1 Maggie Moore 1.1 Okanagan - University of British Columbialingpapers.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2018/01/2013_Lindley_Lyon.pdf · Moore iP t@mx wúlaPx s. way.’ 1.2 Interlinear gloss

12 more Upper Nicola Okanagan narratives*

Lottie LindleyUpper Nicola Indian Band

John LyonUniversity of British Columbia

This paper consists of a collection of twelve short texts fromLottie Lindley, one of the last fluent speakers of the Upper Nic-ola dialect of Okanagan (a.k.a. Nsyílxc@n, Colville-Okanagan,and Nqílxwc@n), a Southern Interior Salish language. The sub-ject matter of these texts vary, and includes legend, history, andcultural practices. Each text is presented in the following man-ner: After introductory notes, we give an unbroken Okanagantranscription, followed by an interlinear rendition complete withmorphological analysis, before ending with Lottie’s free trans-lation and/or additional commentary. Footnotes primarily serveto highlight noteworthy lexical, grammatical, or discourse re-lated phenomena.

1 Maggie Moore

Recorded on July 28th, 2010 at Glimpse Lake, BC. This story tells ofthe life of Maggie Moore, one of the original Syilx to settle in the area. Her peo-ple came from over the U.S. border.

1.1 Okanagan

’qsápi ìaP c’tQap@nwíxw kwukw iP smsámaP iP naPì sqílxw, ìaP iP ’kl’kìPalqw. uì i ’klíP cylyalt iP s yaQt iP sq@lq@ltmíxw, kwukw kwínt@m@lx iP t gov-ernment. uì ixíP s’tQap@nwíxw@lx iP ’kl smsámaP uì ’kim ’ti kmax smaPmPím uì

p@tp@twínaxw uì ’ň@x̌@x̌ ’ňx̌áp, uì iP sqwsíPaPs@lx. uì kwukw ixíP kwlíwtl@x iP l

* Lottie would like to thank her aunt Nellie Guitterez, who was like a mother, and one of the firstones to go to school in Mission at the Catholic School. She was a wise old lady, a teacher, and areally great lady. She tried everything, what she learned from English and what she learned fromthe elders. She knew both sides. Lottie also wants to thank an unknown Shuswap lady from overin Ashcroft that started language/culture workshops, which Lottie took for 4 years, after which shestarted working with the rest of her family. John Lyon’s research has been supported through grantsfrom the Jacobs Research Fund and the American Philosophical Society’s Phillips Fund. He wishesto thank first and foremost Lottie Lindley for her amazing knowledge of the culture and languageof her people, and for being willing to share her stories. Second, he wishes to thank Sarah McLeodfor helping with transcription and translation. He also wishes to thank Joel Dunham for the finalproofread.

22

cítxws@lx uì ’ti ny ’Qip c ’kaPít@t iP smsámaP aP c’tQap@ntwíxw. uì ixíP scylyálts@lxtl ’kìPalqw. uì itlíP cxwú;y@lx uì ’k’t@’tí ’ws@lx uì n’t@ ’kw’tí ’kwl@x l nPays@núlaPxw.uì ilíP n’t@ ’kw’tí ’kwl@x uì ixíP itlíP scxwú;ys@lx ny ’Qip uì cxwúyl@x. uì cyáQp@lx lMerritt l Godie, uì iP SPú’lus mat ilíP t ’kìx̌wíl@x ’t@xw mat. uì ixíP ilíP s ’kwu’l ...’kw’l ’kwú’lìxw@ms@lx mat xw@lxwúl .... xw@lxwúlìxw@m@lx ... ’kw’l ’kwú’lìxw@m@lx uìilíP kwlíwtl@x. uì ixíP QapnáP iP sqilxw l Shulus uì l Godie Reserve, ya;Qt taPkín,ixíP iP s@n ’kwú’lt@ns@lx, tl ’kìPalqw kiP scxwúy@lx. uì aláP cyá;Qp@lx uì lut p@nPkínnixw s ’plá ’ks@lx. kwaP cmystís@lx wa ’y ’ňaxwt iP sq@lq@ltmíxw iP s@nqsílxws@lx.’ňaxwt ’kl ’kìPalqw uì cxwúyl@x aláP, uì itlíP Maggie Moore t tkìmilxw. cnxí ’yls iPylyltmix, uì ckicx aláP uì ... tawsìx̌ílwiP ... iP sx̌ílwiPs, mat ilíP l t@mxwúlaPxws.uì ilíP wa ’y ’ň@x̌@x̌pwílx mat ixíP iP sq@ltmíxw. uì ’kim Maggie ’ti s ’kw ’kwíym@ltpútiP uì ’kwu;’ls uì ’ňlal iP ’ň@x̌ ’ňx̌áp. uì cniìc ilíP mut uì taPlíP xwaPsqlá ’w, ny ’Qip’kwu’ls iP s’tmQa’lt, iP nkì ’caPsqáx̌aP. uì ny ’Qi;p ’kwú’l@m ’kwú’l@m, uì pintk Paksqlá ’w.uì ’kaPít ’kíw@lx, lut nixw qìnús Pawsnmúl@ms iP tl c@cwíxaP, uì ks ’kwú’l@ms tksli ’ps. uì ixíP qw@lqwílsts mat ixíP sì@ì ’wílts naPì Rosie naPì ìkíkxaPs Rosieuì ixíP xwí ’cìt@m August, cúnt@m "kwintxw August mi knxít@ms." uì kw@núsAugust uì cnmúlxt@m, cknxít@m. uì cúnt@m kwukw iP t ’qwQaylqs "wa ’y ixíPksPawskúlaPx" uì lut sxPkínaPs. lut x̌minks ksxwuys August ’kl skul. uì qw@ ’n-kstmíst August. lut ’ta cmystis iP s ’q@ ’yám uì iP sread. uì ’kliP ’ň@x̌@x̌pwílx uì ’ňlaliP st@mtímaPs uì siws ny ’Qip uì cs@’lmís iP .... síws ny ’Qip uì ’kaws iP s’tmQa’lts,’kaws iP sqla ’ws, ’kaws yaQt sti ’m uì qw@ ’nkstmíst sic mat cútl@x ’tQapncút. k@ ’m matt swit s’tQapám náx̌@mì ’ňlal. uì ’kì ’csap ixíP sqla ’w, lut sti ’m ilíP, uì QapnáP ixíPMargaret iP sqwsiPs ’ti n ilíP iP mut. uì ixíP aP c ’kwu’ls ixíP iP citxw, ixíP MaggieMoore iP t@mxwúlaPxws. wa ’y.

1.2 Interlinear gloss

(1) ’qsápilong.ago

ìaPCOMP

c-’tQap-nwíxw

CUST-shoot-RECIPkwukw

EVIDiPDET

sm-sámaPRED-white.person

iPDET

naPìCONJ

sqilxw,native.person

ìaP1

COMPiPDET

’klLOC

’kìPalqw.across.the.border

‘A long time ago the whites and indians were shooting each other overacross the line.’

1 The placement of the complementizer here is somewhat unexpected. It may actually be a shortenedversion of the proximate locative (a)laP, but there is clearly some frication on the lateral so I tran-scribe the form as a complementizer.

23

(2) uìCONJ

i ’klíPDEM

c-yl-yaltCUST-RED-run.away

[iPDET

s]s-

yaQtall

iPDET

s-q@l-q@ltmíxw,NOM-RED-man

kwukw

EVIDkwín-(n)t-@[email protected]

iPDET

tOBL

government.government

‘And all the men were running away, supposedly the government wastaking them.’

(3) uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

s-’tQap-nwí[email protected]

iPDET

’klLOC


uìCONJ

’kimexcept

’tiEMPH

kmaxonly

s-maP-mPímNOM-RED-woman

uìCONJ

p@t-p@(p)twínaxw

RED-old.womanuìCONJ

’ň@x̌-@x̌- ’ňx̌áp,RED-RED-grown

uìCONJ

iPDET

s-qwsí[email protected]

‘And they were shooting each other (because of the white people) andthere were only the women and old women and old men, and theirchildren.’

(4) uìCONJ

kwukw

EVIDixíPDEM

kwlí[email protected]

iPDET

lLOC

cí[email protected]

uìCONJ

’tiEMPH

ny ’Qipalways

c- ’kaPít-@tCUST-approach-RED

iPDET


aPDET

c-’tQap-nwíxw.CUST-shoot-RECIP

‘And they supposedly lived in their houses and the whites were alwaysgetting closer, and they were shooting each other.’

(5) uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

s-c-yl-yá[email protected]

tlLOC

’kìPalqw.across.the.border

‘And they ran from over the border.’

(6) uìCONJ

itlíPDEM

c-xwú;[email protected]

uìCONJ

’k’t-@’t-í ’[email protected]

uìCONJ

n-’t@ ’k[w]-’tí ’k[w]-l@x2

n-RED-come.down-3PL.ABSlLOC

nPays@núlaPxw.Ashnola

‘And they came so far, cut over the hill and they came down over atAshnola.’

24

(7) uìCONJ

ilíPDEM

n-’t@ ’k[w]-’tí ’k[w][email protected]

uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

itlíPDEM

s-c-xwú;[email protected]

ny ’Qipalways

uìCONJ

c-xwú[email protected]

‘And they traveled there and came from there.’

(8) uìCONJ

c-yáQp-@lxCUST-arrive(PL)-3PL.ABS

lLOC

MerrittMerritt

lLOC

Godie,Godie

uìCONJ

iPDET

s-Pú’lusNOM-gather

matEPIS

ilíPDEM

tOBL

’kìx̌wíl-(l)@xmany-3PL.ABS

’t@xw

EVIDmat.EPIS

‘And they arrived just up above Merritt and at Godie reserve, and atShulus. There must have been a lot of them.’

(9) uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

ilíPDEM

s- ’kwu’lNOM-make

...

...

’kw’l- ’kwú’l-ìxw-@m-s@lxRED-make-house-MID-(DIR)-3PL.ERG

matEPIS

xw@l-xwúlRED-tepee

...

...xw@l-xwúl-ìxw-@[email protected]

...

...’kw’l- ’kwú’l-ìxw-@[email protected]

uìCONJ

ilíPDEM

kwlí[email protected]

‘They made their homes there, made their tepees, and they lived there.’

(10) uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

QapnáPnow

iPDET

sqilxw

native.peoplelLOC

Shulus3

ShulusuìCONJ

lLOC

GodieGodie

Reserve,Reserve

ya;Qtall

taPkín,everywhere

ixíPDEM

iPDET

s@n- ’kwú’l-t@n-s@lx,LOC-make-INSTR-3PL.POSS

tlLOC

’kìPalqw

across.the.borderkiPCOMP

s-c-xwú[email protected]

‘And the people there now, at Shulus and Godie Reserves, they built allover and used the land, and came from over the border.’

(11) uìCONJ

aláPDEM

c-yá;Qp-@lxCUST-arrive(PL)-3PL.ABS

uìCONJ

lutNEG

p@nPkínwhere

nixw

again

s- ’plá ’[email protected]

‘Once they got here they never went back again.’

2 The expected form of this root should include rounding on the final consonant, but there is norounding apparent from the audio recording, hence the brackets. See also next stanza.3 I do not gloss Shulus as I did in stanza (8) because its pronunciation here is clearly Anglicized.

25

(12) kwaPbecause

c-my-st-í[email protected]

wa ’yalready

’ňaxwtmany.dead

iPDET

s-q@l-q@ltmíxw

NOM-RED-maniPDET

s-nqs-í[email protected]

‘Because they knew that their men-relatives must have gotten killed.’

(13) ’ňaxwtmany.dead

’klLOC

’kìPalqw

across.the.borderuìCONJ

c-xwú[email protected]

aláP,DEM

uìCONJ

itlíPDEM

MaggieMaggie

MooreMoore

tOBL

tkìmilxw.woman

‘They died over the border, and came here, and that’s where MaggieMoore came from.’

(14) c-nxí ’ylsCUST-mix.with.people

iPDET

yl-ylt-mix,RED-run.away-people

uìCONJ

c-kic-xCUST-arrive(SG)-INTR

aláPDEM

uìCONJ

...

...taws-ì-x̌ílwiPobtain-ì-husband

...

...iPDET

s-x̌ílwiP-s,NOM-husband-3SG.POSS

matEPIS

ilíPDEM

lLOC

t@mxwúlaPxw-s.land-3SG.POSS

‘All the ones that ran away mixed among others and arrived here. She(Maggie) got with her husband, who owned the land.’

(15) uìCONJ

ilíPDEM

wa ’yalready

’ň@x̌-@x̌-p-wílxold-RED-INCH-DEV

matEPIS

ixíPDEM

iPDET

sq@ltmíxw.man

‘And he was an older man.’

(16) uìCONJ

’kimexcept

MaggieMaggie

’tiEMPH

s- ’kw- ’kwíy-m-@ltNOM-RED-small-m-child

pútiPstill

uìCONJ

’kwu;’l-swork-(DIR)-3SG.ERG

uìCONJ

’ňlaldie

iPDET

’ň@x̌- ’ňx̌áp.RED-grown

‘And Maggie was young yet, and she looked after him until he died.’

(17) uìCONJ

cniìc3SG.INDEP

ilíPDEM

mutlive

uìCONJ

taPlíPvery

xwaP-sqlá ’w,much-money

ny ’Qipalways

’kwu’l-swork-(DIR)-3SG.ERG

iPDET

s’tmQa’lt,cows

iPDET

(s@)nkì ’caPsqáx̌aP.horses

‘And she lived there and always had lots of money and worked hard,had lots of cattle and horses.’

