular Metabolism
• Cellular metabolism includes all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell.– Often organized into metabolic pathways.
Most regulated by feedback inhibition.
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Enzymatic Action
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The Nucleus
• The nucleus stores genetic information that determines body cell characteristics and metabolic functioning.
• Nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear envelope.
Contains nuclear pores to permit passage of proteins and ribosomal subunits.
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DNA and RNA Structure and Function
• DNA is the genetic material found principally in chromosomes.– In between cell divisions, chromosomes
exist in long fine threads of chromatin.When a cell is about to divide,
chromosomes coil and condense.
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DNA Location and Structure
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DNA Structure and Replication
• DNA is a sequential series of joined nucleotides.– Sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate, and base.
Adenine (A).Thymine (T).Cytosine (C).Guanine (G).
nucleotides
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DNA Structure and Replication
• DNA is a double helix with a sugar-phosphate backbone and bases projecting between the backbones.– Exhibits complementary base pairing.
A-T.G-C.
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DNA Replication/ cell division Mitosis and Meiosis (replacing cells or making babies)
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Can DNA replication cause mutations?
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Structure and Function of RNA- protein synthesis (the way we look)
• RNA is made up of nucleotides containing the sugar ribose and the base uracil in place of thymine.– Single stranded.
RNA is a helper to DNA allowing protein synthesis.
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Gene Expression
• Structure and Function of Proteins.
– Proteins are composed of amino acids.
Proteins differ because the number and order of their amino acids differ.
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How is the Sex of a Child Determined?
• Fetus development• Genes and
environment• Sexual characteristics
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Do chromosomes help determine sex?
• Sex chromosomes• Human sex ratio
– Sex ration at birth 1:1.05
– Young males die early
– Females live longer
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Chromosomes
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Male Karyotype
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Gametogenesis
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Genotype and Phenotype
• Genotype refers to an individual’s genes.– Alleles are alternate forms of a gene.
Dominant alleles are assigned uppercase letters, while recessive alleles are assigned lowercase letters.
Homozygous Dominant = EE. Homozygous Recessive = ee. Heterozygous = Ee.
• Phenotype refers to an individual’s physical appearance.
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Genetic Inheritance
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Dominant/Recessive Traits
• Forming the Genes.– Reduction of chromosome number occurs
when pairs of chromosomes separate as meiosis occurs.
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