26

(18) uìCONJ

ny ’Qi;palways

’kwú’l-@mwork-MID

’kwú’l-@m,work-MID

uìCONJ

pintkalways

Pak(ì)-sqlá ’w.HAVE-money

‘And she was always working, working, and had lots of money.’

(19) uìCONJ

’kaPítcloser.to

’kíw-@lx,old-body

lutNEG

nixw

again

qì-nú-sable.to.do-MANAGE.TO-(DIR)-3SG.ERG

[ks-n-]FUT-n

...

...

Paws-n-mú[email protected]

iPDET

tlloc

c@-cwíxaP,RED-creek

uìCONJ

ks- ’kwú’[email protected]

tOBL

k(ì)-sli ’p-s.U.POSS-firewood-3SG.POSS

‘Then she got older and she couldn’t pack water from the creek, or packwood.’

(20) uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

qw@l-qwíl-st-sRED-speak-CAUS-3SG.ERG

matEPIS

ixíPDEM

sì@ì ’wílt-sniece-3SG.POSS

[kwaPì] naPìCONJ

RosieRosie

naPìCONJ

ìkíkxaP-solder.sister-3SG.POSS

RosieRosie

uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

xwí ’c-ìt-@mgive-APPL-PASS

August,August

cún-(n)t-@msay-DIR-PASS

“kwin-(n)t-xw

take-DIR-2SG.ERGAugustAugust

miFUT

kn-xít-@m-s.”help-BEN-2SG.ABS-3SG.ERG

‘And she talked to her niece and Rosie and Rosie’s older sister, and shegave her (Maggie) August, she told Maggie “Take August, he will helpyou.”’

(21) uìCONJ

kw@(n)-nú-stake-MANAGE.TO-(DIR)-3SG.ERG

AugustAugust

uìCONJ

c-n-múl-xt-@m,CUST-n-dip.fluid-BEN-PASS

c-kn-xí[email protected]

‘And she took August, and he packed water, he packed wood.’

27

(22) uìCONJ


kwukw

EVIDiPDET

tOBL

’qwQay-lqsblack-robe

“wa ’yyes

ixíPDEM

ks-Paws-(s)kúl-aPx”FUT-go-school-INCEPT

uìCONJ

lutNEG

sxP(k)ínaP-s.what.to.do-3SG.POSS

‘And the priest told her “He has to go to school”, but she didn’t wanthim to go.’

(23) lutNEG

x̌mink-swant-3SG.POSS

ks-xwuy-sFUT-go-3SG.POSS

AugustAugust

’klLOC

skul.school

uìCONJ

qw@ ’n-kst-místpitiful-hand-INTR.REFLEX

August.August

‘She didn’t want August to go to school, and August felt bad.’

(24) lutNEG

’taEMPH

c-my-st-isCUST-know-CAUS-3SG.ERG

iPDET

s- ’q@ ’y-ámNOM-write-MID

uìCONJ

iPDET

s-read.NOM-read

‘He didn’t know how to write or read.’

(25) uìCONJ

’kliPDEM

’ň@x̌-@x̌-p-wílxold-RED-INCH-DEV

uìCONJ

’ňlaldie

iPDET

st@mtímaP-sgrandmother-3SG.POSS

uìCONJ

siw-sdrink-(DIR)-3SG.ERG

ny ’Qipalways

uìCONJ

c-s@’l-mí-sCUST-lose-MIN-(CAUS)-3SG.ERG

iPDET

....

....‘And his grandmother got old and died, and he drank all the time andlost the....’

(26) síw-sdrink-(DIR)-3SG.ERG

ny ’Qipalways

uìCONJ

’kaw-sgone-(CAUS)-3SG.ERG

iPDET

s’tmQa’lt-s,cattle-3SG.POSS


iPDET

sqla ’w-s,money-3SG.POSS


yaQtall

sti ’mwhat

uìCONJ

qw@ ’n-kst-místpitiful-hand-INTR.REFLEX

sicbefore

matEPIS

cú[email protected]

’tQap-ncút.shoot-REFLEX

‘He drank all the time and lost his cattle, lost his money, lost everythingand felt bad until, they say, he shot himself.’

28

(27) k@ ’mCONJ

matEPIS

tOBL

switwho

s-’tQap-ámNOM-shoot-MID

náx̌@mìCONJ

’ňlal.die

‘Or maybe somebody shot him, but in any case, he died.’

(28) uìCONJ

’kì ’csappast

ixíPDEM

sqla ’w,money

lutNEG

sti ’mwhat

ilíP,DEM

uìCONJ

QapnáPnow

ixíPDEM

MargaretMargaret

iPDET

sqwsiP-sson-3SG.POSS

’tiEMPH

[n] ilíPDEM

iPDET

mut.live

‘They spent all the money, nothing was left there, Margaret’s son is theone living there now.’

(29) uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

aPDET

c- ’kwu’l-sCUST-make-(CAUS)-3SG.ERG

ixíPDEM

iPDET

citxw,house

ixíPDEM

MaggieMaggie

MooreMoore

iPDET

t@mxwúlaPxw-s.land-3SG.POSS

wa ’y.that’s.all

‘And where he built that house, that’s Maggie Moore’s land. That’s all.’

1.3 Free translation

They came from across the line. The [U.S.] government took the menand made them go to the war. They were fighting towards the border, and thewomen and children ran away over the border. They were getting closer and theyran away and they came out around Ashnola, and from there they came straightto the Nicola Valley. They came so far. They cut over the hill and came downaround Ashnola, just up above Merritt, on the way to Princeton. They madetheir homes there in Shulus and Godie reserve, going towards Vancouver. Thetepees and whatever they had to make their homes with, they built homes andthey lived there. They built all over, they used the land. Once they got here theynever went back again. Because the men never showed up anywhere, so theyknew they must’ve been killed. That’s where Maggie Moore came from, one ofthose people. All the ones that ran away, they mixed among others. She got withher husband. Her husband owned the land. He was older. She was young yet,and she looked after him until he died, and then everything was hers. And she al-ways had lots of money and worked hard, had lots of cattle and horses. Then shegot older and she couldn’t pack water. She couldn’t pack wood, but she talked toher niece. Annie’s son, August, Annie was another niece, Rosie didn’t have chil-dren. He stayed with this old lady, she didn’t speak English herself, she wouldn’tlet him go to the school. He [August] packed water, he packed wood. The priesttalked to her and she didn’t want him to go [to school]. August felt bad. Peoplesaid he shot himself, but in any case, he died. They finished everything, nothingbut wrecked cars, they spent all the money. Margaret’s son Dean is the one livingthere now. Where Dean’s house is is Maggie Moore’s property.

29

2 McIntyre Bluff

Recorded on July 28th, 2010 at Glimpse Lake, BC. This story tells ofa battle between Okanagan and Shuswap people, where everyone except for oneold blind man falls over a cliff. The story takes place at McIntyre Bluff, roughlyhalfway between Skaha and Osoyoos Lakes.

2.1 Okanagan

’qsápi kwukw iP sqilxw ìaP ctyaqwt. tyaqwts iP syilx, uì iP syxwápm@x,uì kwukw ixíP ìaP ckil@nwíxw@lx, m@ì qíxws@lx m@ì qíxw@nt@m@lx. uì xwúy@lxkwukw uì ’kl ’kìPalqw, ’kí ’k@m ksyáQps@lx ’kl ’kìPalqw, kaPkín mat ’kl ’kaPít@tl@x’kliP. uì kwukw ixíP sxwúyPs@lx ’kìx̌wil, ’kìx̌wil kwukw iP sxwúyPs@lx uì l t@ìtíìxl wist uì ilíP kwukw uì yaQyáQt s@QsáQtl@x. s@QsáQtl@x uì taìt ’kl qw@mí;; ’wt ki ’wmat kiP yaQt ’ňáxwtl@x. uì ’kim kwukw ’ti knaqs t ’ň@x̌ ’ňx̌áp ac’tkíkst, uì kwukw ixíP,iP t ’tkíkst@ns kaP cxwuy. ny ’Qip wt@ntís iP ’tkíkst@ns uì cmystis kwukw xwuy uì

mynús, lut, wa ’y ’ti a ’kláP x@rxárt, uì nwíwp@m. uì ixíP ilíP s ’ňlaps. uì mat t swit’t@xw kiP kaPkíc@nt@m, uì cúnt@m kwukw “ ’ňaxwt yaQyáQt as@nqsílxw, ’klaP s@QsáQtl@x.”uì ixíP ìaP c ’ksax̌t@mnwíxw iP syilx naPì syxwápm@x. uì s@QsáQt iP s’l@x̌’láx̌ts@lxuì kmax aP ckn@mqín aP cxw@lxwált. uì ixíP itlíP kwukw ’p@l ’kstís@lx, uì ’csap iPs@nqsílxws uì ixíP itlíP kwís@lx, xwúys@lx, uì cxw@lxwált cniìc ’kim ’ňaxwt iP ’kwi ’ňt.uì ixíP ’qsápi kwukw ìaP c ’kliP kwu cxwuy iP ’kl Keremeos, xwúyst@m Matilda.Matilda Chillhitzia xwúyst@m. uì ixíP kwu c ’mayxít@m. kwu c ’mayxít@m kwucxwuy, uì iP kwu cus "axáP aláP cmystikw, axáP aláP n ’qaPm ’wscút." ilíP kwukw

kaP cwíkw@mist iP syilx, s ’ňaP ’ňaPstím iP t syxwápm@x kspúlst@m uì ilíP n ’qaPm ’wscútìaP cns ’qi ’ws iP l x ’ňut. uì lut kaPkíciPs@lx uì lut púlsts@lx. ixíP kwu ’mayxíts MatildaìaP ctytyaqwt iP sqilxw ’qsápi. uì kwukw itlíP cxwuy uì cxwuy m@ì alaP ìcyáQp@lxl zuxwt k@ ’m mat ’k@ìáP ’kl shulus. uì sylyáltl@x. uì ny ’Qip ilíP Px̌íl@m@lx itíP ny ’Qiptyáqwtl@x. uì yrmínt@m@lx iP t syilx, uì yrmínt@m@lx uì ’kl Stump Lake. uì itlíPiP s@múlaPxw QapnáP. úìiP náx̌@mì ilíP kiP ’ňlap, uì c ’klaP mnímìt@t. kwlnúnt@miP t@mxwúlaPxw, kwanúnt@m. uì ixíP QapnáP iP t@mxwúlaPxwt@t, ’ňxwúp@nt@miP tl syxwápm@x. ’ňxw@ntís@lx mat iP xwPit iP syxwápm@x, uì ’ňxwúps@lx ixíP iPt@mxwúlaPxw. scPx̌iìx kiP aláP iP kwu kwliwt, kwu syilx. kwaP lut aláP ’t Paksyilx,’klaP syxwápm@x ’kl Kamloops, uì tac ’kl Merritt, nu ’kwtmíxw. ’kim axáP aláP kwu’kw@ ’kwyúmaP t syilx, t sqilxw, uì aláP kwu kwliwt. kwaP ’ňxwúp@nt@m ixíP ìaP

ctyaqwt iP s@nxaPcín@mt@t iP x@PxPít@t, ìaP ctyáqwtl@x uì ixíP ’ňxwúps@lx. uì

scPx̌iìx kiP aláP iP kwu kwliwt, iP kwu sqilxw. uì ’kim iP syxwápm@x yaQyáQt tlxwúy@lx mat. uì ixíP ya;Qt kwu ’mayìtím Matilda taPkín kaP cpúlx@lx, taPkín kaPcwkwwíkwmistl@x, ìaP ctytyáqwtl@x. uì ìaP cxw@lxwált Herbie, kwu cus “ixíPks ’kìPíys@nt@m iP skwstúlaPxw, kwaP yaPx̌ís skwstúlaPxw yaQyáQt syxwápm@x,syxwápm@x iP skwstúlaPxws.” uì t Herbie cut “ixíP kskwís@nt@m t nqw@lqwílt@nt@t.”

30

uì cun “lut, ciPskw ilíP wa ’y ’ti iP scPx̌iìx, wa ’y ixíP s ’ňxwúpt@t. uì ixíP ’ní ’n ’wiPsì mypnús swit l syxwpmxúlaPxws.” “ ’ní ’n ’wiPs mi ... itlíP mi ’ňxwúp@nt@m. ’kim’kìPí;ys@nt uì cmay s@’lmínt@m.” uì kwu cus “wa ’y ’mayìtín sti ’m iP kwu ’mayxítsis ’wa ’wásaP.” uì kwu cus “wa ’y x̌ast, lut ks ’kìPíys@nt@m.” uì yaQyáQt ixíP Sharonx̌minks kwu ksíw@nt@m, yaQt iP t skwskwstúlaPxw, mi ’ní ’n ’wiPs ixíP cúìt@m ìaP

cmystim. ixíP iP stqw@líplaPs, ixíP kiP aláP iP kwu sqilxw iP kwu ’kw@ ’kwíynaPt iPt sqilxw, t syilx. ixíP iP s ’ňxwups iP ’ň@x̌@x̌ ’ňx̌áp iP s@nxaPcín@mt@t ìaP ctyáqwtl@x,kiP aláP kwu kwliwt. uì cakw taPlí;;P cx̌aPstím, cakw taPlíP cx̌síkst@mst@m QantaláP iP sx̌ást@t QapnáP. l nkw ’ritkw kiP kwu kwliwt, x̌ast iP spuPúst@t, x̌ast iP t@mxw-úlaPxw. cakw lut iP ’ň@x̌@x̌ ’ňx̌ápt@t, cakw ixíP s@’lmínt@m, cakw aláP iP smsámaPkiP kwliwt QapnáP. ixíP iP s ’my ’mays axáP iP t@mxwúlaPxwt@t kiP aláP kwu kwliwt.wa ’y.



kwukw

EVIDiPDET

sqilxw

native.peopleìaPCOMP

c-tyaqwt.CUST-fight

‘Long ago, they say the people were fighting.’

(31) tyaqwt-sfight-(DIR)-3SG.ERG

iPDET

syilx,Okanagan.people

uìCONJ

iPDET

syxwáp-m@x,Shuswap-people

uìCONJ

kwukw

EVIDixíPDEM

ìaPCOMP

c-kil-nwíxw-@lx,CUST-chase-RECIP-3PL.ABS

m@ìCONJ

qíxw-s@lxdrive-(DIR)-3PL.ERG

m@ìCONJ

qíxw-nt-@[email protected]

‘The Okanagans fought the Shuswaps, and they say they chased oneanother, back and forth.’

(32) uìCONJ

xwú[email protected]

kwukw

REPuìCONJ

’klLOC

’kìPalqw,across.the.border

’kí ’k@malmost

ks-yáQp-s@lxFUT-arrive(PL)-3PL.POSS

’klLOC

’kìPalqw,across.the.border

kaPkínwhere

matEPIS

’klLOC

’kaPít-@[email protected]

’kliP.DEM

‘And they went to the border, they almost got to the border, whereverthey got close to there.’

31

(33) uìCONJ

kwukw

REPixíPDEM

s-xwúyP-s@lxNOM-go(PL)-3pl.poss

’kìx̌wil,many

’kìx̌wilmany

kwukw

REP

iPDET

s-xwúyP-s@lxNOM-go(PL)-3PL.POSS

uìCONJ

lLOC

t@ì-tíìxRED-stand

lLOC

wisthigh

uìCONJ

ilíPDEM

kwukw

REPuìCONJ

yaQyáQtall

s@Q-sá[email protected]

‘And they say that there were lots of them that went right on top of ahigh mountain, and then they all fell over the edge.’

(34) s@Q-sá[email protected]

uìCONJ

taìtstraight

’klLOC

qw@mí;; ’wtmountain

ki ’wyes

matEPIS

kiPCOMP

yaQtall

’ňá[email protected]

‘They fell off straight off the top and they must’ve all died.’

(35) uìCONJ

’kimexcept

kwukw

REP

’tiEMPH

knaqsone(HUMAN)

tOBL

’ň@x̌- ’ňx̌ápRED-grown

ac-’tk-íkst,STAT-pole-hand

uìCONJ

kwukw

REPixíP,DEM

iPDET

tOBL

’tk-íks(t)[email protected]

kaPCOMP

c-xwuy.CISL-go

‘And there was one old man with a cane, and they say that it was him,with a cane, that came.’

(36) ny ’Qipalways

wt-nt-ísuse-DIR-3SG.ERG

iPDET

’tk-íks(t)[email protected]

uìCONJ

c-my-st-isCUST-know-CAUS-3SG.ERG

kwukw

REPxwuygo

uìCONJ

my-nú-s,know-MANAGE.TO-(DIR)-3SG.ERG

lut,NEG

wa ’yyes

’tiEMPH

a ’kláPDEM

x@r-xárt,RED-steep

uìCONJ

n-wí[email protected]

‘He always had a cane ahead of him, and knew where he was going,and he felt that there was a steep edge there, and he backed up.’

(37) uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

(i)líPDEM

s- ’ňlap-s.NOM-stop-3SG.POSS

‘And he stopped there.’

32

(38) uìCONJ

matEPIS

tOBL

switwho

’t@xw

EVIDkiPCOMP

kaPkíc-nt-@m,find-DIR-PASS

uìCONJ


kwukw

REP“ ’ňaxwtmany.die

yaQyáQtall

a(n)-s-nqs-ílxw,2SG.POSS-NOM-one-person

’klaPDEM

s@Q-sáQt-l@x.”RED-fall-3PL.ABS

‘And somebody must have found him, and told him “All your peopleare dead, they fell off a cliff.”’

(39) uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

ìaPCOMP

c- ’ks-ax̌t-m(n)-nwíxw

CUST-bad-arm-MIN-RECIPiPDET

syilxOkanagan.people

naPìCONJ

syxwá[email protected]

‘And the Okanagans and Shuswaps were pushing and threatening oneanother.’

(40) uìCONJ

s@Q-sáQtRED-fall

iPDET

s-’l@x̌-’láx̌[email protected]

uìCONJ

kmaxonly

aPDET

c-kn@mqínSTAT-blind

aPDET

c-xw@l-xwált.STAT-RED-alive

‘And all their friends fell off, and there was just one blind man leftalive.’

(41) uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

itlíPDEM

kwukw

REP

’p@l ’k-st-ís@lx,return-CAUS-3PL.ERG

uìCONJ

’csapgone

iPDET

s-nqs-ílxw-sNOM-one-person-3SG.POSS

uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

itlíPDEM

kwí(n)-s@lx,take-(DIR)-3PL.ERG

xwúy-s@lx,go-(CAUS)-3PL.ERG

uìCONJ

c-xw@l-xwáltSTAT-RED-alive

cniìc3SG.INDEP

’kimexcept

’ňaxwtmany.die

iPDET

’kwi ’ňt.others

‘And they took him back to their place, all his relatives were gone, andthey took him and brought him, and he stayed alive while the othersdied.’

33

(42) uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

’qsápilong.ago

kwukw

REPìaPCOMP

c- ’kliPCUST-DEM

kwu1PL.ABS

c-xwuyCISL-go

iPDET

’klLOC

Keremeos,Keremeos


Matilda.Matilda

‘And that’s what happened long ago over there; we came to Keremeos,we drove Matilda there.’

(43) MatildaMatilda

ChillhitziaChillhtizia


uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

kwu1PL.ABS

c- ’may-xí[email protected]

kwu1PL.ABS

c- ’may-xí[email protected]

kwu1PL.ABS

c-xwuy,CISL-go

uìCONJ

iPDET

kwu1SG.ABS

cu-ssay-(DIR)-3SG.ERG

“axáPDEM

aláPDEM

c-my-st-ikw,4

CUST-know-CAUS-IMPaxáPDEM

aláPDEM

n- ’qaPm- ’ws-cút.”n-stuck-middle-REFLEX

‘We drove Matilda Chillhitzia, and she told us the story, and told us“Know this! Here in between the rocks, and they survived.”’

(44) ilíPDEM

kwukw

REPkaPCOMP

c-wíkw-mistCUST-hide-INTR.REFLEX

iPDET


s- ’ňaP- ’ňaP-st-ímNOM-RED-look.for-CAUS-PASS

iPDET

tOBL

syxwáp-m@xShuswap-people

ks-púl-st-@mFUT-kill-CAUS-PASS

uìCONJ

ilíPDEM

n- ’qaPm- ’ws-cútn-stuck-middle-REFLEX

ìaPCOMP

c-n-s ’q-i ’wsCUST-n-split-middle

iPDET

lLOC

x ’ňut.rock

‘And they say the Okanagans hid in there, the Shuswaps looked forthem to kill them, and they survived by hiding in the split rock.’

(45) uìCONJ

lutNEG

kaPkíc-is@lxfind-(DIR)-3PL.ERG

uìCONJ

lutNEG

pú[email protected]

‘And they didn’t find them, and they didn’t kill them.’

4 The imperative suffix -ikw in c-my-st-ikw may actually be a 2nd singular ergative subject -ixw, butthe fricative /x/ sounds like a stop /k/. If the morpheme is a 2nd singular ergative subject, then thesentence may be a question, i.e. “axáP aláP ha c-my-st-ixw?” ‘Do you know about this here?’ whichmakes sense given the discourse context. This is speculative however.

34

(46) ixíPDEM

kwu1SG.ABS

’may-xít-stell-BEN-3SG.ERG

MatildaMatilda

ìaPCOMP

c-ty-tyaqwtCUST-RED-fight

iPDET

sqilxw

native.people’qsápi.long.ago

‘Matilda told me that story about the people fighting long ago.’

(47) uìCONJ

kwukw

REPitlíPDEM

c-xwuyCISL-go

uìCONJ

c-xwuyCISL-go

m@ìCONJ

alaPDEM

ì-c-yáQp-@lxreturn-CUST-arrive(PL)-3PL.ABS

lLOC

zuxwt5

Nicolak@ ’mCONJ

matEPIS

’k@ìáPthis.way

’klLOC

shulus.Shulus

‘And they got back here, maybe in Nicola or maybe this way to Shulus.’

(48) uìCONJ

s-yl-yá[email protected]

uìCONJ

ny ’Qipalways

ilíPDEM

Px̌íl-@[email protected]

itíPDEM

ny ’Qipalways

tyá[email protected]

‘And they all ran away. And they were always doing like that, fightingall the time.’

(49) uìCONJ

yr-mín-(n)t-@[email protected]

iPDET

tOBL


uìCONJ

yr-mín-(n)t-@[email protected]

uìCONJ

’klLOC

StumpStump

Lake.Lake

‘And they (the Shuswaps) were pushed, pushed over to Stump Lake.’

(50) uìCONJ

itlíPDEM

iPDET

s@m-úlaPxw

white.person-landQapnáP.now

‘And today it’s government land.’

(51) úìiPCONJ

náx̌@mìCONJ

ilíPDEM

kiPCOMP

’ňlap,stop

uìCONJ

c- ’klaPto-here

mnímì[email protected]

‘That’s where they stopped. And we’re here.’

(52) kwl-nún-(n)[email protected]

iPDET

t@mxwúlaPxw,land

kwa(n)-nún-(n)[email protected]

‘We settled on the land, we got the land.’

5 The form zuxwt means ‘to fall’ in Thompson Salish, cf. Okanagan yaxwt and the z > y sound shift,also apparent when comparing for example Lillooet quantifier zíPze ’Q ‘every’ with Okanagan yaQyáQt‘all’.

35

(53) uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

QapnáPnow

iPDET

t@mxwúlaPxw-t@t,land-1PL.POSS

’ňxwú[email protected]

iPDET

tlloc

syxwá[email protected]

‘And now it’s our land, we won it from the Shuswaps.’

(54) ’ňxw-nt-í[email protected]

matEPIS

iPDET

xwPitmany

iPDET


uìCONJ

’ňxwúp-s@lxwin-(DIR)-3PL.ERG

ixíPDEM

iPDET

t@mxwúlaPxw.land

‘They killed lots of Shuswaps, and they won this land.’

(55) scPx̌iìxwhy

kiPCOMP

aláPDEM

iPDET

kwu1PL.ABS

kwliwt,live

kwu1PL.ABS

syilx.Okanagan.people

‘That’s why we’re living here, us Okanagans.’

(56) kwaPCOMP

lutNEG

aláPDEM

’tEMPH

Pak(ì)-syílx,HAVE-Okanagan.people

’klaPDEM


’klLOC

Kamloops,Kamloops

uìCONJ

tacover

’klLOC

Merritt,Merritt

nu ’kwtmíxw.Thompson.people

‘And there’s no Okanagans, just Shuswaps, towards Kamloops, andtowards Merritt, the Thompson.’

(57) ’kimexcept

axáPDEM

aláPDEM

kwu1PL.ABS

’kw@- ’kwyúmaPRED-small

tOBL


tOBL

sqilxw,native.people

uìCONJ

aláPDEM

kwu1PL.ABS

kwliwt.live

‘We’re just small Syilx people here, but here we’re living.’

(58) kwaPCOMP


ixíPDEM

ìaPCOMP

c-tyaqwtCUST-fight

iPDET

s@nxaPcín@[email protected]

iPDET

x@P-xPít-(t)@t,RED-first-1PL.POSS

ìaPCOMP

c-tyá[email protected]

uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

’ňxwú[email protected](DIR)-3PL.ERG

‘Because our leaders, our parents, the people ahead of us, our ancestors,they fought and they won.’

36

(59) uìCONJ

scPx̌iìxwhy

kiPCOMP

aláPDEM

iPDET

kwu1PL.ABS

kwliwt,live

iPDET

kwu1PL.ABS

sqilxw.native.people

‘And that’s why we’re living here, us Okanagans.’

(60) uìCONJ

’kimexcept

iPDET


yaQyáQtall

tlLOC


mat.EPIS

‘All the Shuswaps went home.’

(61) uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

ya;Qtall

kwu1PL.ABS

’may-ìt-ím6

tell-APPL-3.ERGMatildaMatilda

taPkínwhere

kaPCOMP

c-púlx-@lx,CUST-camp-3PL.ABS

taPkínwhere

kaPCOMP

c-wkw-wíkw-mist-l@x,CUST-RED-hide-INTR.REFLEX-3PL.ABS

ìaPCOMP

c-ty-tyá[email protected]

‘And Matilda told us everything about where they were camping, wherethey were hiding when they were fighting.’

(62) uìCONJ

ìaPCOMP

c-xw@l-xwáltSTAT-RED-alive

Herbie,Herbie

kwu1SG.ABS


“ixíPDEM

ks- ’kìPíys-nt-@mFUT-change-DIR-PASS

iPDET

skwst-úlaPxw,name-land

kwaPbecause

yaPx̌ísDEM

skwst-úlaPxw

name-landyaQyáQtall



iPDET

skwst-úlaPxw-s.”name-land-3SG.POSS

‘And when Herbie was alive, he told me “We should change the namesof the places because they’re all Shuswap names.”’

(63) uìCONJ

tOBL

HerbieHerbie

cutsay

“ixíPDEM

ks-kwí[email protected]

tOBL

n-qw@l-qwíl-t@n-t@t.”n-RED-speak-INSTR-1PL.POSS

‘And Herbie said “Let’s rename them to our language.”’

6 The kwu object proclitic is ambiguous between 1SG and 1PL, however with third person subjects-ím disambiguates the proclitic as denoting the plural, whereas -is denotes singular. (Mattina, 1982,422, f.n.2)

37

(64) uìCONJ

cu-nsay-(DIR)-1SG.ERG

“lut,NEG

ciP-skw

stop-IMPilíPDEM

wa ’yyes

’tiEMPH

iPDET

scPx̌iìx,why

wa ’yyes

ixíPDEM

s- ’ňxwú[email protected]

uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

’ní ’n ’wiPsin.a.little.while

ìCOMP

my-p-nú-sknow-INCH-MANAGE.TO-(DIR)-3SG.ERG

switwho

lLOC

syxwp-mx-úlaPxw-s.”Shuswap-people-land-3SG.POSS

‘And I told him “No, leave it alone, like it is now. We won the land, andmaybe someday someone will need to know it was Shuswap land.”’

(65) “ ’ní ’n ’wiPsin.a.little.while

miFUT

...

...itlíPDEM

miFUT


’kimexcept

’kìPi;ys-ntchange-DIR

uìCONJ

cmayEPIS

s@’l-mín-(n)t-@m.”lose-MIN-DIR-1PL.ERG

“‘That’s how we won it over, if we change it we might lose it.”’

(66) uìCONJ

kwu1SG.ABS


“wa ’yyes

’may-ìt-íntell-APPL-1SG.ERG

sti ’mwhat

iPDET

kwu1SG.ABS


i(n)-s ’wa ’wásaP.”1SG.POSS-aunt

‘And he told me “Yes, I told you what my aunt told me.”’

(67) uìCONJ

kwu1SG.ABS


“wa ’yyes

x̌ast,good

lutNEG

ks- ’kìPíys-nt-@m.”FUT-change-DIR-1PL.ERG

‘And he told me “Okay, we won’t change it.”’

(68) uìCONJ

yaQyáQtall

ixíPDEM

SharonSharon

x̌mink-swant-(DIR)-3SG.ERG

kwu1PL.ABS

k(s)-síw-nt-@m,FUT-ask-DIR-3SG.ERG

yaQtall

iPDET

tOBL

s-kws-kwst-úlaPxw,NOM-RED-name-land

miFUT


ixíPDEM

cú(n)-ì[email protected]

ìaPCOMP

c-my-st-im.CUST-know-CAUS-1PL.ERG

‘And everything Sharon wants to ask us about, all the place names, wecan tell her what we know.’

38

(69) ixíPDEM

iPDET

s-t-qw@l-íplaP-s,NOM-t-speak-handle-3SG.POSS

ixíPDEM

kiPCOMP

aláPDEM

iPDET

kwu1PL.ABS

sqilxw

native.peopleiPDET

kwu1PL.ABS

’kw@- ’kwíynaPtRED-few

iPDET

tOBL


tOBL

syilx.Okanagan.people

‘That’s what we’re talking about, how we got to be here, us few Nativepeople, Okanagan people.’

(70) ixíPDEM

iPDET

s- ’ňxwup-sNOM-win-3SG.POSS

iPDET

’ň@x̌-@x̌- ’ňx̌ápRED-RED-grown

iPDET

s@nxaPcín@[email protected]

ìaPCOMP

c-tyáqwt-l@x,CUST-fight-3PL.ABS

kiPCOMP

aláPDEM

kwu1PL.ABS

kwliwt.live

‘Our elders, those that came ahead of us, they fought and won it overfor us, that’s why we are here.’

(71) uìCONJ

cakw

BOULtaPlí;;Pvery

c-x̌aP-st-ím,CUST-sacred-CAUS-1PL.ERG

cakw

BOULtaPlíPvery

c-x̌s-íkst-@[email protected]

Qant7

nowaláPDEM

iPDET

s-x̌á[email protected]

QapnáP.now

‘We should really treat it well, really take care of it, so that it’s the waywe want.’

(72) lLOC

n-kw ’r-itkw

n-yellow-waterkiPCOMP

kwu1PL.ABS

kwliwt,live

x̌astgood

iPDET

s-puPús-t@t,NOM-heart-1PL.POSS

x̌astgood

iPDET

t@mxwúlaPxw.land

‘At Glimpse Lake where we’re staying, we really like it, the land isgood.’

7 The form Qant may be short for Qa ’c@nt ‘look at it’, with a colloquial meaning of ‘now’. MicheleJohnson (p.c.) mentions that speakers she works with do this regularly.

39

(73) cakw

BOULlutNEG

iPDET

’ň@x̌-@x̌- ’ňx̌áp-t@t,RED-RED-grown-1PL.POSS

cakw

BOULixíPDEM

s@’l-mín-(n)t-@m,lose-MIN-DIR-1PL.ERG

cakw

BOULaláPDEM

iPDET


kiPCOMP

kwliwtlive

QapnáP.now

‘If it wasn’t for our ancestors we might have lost it, and the whitesmight have been living here instead.’

(74) ixíPDEM

iPDET

s- ’my- ’may-sNOM-RED-story-3SG.POSS

axáPDEM

iPDET

t@mxwú[email protected]

kiPCOMP

aláPDEM

kwu1PL.ABS

kwliwt.live


‘That’s my story about this land and how we came to live here. That’sall.’


A long time ago the people were fighting one another. They were chas-ing one another, they’d chase them so far, kinda back and forth. And gettingclose to the border, where the bluff is near Oliver, almost got to the border. Andright up on top of the mountain, it was steep and night time on the high moun-tain, they all fell over, way down on the river, they all must have died. Exceptfor one old blind man with the cane, who survived. He always had a cane aheadof him, and he felt that there was an edge there. It’s steep there, and he backedup. He stopped. And he probably called for them and no answer, he just stayedthere, until the next day somebody went to look where all those people fell over,and he was sitting there. Somebody found him. “All your people are dead, theyfell off of a cliff.” They were pushing and threatening one another. There wasjust one blind man left alive. And they rescued him and took him with those peo-ple that were living around Oliver. They took him back to their place. His rel-atives were all gone. He was alive and all the rest died. We drove Matilda to afuneral and she was telling us the spots where people were dying, there’s a placethey call “the hanging place” because somebody hung themselves there. That’show I know because she told me the story about when the people were fighting.‘In between the rocks’, ‘split rock’, and they survived, on the way to Princetonthat way where the rest fell over, they stayed up in the hills. The Okanagans hidin there. The Shuswaps were looking for them and ‘split rock’ was where he hid.And they didn’t find him and they didn’t kill him. Matilda told that story longago, what happened. Then they got here. Maybe in Nicola or Shulus, or in Mer-ritt they said there was a big camp place there where NVIT is. They were fight-ing all the time. So the Okanagans pushed the Shuswaps down towards Kam-loops, now it’s government land. That’s where they stopped. We got the land,

40

Okanagans were all over, and from there they came up here to be Keepers of theLand. That’s why we’re here as Syilx people, Syilx. Kamloops was the Shuswapand towards Shulus was the Thompson. We’re just small Syilx people here. Wewon the land because of our leaders, our parents, the people ahead of us, ances-tors. That’s why we’re here. All the Shuswaps went home, that was the end ofthe fight. And Matilda told me about where they were hiding when they werefighting. Mother and Father’s background was from down south, so my father’sfrom 100 Mile House, and never did go back. And while Herbie was still alivehe said “Let’s rename the Shuswap names to Okanagan names.” I said to leave italone. That’s how we won it over, it’ll show how we won it over, by not chang-ing the names of the places. Whoever is measuring the land will need to knowsomeday. My aunt told me the story, so we won’t change it. We can tell Sharonall the names that she wants to know. What we’re doing through Sharon, we cantell the story, we can talk about it. Our elders ahead of us, they won it over forus, that’s why we’re here. We should really look after it, the people suffered whowere here. We should look after it because this is where we live. The place isnice. If it wasn’t for our ancestors we might have lost it, we could have lost it.SámaPs would’ve been there and maybe made something out of it.

3 l n@ ’qá ’qsuì: “At Minnie Lake”

Recorded on August 1st, 2010 at Quilchena, BC. See Lindley and Lyon(2012) for a different version of this text. See also Boas and Teit (1930, 232-233)for notes on how elk disappeared from the country by overhunting.

3.1 Okanagan

’qsápi iP sqilxw kwukw ìaP cP@lPílxwt. uì ixíP iP sq@ltmíxw itíP cyryríw-ax̌@n@m, uì cxwylwis. uì kwukw cqilt ’kl Minnie Lake. uì ’ti c ’ňaP ’ňPústs sti ’m tks’tQaps. uì kwukw taìt ’kìx̌wil iP smi ’kwt. kwukw scPx̌iìx axáP iP t citxw iP s@nwístsiP smi ’kwt. uì kicx, wiks kwukw ’kliP aP cxwPul, ixíP mat iP s ’ňaPcín@m ilíP nìaP mqwa;qw uì mat ’kwnxás ’q@t smqwaqws. uì ilíP iP s ’ňaPcín@m nxlak uì ’ti ilíPn’twístl@x, lut kaPkín cxwúyPsts@lx. iP smi ’kwt kwukw mat ’kl sisp’lq iP s ’ckáks iPs@nwísts iP smqwaqw. uì wiks ’kìx̌wil ilíP iP s ’ňaPcín@m, mat, lútaP s ’ňaPcín@m’t@xw sti ’m ’ň@m, what was that called, what we were talking about? sníkì ’caP.uì kwukw ilíP n ’qwi ’ct, uì ixíP ì@ìxwúys, kwukw uì cus iP sqilxw, ’kl spáx̌m@n iPsqilxw uì aláP cus: “kwu ksPú’lusaPx ’kliP mi ’ň@xw@ntím iP sníkì ’caP, ’kìx̌wil ilíPiP n’twist.” ’ní ’n ’wiPs itlíP ìwníkstm@nt@m iP kwi ’ňt, lut ì yaQyaQt ’tQap@ntím. ilíPitlíP xwuy kwukw uì ’kl Shulus, Coldwater, cus kwukw iP sqilxw “cxwúywi! ’kìx̌wil’klaP iP sníkì ’caP, ’kliP kwu ksPawst@xwcncútaPx.” uì ixíP sxwúyPs@lx kwukw uì iPsqilxw cxwyxwuy uì ’kliP yáQp@lx. uì kwukw ixíP ’ň@xw@ntís@lx iP sníkì ’caP. uì ilíPnpút@t@ls@lx. uì kwukw ixíP kìcíqs@lx iP kwi ’ňt uì ìwníkst@ms@lx. uì itlíP ylyaltsic iP kwi ’ňt lut iP ... uì ixiP sic ixiP c@kwckwákwstis@lx mat ’t@xw xPkísts@lx, uì

41

’kìkíciPs@lx iP ’kl s@nkwlíwt@ns@lx. ixíP ist@mtímaP iP kwu ’mayxíts, kwukw ixíPiP cawt ìaP ’qsápi, ìaP cqw@ ’nqwá ’nt iP sqilxw. uì ixíP cyríwax̌n@m, lut kwaP ’tPakìstí ’ml@x, ’ti kmax, náx̌@mì cmystís@lx ks ’kwú’l@ms@lx t yríwax̌n. uì ixíP wa ’yxwúyPs@lx, ’ňaP ’ňPám@lx t ksPíì@ns@lx. uì ixíP kwu ’mayxíts, lut itlíP nixw ’ta ..., ’tiixíP iP sc ’my ’mays, ixíP kwukw ilíP iP Px̌íl@m itíP ixíP naqsístk. wa ’y.



iPDET

sqilxw

native.peoplekwukw

REPìaPCOMP

c-P@l-Pílxwt.CUST-RED-hungry

‘A long time ago, they say the people were very hungry.’

(76) uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

iPDET

sq@ltmíxw

manitíPDEM

c-yr-yríwax̌@n-@m,CUST-RED-snowshoe-MID

uìCONJ

c-xwy-lwis.CUST-go-here.and.there

‘And the men traveled around on snowshoes, and traveled.’

(77) uìCONJ

kwukw

REPc-qiltCUST-climb

’klLOC

MinnieMinnie

Lake.Lake

‘And they say they went up to Minnie Lake.’

(78) uìCONJ

’tiEMPH

c- ’ňaP- ’ňP-ús-(s)t-sCUST-look.for-RED-eye-CAUS-3SG.ERG

sti ’mwhat

tOBL

k(ì)-s-’tQap-s.U.POSS-NOM-shoot-3SG.POSS

‘And they were just looking around for something to shoot.’

(79) uìCONJ

kwukw

REPtaìtstraight

’kìx̌wilmany

iPDET

smi ’kwt.snow

‘And they say there was a lot of snow.’

(80) kwukw

REPscPx̌iìxdo.like

axáPDEM

iPDET

tOBL

citxw

houseiPDET

s-n-wíst-sNOM-n-high-3SG.POSS

iPDET

smi ’kwt.snow

‘They say the snow was as high as a house.’

42

(81) uìCONJ

kic-x,arrive(SG)-INTR

wik-ssee-(DIR)-3SG.ERG

kwukw

REP

’kliPDEM

aPDET

c-xwPul,CUST-steam

ixíPDEM

matEPIS

iPDET

s ’ňaPcín@mdeer

ilíPDEM

[n]

ìaPCOMP

mqw-a;qw

falling.snow-REDuìCONJ

matEPIS

’kwnx-ás ’[email protected]

s-mqw-aqw-s.NOM-falling.snow-RED-3SG.POSS

‘And they got there and saw something steaming there, there were deerin the snow; I don’t know how many days it must have snowed.’

(82) uìCONJ

ilíPDEM

iPDET

s ’ňaPcín@mdeer

n-xlakn-whirl

uìCONJ

’tiEMPH

ilíPDEM

n-’twíst-l@x,n-standing-3PL.ABS

lutNEG

kaPkínwhere

c-xwú[email protected](PL)-CAUS-3PL.ERG

‘And the deer there went around in circles and just stood there, theycouldn’t go anywhere in the snow, they were trapped in there.’

(83) iPDET

smi ’kwtsnow

kwukw

REPmatEPIS

’klLOC

sisp’lqseven

iPDET

s- ’ck-ák-sNOM-count-RED-3SG.POSS

iPDET

s-n-wíst-sNOM-n-high-3SG.POSS

iPDET

s-mqwaqw.NOM-falling.snow

‘And they say the snow was maybe seven feet high.’

(84) uìCONJ


’kìx̌wilmany

ilíPDEM

iPDET

s ’ňaPcín@m,deer

mat,EPIS

lútaPNEG

s ’ňaPcín@mdeer

’t@xw

EVIDsti ’mwhat

’ň@m,PAST

whatwhat

waswas

thatthat

called,called

whatwhat

wewe

werewere

talkingtalking

about?about

sníkì ’caP.elk

‘And they saw lots of deer there, but they weren’t actually deer, theywere, what was that called what we were talking about? Elk.’

43

(85) uìCONJ

kwukw

REPilíPDEM

n- ’qwi ’ct,n-full

uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

ì@ì-xwúy-s,return-go-3SG.POSS

kwukw

REPuìCONJ


iPDET


’klLOC

spáx̌[email protected]

iPDET

sqilxw

native.peopleuìCONJ

aláPDEM

cu-s:say-(DIR)-3SG.ERG

‘And when they were full, and went back to tell the people, the peopleat Douglas Lake and here, and said:’

(86) “kwu1PL.ABS

ks-Pú’lus-aPxFUT-gather-INCEPT

’kliPDEM

miFUT

’ň@xw-nt-ímkill.many-DIR-1PL.ERG

iPDET

sníkì ’caP,elk

’kìx̌wilmany

ilíPDEM

iPDET

n-’twist.”n-standing

“‘Let’s gather over there in order to kill the elks, there are a lot standingover there.”’

(87) ’ní ’n ’wiPsin.a.little.while

itlíPDEM

ìwn-íkst-m@(n)[email protected]

iPDET

kwi ’ňt,others

lutNEG

ìCOMP

yaQyáQtall

’tQap-nt-ím.shoot-DIR-PASS

‘Then they cut a few loose, they didn’t shoot them all.’

(88) ilíPDEM

itlíPDEM

xwuygo

kwukw

REPuìCONJ

’klLOC

Shulus,Shulus

Coldwater,Coldwater


kwukw

REPiPDET

sqilxw

native.people“c-xwúy-wi!CISL-go-PL.IMP

’kìx̌wilmany

’klaPDEM

iPDET

sníkì ’caP,elk

’kliPDEM

kwu1PL.ABS

ks-Paws-t@xw-cn-cút-aPx.”FUT-go-get-food-REFLEX-INCEPT

‘And from there they went to Shulus, Coldwater, and told the people“Come on! There’s a lot of elk there, let’s go there and get somefood!”’

(89) uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

s-xwúyP-s@lxNOM-go(PL)-3PL.POSS

kwukw

REPuìCONJ

iPDET

sqilxw

native.peoplec-xwy-xwuy8

CUST-RED-gouìCONJ

’kliPDEM

yá[email protected](PL)-3PL.ABS

‘And they say the people went, and got there.’

44

(90) uìCONJ

kwukw

REPixíPDEM

’ň@xw-nt-í[email protected]

iPDET

sníkì ’caP.deer

‘And then they killed many elks.’

(91) uìCONJ

ilíPDEM

n-pút-@t-@l(s)[email protected]

‘And there they satisfied themselves.’

(92) uìCONJ

kwukw

REPixíPDEM

kì-cíq-s@lxkì-cook-(DIR)-3PL.ERG

iPDET

kwi ’ňtothers

uìCONJ

ìwn-íkst-@[email protected](DIR)-3PL.ERG

‘And they cooked some there and cut the others loose.’

(93) uìCONJ

itlíPDEM

yl-yaltRED-run.away

sicnew

iPDET

kwi ’ňtsome

lutNEG

iPDET

...

...uìCONJ

ixiPDEM

sicbefore

ixiPDEM

c@kw-ckw-á[email protected]

matEPIS

’t@xw

EVID

xPkí(n)-st-s@lx,do.like-CAUS-3PL.ERG

uìCONJ

’kì-kíc-iP-s@lx’kì-arrive-MID-3PL.POSS

iPDET

’klLOC

s@n-kwlíwt-(t)@[email protected]

‘And some of them ran away, and ....before they hauled them they didlike that9.... they brought it back to their camp.’

(94) ixíPDEM

i(n)-st@mtímaP1SG.POSS-grandmother

iPDET

kwu1SG.ABS

’may-xít-s,tell-BEN-3SG.ERG

kwukw

REPixíPDEM

iPDET

cawtdoings

ìaPCOM

’qsápi,long.ago

ìaPCOMP

c-qw@ ’n-qwá ’ntSTAT-RED-pitiful

iPDET


‘It was my grandmother who told me the story, and that’s what they saythey did a long time ago, when the people were so hungry.’

8 This might actually be two separate intransitive verbs involving the root xwuy. I bring them togetherbecause of the prosody: there is no pause between the two occurrences, and the first occurrence doesnot strike me impressionistically as a false start.9 I think that this phrase refers to the way the hunters would prepare the animals for hauling backto camp. According to Lottie, they would drag them along the snow, making sure that they weredragged with, rather than against, the lay of their fur.

45

(95) uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

c-yríwax̌n-@m,CUST-snowshoe-MID

lutNEG

kwaPbecause

’tEMPH

Pakì-stí ’m-l@x,HAVE-what-3PL.ABS

’tiEMPH

kmax,only

náx̌@mìCONJ

c-my-st-í[email protected]

ks- ’kwú’l-@[email protected]

tOBL

yríwax̌n.snowshoe

‘And they’d travel on snowshoes, they didn’t have anything, but theydid know how to make snowshoes.’

(96) uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

wa ’yyes

xwúyP-s@lx,go(PL)-3PL.POSS

’ňaP- ’ňP-á[email protected]

tOBL

k(ì)-s-Píì@[email protected]

‘And they’d go look for something to eat.’

(97) uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

kwu1SG.ABS

’may-xít-s,tell-BEN-3SG.POSS

lutNEG

itlíPDEM

nixw

again’taEMPH

...,10

[elk]’tiEMPH

ixíPDEM

iPDET

s-c- ’my- ’may-s,NOM-CUST-RED-story-3SG.POSS

ixíPDEM

kwukw

REPilíPDEM

iPDET

Px̌í[email protected]

itíPDEM

ixíPDEM

naq(s)-sístk.one-winter


‘And that’s what I was told, and now there aren’t any more [elk]... that’swhat they say happened that one winter.’

4 SnQánaPs, the snotty-nosed bird

This was recorded on August 1st, 2010 at Quilchena, BC. This is ashort captíkwì about a bird in Quilchena who used to stop the wind from blow-ing across Nicola Lake.

4.1 Okanagan

’qsápi ìaP c ’mayám iP ’ň@x̌@x̌ ’ňx̌áp. uì níx’lm@n ìaP c ’maystís@lx t csni ’wttl nì ’qíìm@lx. ny ’Qi;;p acsni ’wt. uì iP ’ň@x̌@x̌ ’ňx̌áp c ’kQawmíst@ms@lx sk@kQákaP

kwukw ’ta snQánaPs. uì taìt kwukw ’ti ilíP snQas, náx̌@mì sk@kQákaP. uì lut ’kl sti ’m10 I expect that the missing word here is sníkì ’caP ‘elk’, to complete the phrase ‘There aren’t anymore ....’, but this is speculative.

46

t x̌ast náx̌@mì x̌ast ìaP c ’kQawmíst@ms@lx kwukw ’t@qwcín@ms@lx. m@ì cús@lx“snQá;;naPs, nQacús@nt iP sni ’wt.” uì kwukw iP ’kwinx kscúyiPs@lx kwukw uì, uì

kwukw nQacús@s iP snQánaPs iP sni ’wt. kmax ’kliP kiP x̌ast iP ’kl sni ’wt. ixíP snQánaPiP sc ’kwú’lc, ks ’ň@lpstís iP sni ’wt. uì ixíP ’qsápi ìaP cxwPit iP slaqs m@ì iP ’ň@x̌@x̌ ’ňx̌ápcut “ ’kQawmíst@m@nt iP s ’ni ’n ’wt.” s ’ni ’n ’wt mi ’ň@lpstís iP sni ’wt m@ì ìaP csni ’wt, ìaP

cmaPmísts@lx ìaP cnPíwl@m. m@ì ixíP kwukw iP snQánaPs ’ň@lpstís iP sni ’wt. ixíPiP kwu ’mayxíts@lx ’qsápi. ixíP iP s ’m ’y ’m ’yá ’ys iP snínaP. wa ’y.



ìaPCOMP

c- ’may-ámCUST-tell.stories-MID

iPDET

’ň@x̌-@x̌- ’ňx̌áp.RED-RED-grown

‘A long time ago the elders told stories.’

(99) uìCONJ

níx’l-m-@nhear-MIN-(DIR)-1SG.ERG

ìaPCOMP

c- ’may-st-í[email protected]

tOBL

c-sni ’wtCUST-wind

tlLOC

nì ’qíì[email protected]

‘And I listened when they told about the wind blowing in Quilchena.’

(100) ny ’Qi;;palways

ac-sni ’wt.CUST-wind

‘They said the wind would always blow.’

(101) uìCONJ

iPDET


c- ’kQaw-mí-st-@m-s@lxCUST-hire-MIN-CAUS-MID-(DIR)-3PL.ERG

sk@kQákaPbird

kwukw

REP

’taEMPH

snQánaPs.snotty.nose

‘And the old people hired the bird Snotty-nose.’

(102) uìCONJ

taìtstraight

kwukw

REP

’tiEMPH

ilíPDEM

snQas,snot

náx̌@mìCONJ

sk@kQákaP.bird

‘And he was all snotty, but he was a bird of some kind.’

(103) uìCONJ

lutNEG

’klLOC

sti ’mwhat

tOBL

x̌astgood

náx̌@mìCONJ

x̌astgood

ìaPCOMP

c- ’kQaw-mí-st-@m-s@lxCUST-hire-MIN-CAUS-MID-(DIR)-3PL.ERG

kwukw

REP

’t@qwcín-@[email protected](DIR)-3PL.ERG

‘He wasn’t good for anything but they’d holler for him.’

47

(104) m@ìCONJ

cú-s@lxsay-(DIR)-3PL.ERG

“snQá;;naPs,snotty.nose

n-Qac-ús-ntn-tie-round-DIR

iPDET

sni ’wt.”wind

‘And they’d tell him “Snotty-Nose, put a trap on the wind!”’

(105) uìCONJ

kwukw

REPiPDET

’kwinxhow.many

ks-cúy-iP-s@lx11

FUT-tell-MID-3PL.POSSkwukw

REPuì,CONJ

uìCONJ

kwukw

REPn-Qac-ús-@sn-tie-round-(DIR)-3SG.ERG

iPDET

snQánaPssnotty-nose

iPDET

sni ’wt.wind

‘And who knows how many times would they tell him, but Snotty-nosewould put a trap on the wind.’

(106) kmaxonly

’kliPDEM

kiPCOMP

x̌astgood

iPDET

’klLOC

sni ’wt.wind

‘That’s all he was good for, for the wind.’

(107) ixíPDEM

snQánaPsnotty-nose

iPDET

s-c- ’kwú’l-c,NOM-CUST-make-3SG.POSS

ks- ’ň@l-p-st-ísFUT-stop-CAUS-3SG.ERG

iPDET

sni ’wt.wind

‘That Snotty-nose, that’s his job, stopping the wind.’

(108) uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

’qsápilong.ago

ìaPCOMP

c-xwPitCUST-many

iPDET

slaqsmosquito

m@ìCONJ

iPDET


cutsay

“ ’kQaw-mí-st-@m-nthire-MIN-CAUS-MID-DIR

iPDET

s ’ni- ’n ’wt.”RED-wind

‘And a long time ago when there was a lot of mosquitos, the old peoplewould say “Hire the little wind!”’

(109) s- ’ni- ’n ’wtNOM-RED-wind

miFUT

’ň@lp-st-ísstop-CAUS-3SG.ERG

iPDET

sni ’wtwind

m@ìCONJ

ìaPCOMP

c-sni ’wt,CUST-wind

ìaPCOMP

c-maP-mí[email protected]

ìaPCOMP

c-nPí[email protected]

‘Little Wind will stop the wind from blowing, when they’re tired of thewaves coming in.’

11 The middle suffix -m becomes -iP before a 3rd person possessive morpheme (Mattina, 1993, 251).

48

(110) m@ìCONJ

ixíPDEM

kwukw

REPiPDET

snQánaPssnotty-nose

’ň@lp-st-ísstop-CAUS-3SG.ERG

iPDET

sni ’wt.wind

‘But they say that Snotty-nose stopped the wind.’

(111) ixíPDEM

iPDET

kwu1SG.ABS

’may-xí[email protected]

’qsápi.long.ago

‘I was told that a long time ago.’

(112) ixíPDEM

iPDET

s- ’m ’y- ’m ’y-á ’y-sNOM-RED-story-RED-3SG.POSS

iPDET

snínaP.owl


‘It must have been an owl in the story. That’s all.’


A long time ago the old people talked about the sni ’wt, like the wind.They said the wind would always blow in Quilchena. The old people hiredSnQánaPs to stop the wind. And he was supposed to be a bird. And it was allsnotty but he was a bird of some kind. And this bird was just nothing but allsnot, and wasn’t good for anything. He wasn’t good for anything but they’dholler for him. But, and the legend was told that he was good for stopping thewind. They’d say “SnQá naPs, put a trap on the wind.” How many times wouldthey tell him that. That’s all he was good for. That’s his job, stopping the wind.When there was a lot of snow, they said “Blow the mosquitos away.” When thewind is blowing, you can hire S ’ni ’n ’wt and he can stop the wind, when they’retired of the waves coming in. SnQánaPs stopped the wind. If you asked him tostop the wind, it would stop the wind, and the wind would stop when peoplewere tired of the wind, and it was always waving and, so they’d hire SnQánaPsto stop the wind. I was told that a long time ago.

5 iP sqiPsc iP knaqs iP tkìmílxw: “One woman’s dream”

Recorded on September 29th, 2010 at Quilchena, BC. This brief storydescribes a woman long ago that had a dream about the future.

5.1 Okanagan

’qsápi kwukw iP ... kwu ’mayxíts iP ’ň@x̌@x̌ ’ňx̌áp. kwukw iP knaqs iP tkìmilxw,kwukw cPx̌iì t c ’ňlal, Pitx kwukw l más ’q@t. qíìt@m uì ixíP ’mayxíts iP s@nqsílxws t... iP t sqiPsc. ’mayxíts kwukw iP t latáp, iP s@nkìmút@n, lasy@́t, ní ’km@n; iP ’kwú’lm@nsiP scPíì@n, ìaP kw scPíì@n. uì kwukw ixíP wiks uì ixíP ’mayxíts iP s@nqsílxws, matixíP xwaPspí;ntk kiP lútiP ìaP ckicx iP sámaP, lutíP ìaP mypnús@lx iP lasy@́t uìiP c@cítxw. ’ti mat ixíP pnicíP ì kwliwt iP sqilxw l s@nx̌wx̌wáyaq ’n k@ ’m l sxwulìxw.

49

ixíP iP cawts kwukw ixíP pnicíP, uì ixíP ’mayntís ixíP p@ptwínaxw. uì wnixw ilíPPx̌íl@m itíP, wa ’y itíP ’qsápi tl s ’ňlals, sic ilíP Px̌íl@m itíP. ixíP. wa ’y.



kwukw

REPiPDET

...

...kwu1SG.ABS


iPDET


‘A long time ago the old people used to tell me stories.’

(114) kwukw

REPiPDET

knaqsone(HUMAN)

iPDET

tkìmilxw,woman

kwukw

REPcPx̌iìlike

tOBL

c- ’ňlal,STAT-dead

Pitxsleep

kwukw

REPlLOC

más- ’[email protected]

‘They say there was one woman, it was like she was dead, she slept forfour days.’

(115) qíìt-@mwake-MID

uìCONJ

ixíPDEM


iPDET

s-nqs-ílxw-sNOM-one-person-3SG.POSS

tOBL

...

...iPDET

tOBL

sqiPs-c.dream-3SG.POSS

‘She woke and told her relatives about her dream.’

(116) ’may-xít-stell-BEN-3SG.ERG

kwukw

REPiPDET

tOBL

latáp,table

iPDET

s@n-kì-mút-(t)@n,LOC-kì-sit-INSTR

lasy@́t,plate

ní ’k-m@n,cut-INSTR

iPDET

’kwú’[email protected]

iPDET

s-c-Píì@n,NOM-CUST-eat

ìaPCOMP

kw

2SG.ABSs-c-Píì@n.NOM-CUST-eat

‘They say she told them about tables, and chairs, plates, knives, thethings that you use to eat with.’

50

(117) uìCONJ

kwukw

REPixíPDEM


uìCONJ

ixíPDEM


iPDET

s-nqs-ílxw-s,NOM-one-person-3SG.POSS

matEPIS

ixíPDEM

xwaP-spí;ntkmany-years

(k)iPCOMP

lútiPnot.yet

ìaPCOMP

c-kic-xCISL-arrive-INTR

iPDET

sámaP,white.person

lutíPnot.yet

ìaPCOMP

my-p-nú(n)[email protected](DIR)-3PL.ERG

iPDET

lasy@́tplate

uìCONJ

iPDET

c@-cítxw.RED-house

‘And they say that she saw it and told her relatives a long time beforethe whites came, a long time before they knew about plates and housesand things.’

(118) ’tiEMPH

matEPIS

ixíPDEM

pnicíPlong.time

ìCOMP

kwliwtlive

iPDET

sqilxw

native.peoplelLOC

s@nx̌wx̌wáyaq ’ntepees

k@ ’mCONJ

lLOC

s-xwul-ìxw.NOM-pit-house

‘And it must’ve been a long time then that the people lived in tepees andpit-houses.’

(119) ixíPDEM

iPDET

cawt-sdoings-3SG.POSS

kwukw

REPixíPDEM

pnicíP,long.time

uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

’may-nt-ístell-DIR-3SG.ERG

ixíPDEM

p@ptwínaxw.old.woman

‘That’s what they say they did for a long time, and that’s what the oldwoman told about.’

(120) uìCONJ

wnixw

trueilíPDEM


itíP,DEM

wa ’yyes

itíPDEM

’qsápilong.ago

tlLOC

s- ’ňlal-s,NOM-die-3SG.POSS

sicbefore

ilíPDEM


itíP.DEM

ixíP.DEM


‘And it’s true what she did there, and it was a long time after she diedbefore they did like that. That’s all.’

51


Long time ago in Douglas Lake, they call Spaxmen, they said there wasan old lady that lived there, and that’s before they even seen white people, theydidn’t know anything, only their way of living. And this lady, they say she’dsleep for four days, and she’d wake up and call in the people and told them thestory of her dream, and she told them that people would be like birds, sittingaround, this kind of like a table, and they’re sitting around and they were us-ing something shiny to eat with. She had a lot of stories they say that she told.Something, in that way, that they didn’t know what was going to be happening,but those were her dreams that she told to the people. And many years after and,you know, they had tables and chairs and plates and silverware to eat with. Thislady dreamt about that many years before this was ever seen, so she was tellingthe story of, you know, calling people every now and then and telling them aboutdifferent things that was going to happen in the future. So she lived right up inDouglas Lake, they call Spaxmen. And she seen a lot of things and she’d tellit to the people, and for years the people said “We were told by this one ladythat these things were going to happen.” So that’s right from up there, that thislady was kind of having dreams and she said towards the end, she’d seen a lotof things about what people were going to do, like eating around a table, ridinghorses, and you know, different things that she dreamt, and she told to people.And then she said that the people thought they were afraid because the indianpeople were so fearful of something like ghosts and they were kind of afraid ofwhat she was saying and when she got older and she said “I wouldn’t be tellingyou guys any more stories. Next time I sleep for four days, and you bury me, be-cause I wouldn’t be coming back.” And she did, she died afterwards. And peoplewere quite amazed at how this story of different things that were to happen, youknow, in the coming days. So this lady was right from Douglas Lake that toldthose stories to the people, what was going to be happening. So I thought I’d tellthat story of whatever that was that she, you know, it’s kind of amazing that it’sa dream, and yet it came true. So this is the lady right from Douglas Lake thattold this story. I was told that by an elder, you know, that knew about this, so it’sbeen generation and generation, I guess, that this story’s been passed on, thatshe dreamt of what was going to be happening. And it’s kind of amazing to seethat, she said the people are going to be using something shiny to eat with. AndI guess that’s silverware and plates and cups and table and chairs and stuff likethat. So that’s kind of a short story but it’s very interesting of how this lady, youknow, dreamt of this and told stories on it. So that’s a short story that I’ve... sothat’s the end of that story.

6 ’kl ns ’kwuts iP ’ti ’kwt: “Other side of the lake”

Recorded on November 23, 2010 at Quilchena, BC. This brief storydescribes how the people used to spend the winter across Nicola Lake (on theNorth side, where Monck Provincial Park is today). It is not so windy on that

52

side.

6.1 Okanagan

’qsápi kwukw ’kl ns ’kwuts iP ’ti ’kwt. ixíP ilíP QapnáP iP sámaP ’kwu’ls t park,uì kwukw ilíP ’qsápi iP sqilxw kaP cPistkm. Pistkm uì ixíP s@n ’yá ’kws@lx, kwaP lut’kliP ’t csni ’wt myaì uì ìaP c tl x̌yáìn@x̌w aP ckw@’lá’ll@x. ìaP tac ’kw ’ňáp iP x̌yáìn@x̌w

m@ì kwaPkwPá’ll@x. uì iP scPx̌iìx kiP cn ’yá ’kw@lx ’kl ns ’kwut. uì kwaP taPlíP aláP

csni ’wt. uì ’kliP c ’qwuy uì ’kliP kaP cPístkm@lx. ixíP ’qsápi iP sqilxw kwukw iP cawts.ixíP L@wís aP cút, kwukw n ’yá ’kw@lx ’klaP ’kl QapnáP ilíP iP smsámaP aP c ’kwú’lì[email protected]íP scPx̌iì t ’kíP ’kaPt ksn ’yá ’kws@lx uì ’kwú’l@m@lx kwukw t kìnxwúyt@ns@lx m@ì ixíPs@n ’y@ ’yá ’kws@lx. m@ì ’kliP Pístkm@lx, kwaP ’kliP xwPit iP sli ’p. uì ’kliP cpíx̌@m@lxmat l cPistk. ixíP iP s ’my ’myays ixíP axáP iP ’ti ’kwt, iP sqilxw ’qsápi iP kwliwt i ’klíP...uìíP QapnáP, ìi ’qwt QapnáP ilíP smsámaP, ixíP ’kwu’ls t park uì ilíP ’kìx̌wil iP sm-sámaP l scPaqw. ixíP.



kwukw

REP

’k(l)LOC

ns ’kwut-sacross.the.water-3SG.POSS

iPDET

’ti ’kwt.lake

ixíPDEM

ilíPDEM

QapnáPnow

iPDET

sámaPwhite.person

’kwu’l-smake-(DIR)-3SG.ERG

tOBL

park,park

uìCONJ

kwukw

REPilíPDEM

’qsápilong.ago

iPDET

sqilxw

native.people

kaPCOMP

c-Pistk-m.CUST-winter-MID

‘They say that a long time ago across the lake, where the white peoplehave the park today, a long time ago the people wintered over there.’

(122) Pistk-mwinter-MID

uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

s-n- ’yá ’kw-s@lx,NOM-n-go.across-3PL.POSS

kwaPbecause

lutNEG

’kliPDEM

’tEMPH

c-sni ’wtCUST-wind

myaìtoo.much

uìCONJ

ìaPCOMP

c-tl12

CUST-LOC

x̌yáìn@x̌w

sunaPDET

c-kw@’l-á’[email protected]

‘They wintered there and they crossed (in the fall time) because it’s notso windy over there and they get warm when the sun comes out.’

12 It is unclear what to do with the customary prefix in this instance, since it does not normally attachto prepositions.

53

(123) ìaPCOMP

tac- ’kw ’ňápLOC-sunrise

iPDET

x̌yáìn@x̌w

sunm@ìCONJ

kwaP-kwPá’[email protected](INCH)-3PL.ABS

‘When the sun rises they all get warm.’

(124) uìCONJ

iPDET

scPx̌iìxlike

kiPCOMP

c-n- ’yá ’[email protected]

’k(l)LOC

ns ’kwut.across.the.water

‘That’s why they go across there.’

(125) uìCONJ

kwaPbecause

taPlíPvery

aláPDEM

c-sni ’wt.CUST-wind

‘And because it’s always windy here on this side.’

(126) uìCONJ

’kliPDEM

c- ’qwuyCUST-shelter

uìCONJ

’kliPDEM

kaPCOMP

c-Pí[email protected]

‘It’s sheltered over there and that’s where they spend their winter.’

(127) ixíPDEM

’qsápilong.ago

iPDET

sqilxw

native.peoplekwukw

REPiPDET

cawt-s.doings-3SG.POSS

‘That’s how the old people lived in those days.’

(128) ixíPDEM

L@wísLouise

aPDET

cút,said

kwukw

REPn- ’yá ’[email protected]

’klaPDEM

’klLOC

QapnáPnow

ilíPDEM

iPDET


aPDET

c- ’kwú’l-ì[email protected]

‘That’s Isaac’s mom Louisa that tells the story, that they crossed wherethe white people built those houses now.’

(129) itlíPDEM

scPx̌iìlike

tOBL

’kíP ’kaPtcloser

ks-n- ’yá ’[email protected]

uìCONJ

’kwú’l-@[email protected]

kwukw

REPtOBL

kì-n-xwúy-t@[email protected]

m@ìCONJ

ixíPDEM

s-n- ’y@- ’yá ’[email protected]

‘It’s closer to cross from there, and they built what they traveled on andthey crossed.’

54

(130) m@ìCONJ

’kliPDEM

Pístk-m-@lx,winter-MID-3PL.ABS

kwaPbecause

’kliPDEM

xwPitlots

iPDET

sli ’p.firewood

‘And they wintered there because there’s lots of wood across there.’

(131) uìCONJ

’kliPDEM

c-píx̌-@[email protected]

matEPIS

lLOC

c-Pistk.CUST-winter

‘And they hunted there in the wintertime.’

(132) ixíPDEM

iPDET

s- ’my- ’my-ay-sNOM-RED-story-RED-3SG.POSS

ixíPDEM

axáPDEM

iPDET

’ti ’kwt,lake

iPDET

sqilxw

native.people’qsápilong.ago

iPDET

kwliwtlive

i ’klíP...DEM

‘That’s the story about this lake and the people who lived there longago.’

(133) uìíPCONJ

QapnáP,now

ìi ’qwtvisible

QapnáPnow

ilíPDEM

sm-sámaP,RED-white.person

ixíPDEM

’kwu’l-smake-(DIR)-3SG.ERG

tOBL

parkpark

uìCONJ

ilíPDEM

’kìx̌willots

iPDET


lLOC

s-cPaqw.NOM-summer

ixíP.DEM

‘And now you can see where the white people built the park, and in thesummer there’s a lot of white people across there. That’s all.’


Across the lake, the white people came there and made a park. A longtime ago the people wintered over there at the park. They crossed in the falltime, it’s not so windy over there, and when the sun is coming out it shines righton them. When the sun is coming out, they get warm. That’s why they go acrossthere, it’s a shelter for them. It’s always windy here. It’s sheltered over there andthat’s where they spend their winter. That’s how the old people lived in thosedays. That’s Isaac’s mom Louisa that tells the story. They crossed where thosehouses are now. It’s closer to cross [here in Quilchena]. They built rafts and theycrossed. There’s lots of wood across there, and they hunted and they got theirwood. That’s the story about this lake. You can see where they built the park,and in the summer there’s a lot of people across there.

55

6.4 Commentary

My step-mother told me that the people lived around here, Quilchena.And they lived at Douglas Lake. But the ones that lived in Quilchena, they saidthey made rafts because this whole valley here was poplars, and they made araft out of the poplars, and they went way over to where those houses are builtnow, and they crossed there right across to the Monck Park. [And that’s wherethey wintered. They wintered there because the sun comes out and it shines onthem and they get warmed. That’s why they go across there, it’s a shelter forthem.] And it’s not so windy because it’s very windy from here this way, butin that kind of a gully like where they stay, the wind don’t hit so hard there, sothey wintered over there, every winter, they said they went across there. [Theythought it was closer to cross from there, and they built rafts and they crossed.]And there’s a lot of wood and they had big dugouts, but that’s a park now, it’s abig big park there. They left some of the holes because they made their winterhomes, I don’t know how they dug it, but they made, you know, big holes andthen they’d build over it, and that’s their winter home. They say they had fire inthe middle, and then they have a stairs to where the smoke comes out from. Andthat’s where they wintered, and they were saying the Shuswap were the enemiesof the Okanagan, and sometimes they’d come along and they see them and theyblock that up and a lot of people died, inhaling smoke, because they were en-emies, they were always looking for people to kill. So the Shuswaps were theenemies from a long time ago. People fought, and they said this is all Shuswapcountry. I don’t know if I told you this before, but all the names of the lakes andmountains, it’s in the Shuswap language, so that proves that it is their countryand they were fighting and pushing each other around. And our future chiefthat passed on, he said “I want to change the names.” And he asked me what Ithought and I told him “No I don’t think so, leave it that way, that it’ll show, youknow, what had happened.” So everything is still the same now. So that’s the,kind of the story of our, of this valley. And I guess it was nothing for them tocross the lake, you know, when the ice froze then it’s easier to go back and forth.But they lived over there because it’s sheltered. So they moved, they didn’t stayin one place, you know, they moved all the time, but they went back to their win-ter homes in wintertime.

7 ìaP ’cx̌wílt@m iP sqilxw: “When the people trained” (version 1)

See Boas and Teit (1930, p. 246-251) for a description of the practice ofcircle-making, and dream visualization. Version 1 was recorded on January 22,2011 at Quilchena, BC.

7.1 Okanagan

’qsápi ìaP ’cx̌wílt@m iP sqilxw, ìaP cs’taP ’kmíx iP st@mkPílts, iP sqwsiPswa ’y P@slPúp@nkst ì cilkst, wa ’y ksq@ltmíxwaPx. uì tliP lutíP uì wa ’y ac ’c@x̌w ’c@x̌w-

56

stís@lx iP sqwsíPaPs@lx. náx̌@mì ixíP ìaP cn ’kacxwús ilíP t ... ’kw@nxspíntk iP sq@l-tmíxw uì iP tkìmilxw, m@ì ’c@x̌w ’c@x̌wntís@lx. pintk ksx̌asts iP kìcáwts@lx. lut ’tks’ty’tymúìc, lut ’t ksPitxs mi nt@x̌w@x̌wqín. ’ní ’n ’wiPs cxwxw’tilx mi ’ní ’n ’wiPs cknx-its iP sqilxw. knxits iP cniìc iP snqsilxws. knxits iP ’kwi ’ňt iP sqilxw iP ’ň@x̌@x̌ ’ňx̌áp.ixíP lut ’t ta ’nmús kaP cxwylwists, kaP cqíc@lxaPx pintk. mi ’ní ’n ’wiPs ’kw@c ’kwáct tsq@ltmíxw, mi ’ní ’n ’wiPs mi sysyús, kwaP ìaP cn ’kacxwús ilíP t s... ìaP cì@ìx̌wú ’mxcus iP sqilxw. n ’kacxwús ilíP uì kwukw kw qíc@lx, uì ’kwú’l@ntxw yaQyá;Qt sti ’mPakì.... ist@mtímaP kwu cus “kw qíc@lx mi kw qilt ’kl sqilt, mi kw ’kwú’l@m t yir,’kwú’l@ntxw iP x ’ňut mi ’ti ... iP yir. “m@ì yaQt sti ’m ’klíP nPís ’kw@lm@ntxw, cuntxw

‘axáP ikìcítxw, axáP ikìnáx̌wn@x̌w k@ ’m iksx̌ílwiP. axáP iksqwsíPaP. axáP ikscPíì@n.’ní ’n ’wiPs kn ìaP cpíx̌@m, lut ikstílxw@m...’ ‘ ’ní ’n ’wiPs kn ìaP ckìqáqxw@lx, lut iks-tílxw@m. ’ní ’n ’wiPs ’ty’tiym t ksckwanún@m ya;Qt sti ’m.’ ‘m@ì ixíP anwí kw x̌aPx̌áP

uì cqw@lqwílst@m@n.’ ‘ ’ní ’n ’wiPs kn ’t@’lú’l t tkìmilxw, ’ní ’n ’wiPs mi ’kw@’lnún ya;Qtsti ’m.’ ‘ ’ní ’n ’wiPs pintk mi kn kìcitxw, ’ní ’n ’wiPs pintk iP s@nPíì@nt@n mi ’qwi ’ct.’ ”uì ixíP m@ì anwí ilíP cxw@lxwált, ì@ nwnxwínaPm@nts@n kwaP kwu ’c@x̌w ’cx̌wntísin ’ň@x̌@x̌ ’ňx̌áp. ixíP ’qsápi ìaP cì@ìx̌wú ’mx swit, uì QapnáP ixíP lut ’kim ilíP. QapnáPiP skul ixíP aP c ’c@x̌w ’cx̌wstís iP sc@c ’málaP, lut sti ’m ìaP cmystís@lx, ’ti kmax cxíPt-@mistl@x. ixíP iP s@’lmínt@m iP n ’cx̌wílt@nt@t, iP ’kl sqwsíPaPt@t, ’kl s@nP@mPímaPt@t,’kl ’taPaP’túpaPt@t. wa ’y.



ìaPCOMP

’cx̌w-ílt-@minstruct-child-MID

iPDET


ìaPCOMP

c-s’taP ’kmíxSTAT-maiden

iPDET

st@mkPílt-s,daughter-3SG.POSS

iPDET

s-qwsiP-sNOM-son-3SG.POSS

wa ’yyes

P@sl-Púp@nksttwo-ten

ìCONJ

cilkst,five

wa ’yyes

ks-(s)q@ltmíxw-aPx.FUT-man-INCEPT

‘Long ago, the people trained a daughter that has come to an age, andwhen a son is 25, he’s become man.’

(135) uìCONJ

tliPDEM

lutíPNEG

uìCONJ

wa ’yyes

ac- ’c@x̌w- ’c@x̌w-st-í[email protected]

iPDET

s-qwsí[email protected]

‘And they’re already teaching them at a young age.’

57

(136) náx̌@mìCONJ

(ix)íPDEM

ìaPCOMP

c-n ’kacxwúsCUST-time

ilíPDEM

tOBL

...

...’kw@nx-spíntkhow.many-years

iPDET

sq@ltmíxw

manuìCONJ

iPDET

tkìmilxw,woman

m@ìCONJ

’c@x̌w- ’c@x̌w-nt-í[email protected]

‘And when it’s that time, and the men and women are a certain age,that’s when they were taught.’

(137) pintkalways

ks-x̌ast-sFUT-good-3SG.POSS

iPDET

kì-cá[email protected]

lutNEG

’tEMPH

ks-’ty’tymúì-c,FUT-lazy-3SG.POSS

lutNEG

’tEMPH

ks-Pitx-sFUT-sleep-3SG.POSS

miFUT

nt@x̌w@x̌wqín.noon

‘They always do well, they’re not lazy or sleep ’til noon.’


c-xw-xw’tilxCUST-RED-get.up

miFUT


c-kn-xit-sCUST-help-BEN-3SG.ERG

iPDET


‘He’ll get up and help others, help the people.’

(139) kn-xit-shelp-BEN-3SG.ERG

iPDET

cniìc3SG.INDEP

iPDET

s-nqs-ilxw-s.NOM-one-person-3SG.POSS

‘He helps his own family.’

(140) kn-xit-shelp-BEN-3SG.ERG

iPDET

’kwi ’ňtothers

iPDET

sqilxw

native.peopleiPDET


‘He helps the others, and especially the elders.’

(141) ixíPDEM

lutNEG

’tEMPH

ta ’nmúsfor.nothing

kaPCOMP

c-xwy-lwis-(s)t-s,CUST-go-here.and.there-CAUS-3SG.ERG

kaPCOMP

c-qíc@lx-aPxCUST-run-INTR

pintk.always

‘And it’s not for nothing that he travels, that he is always movingaround.’

58

(142) miFUT


’kw@c ’kwáctstrong

tOBL

sq@ltmíxw,man

miFUT


miFUT

sysyús,wise

kwaPbecause

ìaPCOMP

c-n ’kacxwúsCUST-time

ilíPDEM

tOBL

s-NOM

...

...ìaPCOMP

c-ì@ìx̌wú ’mxCUST-young.teenage.girl


iPDET


‘And in a little while he’ll be a strong man, in a little while he’ll bewise, because the people say it’s that time when you reach puberty.’

(143) n ’kacxwústime

ilíPDEM

uìCONJ

kwukw

REPkw

2SG.ABSqíc@lx,run

uìCONJ

’kwú’l-nt-xw

make-DIR-2SG.ERGyaQyá;Qtall

sti ’mwhat

Pakì-HAVE

....

....‘When it comes time you’re running, and doing everything...’

(144) i(n)-st@mtímaP1SG.POSS-grandmother

kwu1SG.ABS


“kw

2SG.ABS

qíc@lxrun

miFUT

kw

2SG.ABSqiltover.a.hill

’klLOC

s-qilt,NOM-over.a.hill

miFUT

kw

2SG.ABS

’kwú’l-@mmake-MID

tOBL

yir,circle

’kwú’l-@nt-xw

make-DIR-2SG.ERGiPDET

x ’ňutrock

miFUT

’tiEMPH

...

...iPDET

yir.”circle

‘My grandmother told me “Run up the hill and make a ring, put rocksaround and make a ring.”’

(145) “m@ìCONJ

yaQtall

sti ’mwhat

’klíPDEM

n-Pís ’kw@l-m@(n)-nt-xw,n-throw-MIN-DIR-2SG.ERG

cun-(n)t-xw

say-DIR-2SG.ERG‘axáPDEM

i-kì-cítxw,1SG.POSS-U.POSS-house

axáPDEM

i-kì-náx̌wn@x̌w

1SG.POSS-U.POSS-partnerk@ ’mCONJ

i-k(ì)-s-x̌ílwiP.’1SG.POSS-U.POSS-NOM-husband

“‘And throw everything in the circle, and say ‘This’ll be my house,this’ll be my husband or wife.”

59

(146) ‘axáPDEM

i-k(ì)-s-qwsíP-aP.1SG.POSS-U.POSS-NOM-son-RED

axáPDEM

i-k(ì)-s-c-Píì@n.1SG.POSS-U.POSS-NOM-CUST-eat


kn1SG.ABS

ìaPCOMP

c-píx̌-@m,CUST-hunt-MID

lutNEG

i-ks-tílxw-@m...’1SG.POSS-FUT-difficult-MID

“These will be my children, this will be my food, when I’m hunting, Iwon’t be having a hard time...”

(147) ‘ ’ní ’n ’wiPsin.a.little.while

kn1SG.ABS

ìaPCOMP

c-kì-qáqxw@lx,CUST-HAVE-fish

lutNEG

i-ks-tí[email protected]


’ty’tiymeasy

tOBL

ks-c-kwa(n)-nú[email protected]

ya;Qtall

sti ’m.’what

“When I go fishing, the fish will bite, and it’ll be easy to bring homewhat my family needs at home.”

(148) ‘(m)@ìCONJ

ixíPDEM

anwí2SG.INDEP

kw

2SG.ABSx̌aPx̌áPpowerful

uìCONJ

c-qw@l-qwíl-st-@m-@n.’CUST-RED-speak-CAUS-2SG.ABS-1SG.ERG

“And you are almighty, you are strong, you are the one I’m asking helpfrom.”


kn1SG.ABS

’t@’l-ú’lunbeatable-RED

tOBL

tkìmilxw,woman


miFUT

’kw@’l-nú-nmake-MANAGE.TO-(DIR)-1SG.ERG

ya;Qtall

sti ’m.’what

“When I’m an old enough woman, I can do all things.”


pintkalways

miFUT

kn1SG.ABS

kì-citxw,HAVE-house


pintkalways

iPDET

s@n-Píì@n-t@nLOC-eat-INSTR

miFUT

’qwi ’ct.’full

“I’ll always have a home, I’ll always have cupboards full of food.”

60

(151) uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

m@ìCONJ

anwí2SG.INDEP

ilíPDEM

c-xw@l-xwált,STAT-RED-alive

ì@COMP

n-wnxw-ínaP-m@(n)[email protected]

kwaPCOMP

kwu1SG.ABS

’c@x̌w- ’cx̌w-nt-ísinstruct-RED-DIR-3SG.ERG

in- ’ň@x̌-@x̌- ’ňx̌áp.1SG.POSS-RED-RED-grown

‘And you’re alive and I believe in you because my elders trained me.” ’

(152) ixíPDEM

’qsápilong.ago

ìaPCOMP


swit,who

uìCONJ

QapnáPnow

ixíPDEM

lutNEG

’kimexcept

ilíP.DEM

‘That’s what happened long ago when you reached puberty, and nowthere’s hardly any of that.’

(153) QapnáPnow

iPDET

skulschool

ixíPDEM

aPDET

c- ’c@x̌w- ’cx̌w-st-ísCUST-instruct-RED-CAUS-3SG.ERG

iPDET

s-c@-c ’málaP,NOM-RED-child

lutNEG

sti ’mwhat

ìaPCOMP

c-my-st-ís@lx,CUST-know-CAUS-3PL.ERG

’tiEMPH

kmaxonly

c-xí[email protected]

‘Now it’s the school that trains the children, and the children don’tknow anything, they just run around crazy.’

(154) ixíPDEM

iPDET

s@’l-mí(n)[email protected]

iPDET

n- ’cx̌w-ílt-(t)@n-t@t,n-instruct-child-INSTR-1PL.POSS

iPDET

’klLOC

s-qwsíP-aP-t@t,NOM-son-RED-1PL.POSS

’klLOC

s-n-P@m-PímaP-t@t,NOM-RED-grandchild-1PL.POSS

’klLOC

’taP-aP-’tú[email protected]


‘We’ve lost the training to teach our children, our grandchildren, ourgreat-grandchildren. That’s all.’

7.3 Free translation, version 1

A long time ago the people trained the young people. When the daugh-ter has come to an age, maiden, virgin. A son is 25. After they’re 15 they’re men.They’re already teaching them at a young age, instructing them. When it’s time,when it falls on the time. They’re a young age and they already know everything.

61

They always do well, not to be lazy or sleep till noon. Help others, help anybody.Help his own family. To help the others and especially the elders. Move around,always have to take a run to make yourself physically fit. When it’s time, whenpuberty’s on, 14 or 15, they start training them and they become that way. [Healways has to take a run to make himself physically fit, because it’s time, whenpuberty begins, around 14 or 15.] When it comes time you’re running, strengthenbreathing. My grandmother told me “Run up the hill and make a ring, put rocksaround and make a ring, and throw everything in there. make a pile, that’s train-ing your inside. Do that 4 times. Throw it in the circle. And say ‘This’ll be myhouse... When I’m hunting, I won’t be having a hard time. It’ll be easy. When Igo fishing, the fish will bite, and I’ll bring home what my family needs at home.And you are almighty, you are strong, you are the one I’m asking help from.’And when you have that circle you keep talking to it and say ‘Take care of me,bless me, because someday I’ll be a parent, a grandparent, help me that I canbe. When I’m old enough [as a] woman, I can do all things. I’ll always have ahome. I’ll always have cupboards full of food.”’ That’s the training I got fromthe elders, now I’m following it... and it helps me to keep strong. They talk tome and I believe what they’re telling me. I got it from the elders. That’s whenthey have their full training, and now there’s hardly any of that. The school is theone that’s doing that now. And the children don’t know anything, they just runaround crazy. We’ve lost the training to teach our grandkids, our great-grandkids,our kids.


Version 2 was recorded on March 7, 2011 at Quilchena, BC.

8.1 Okanagan

’qsápi ist@mtímaP kwu ckwúlsts, kn ì ì@ìx̌wú ’mx. kwu cus “lut aksPítx,QapnáP n ’kacxwús mi kw ’kwú’l@m. ya;;Qt sti ’m aks ’kwú’l@m. kw xw’tíl@x, ’ti cxwúysx̌lap, wa ’y kw xw’tilx, m@ì xw’tíl@x m@ì kw q@qíc@lx. lut ’ta ks’tyam, ya;Qt sti ’m ’kwú’l-@ntxw! uì ixíP QapnáP n ’kacxwús, wa ’y kw ì@ìx̌wú ’mx. ’ní ’n ’wiPs kw ì ’tPu’l kw ì tkìmilxw

mi pintk kaP c ’kwu’lstxw ancítxw. uì kìcítxwaPx pintk. uì pi;;ntk kaP s ascPíì@n,kaP cxwaPtmíxaPx aìíP anwí kw sì@ìx̌wú ’mxaPx ’kwú’l@nt, kw ’kwu’lstx! wa ’y n ’kacxwúsaks ’kwú’lst. uì ny ’Qi;;p, ’kwú’l@ntxw yaQyáQt sti ’m, uì kw ìaP ’kwú’l@’l t tkìmilxw....pintk aks ’kwú’l@m, pintk aksx̌síkst@m@n@m yaQyáQt sti ’m. asqwsíPaP, ’t anPímaPt,’t an’taPaP’túpaP. ixíP aksc ’kwú’l t Pakìcítxw uì ilíP kw mut. lut aksqcqíc@lx taPkínaks ’ňaP ’ňPám t ’kast t cawt. ’kast ixíP, lut ilíP aksPx̌íl@m itíP. pi;;ntk kw mi kw x̌ast ttkìmilxw. pi;;;nk kw mi kw c ’kwu’lstxw ancítxw, c ’kwu’lstxw as@nPamút@n. ’kwu’lstxw

asqwsíPaP. uì taPlí;;;P x̌aPx̌áP ixíP.” ’kì ’csap ixíP iP sQapnáP ìaP c ’cx̌wílt@m iPsqilxw. uì ixíP QapnáP ’c@x̌w ’cx̌wntsín. “uì ’ní ’n ’wiPs kw ì ’tPu’l t tkìmilxw, kw ì ’kíw@lx,iP ’c@x̌w ’cx̌wntíxw anwí asqwsíPaP, as@nPamPímaPt, an’taPaP’túpaP yaQt. ’kwú’lstxw@lx

62

pintk. x̌@Pntíxw@lx. pintk kw cQá ’c@’cstxw@lx. kw mut mi cQá ’c@’cstxw@lx. lut ’tyaQt sx̌@lx̌Qált aksyQipmín@m@lx, aksqw@lqwílst@m@lx náx̌@mì cQá ’c@’cstxw@lx, uì

wík@ntxw sti ’m lut iP x̌ast iP cáwts@lx. uì ’ň@lpstíxw uì qw@lqwílstxw. cuntxw ‘axáP

lut ’ta x̌ast, wík@ntsn aláP kw Px̌íl@m.’ t@ìm@ncútx.” uì ny ’Qip ilíP kn cPx̌íl@mitíP, QapnáP wa ’y kn ’kíwl@x, wa ’y kn t@mìPúp@nkst is ’ň@x̌ ’ňx̌áp. uì QapnáP knst@mtímaP, kn p@ptwínaxw. taPlíP x̌ast axáP iP sq@ltmíxw aláP t ckicx. m@ì kwucswsíwsts uì ya;Qt ’kìpax̌ntín ’qsápi iP cawts iP sqilxw. iP cawts ist@mtímaP kwuìaP c ’c@x̌w ’cx̌wstís. uì taPlí;;;P x̌ast axáP iP sc ’kwu’ls John ìaP c ’q@ ’ystís yaQyáQtsti ’m ìaP cwtstis iP computer. uì QapnáP ixíP kwu kwiìts ya;Qt isqw@lqwílt, uìis ’cx̌w ’c@x̌wáx̌w. ixíP.




kwu1SG.ABS

c-kwúlst-s,CUST-send.for-(CAUS)-3SG.ERG

kn1SG.ABS

ìCOMP

ì@ìx̌wú ’mx.young.teenage.girl

‘A long time ago my grandmother asked me to do things when Ireached puberty.’

(156) kwu1SG.ABS


“lutNEG

a-ks-Pítx,2SG.POSS-FUT-sleep

QapnáPnow

n ’kacxwústime

miFUT

kw

2SG.ABS

’kwú’[email protected]

‘She told me “Don’t sleep, now is the time of your life for you to workon yourself.’

(157) ya;;Qtall

sti ’mwhat

a-ks- ’kwú’[email protected]

‘Work at everything.’

(158) kw

2SG.ABSxw’tíl@x,get.up

[’ti]EMPH

c-xwúy-sCUST-go-3SG.POSS

x̌lap,tomorrow

wa ’yyes

kw

2SG.ABSxw’tilx,get.up

m@ìCONJ

xw’tí[email protected]

m@ìCONJ

kw

2SG.ABSq@-qí[email protected]

‘Early in the morning, at the break of day, you get up, wake up and run.’

(159) lutNEG

’taEMPH

ks-’ty-am,FUT-refuse-MID

ya;Qtall

sti ’mwhat

’kwú’l-@nt-xw!work-DIR-2SG.ERG

‘Don’t get lazy, you do everything!’

63

(160) uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

QapnáPnow

n ’kacxwús,time

wa ’yyes

kw

2SG.ABSì@ìx̌wú ’mx.young.teenage.girl

‘And now it’s time for you, you’re at the age.’


kw

2SG.ABSìCOMP

’tPu’lunbeatable

kw

2SG.ABSìCOMP

tkìmilxw

womanmiFUT

pintkalways

kaPCOMP

c- ’kwu’l-st-xw

CUST-work-CAUS-2SG.ERG

an-cítxw.2SG.POSS-house

‘Soon, when you’re strong enough as a woman, you’ll always look afteryour home.’

(162) uìCONJ

kì-cítxw-aPxHAVE-house-INCEPT

pintk.always

‘You’re going to have a home always.’

(163) uìCONJ

pi;;ntkalways

kaPCOMP

[s] a-s-c-Píì@n,2SG.POSS-NOM-CUST-eat

kaPCOMP

c-xwaPt-míxaPxCUST-lots-INTR

aìíPbecause

anwí2SG.INDEP

kw

2SG.ABS

s-ì@ìx̌wú ’mx-aPxNOM-young.teenage.girl-INTR

’kwú’l-@nt,work-DIR

kw

2SG.ABS

’kwu’l-st-x!turn.into-CAUS-IMP

‘The food in your cupboards will always be full, you’ll have lots morethan enough of anything you need, because you’re at the point whenyou can work on yourself. Turn into something!’

(164) wa ’yyes

n ’kacxwústime

a-ks- ’kwú’l-st.2SG.POSS-FUT-work-CAUS

‘It’s the time of your life for you to transform yourself.’

(165) uìCONJ

ny ’Qi;;p,always

’kwu’l-nt-xw

work-DIR-2SG.ERGyaQyáQtall

sti ’m,what

uìCONJ

kw

2SG.ABS

ìaPCOMP

’kwú’l-@’lmake-RED

tOBL

tkìmilxw....woman

‘You always work hard, and train yourself to become a woman.’

64

(166) pintkalways

a-ks- ’kwú’l-@m,2SG.POSS-FUT-work-MID

pintkalways

a-ks-x̌s-íkst-@m@[email protected]

yaQyáQtall

sti ’m,what

a(n)-s-qwsíP-aP,2SG.POSS-NOM-son-RED

’tEMPH

a(n)-(s)-n-PímaPt,2SG.POSS-NOM-n-grandchild

’tEMPH

an-’taP-aP-’túpaP.2SG.POSS-RED-RED-great.grandchild

‘Always work hard, you have to do everything right for your children,your grandchildren, your great-grandchildren.’

(167) ixíPDEM

a-ks-c- ’kwú’l2SG.POSS-FUT-CUST-work

tOBL

a-kì-cítxw

2SG.POSS-U.POSS-house

uìCONJ

ilíPDEM

kw

2SG.ABSmut.sit

‘That’s what you have to do is create a good home, and you live there.’

(168) lutNEG

a-ks-qc-qí[email protected]

taPkínwhere

a-ks- ’ňaP- ’ňP-ám2SG.POSS-FUT-look.for-RED-MID

tOBL

’kastbad

tOBL

cawt.doings

‘Don’t run all over the place looking for bad things.’

(169) ’kastbad

ixíP,DEM

lutNEG

ilíPDEM

a-ks-Px̌í[email protected]

itíP.DEM

‘That’s not right, don’t do that.’

(170) pi;;ntkalways

kw

2SG.ABSmiFUT

kw

2SG.ABSx̌astgood

tOBL

tkìmilxw.woman

‘You always be a good woman.’

(171) pi;;;nkalways

kw

2SG.ABSmiFUT

kw

2SG.ABSc- ’kwu’l-st-xw


an-cítxw,2SG.POSS-house

c- ’kwu’l-st-xw


a(n)-s@n-Pamút-(t)@n.2SG.POSS-LOC-sitting.place-INSTR

‘Always fix your house, keep it tidy keep it clean.’

65

(172) ’kwu’l-st-xw

work-CAUS-2SG.ERGa(n)-s-qwsíP-aP.2SG.POSS-NOM-son-RED

uìCONJ

taPlí;;;Pvery

x̌aPx̌áPpowerful

ixíP.”DEM

‘You always work with your children, it’s very sacred.”’

(173) ’kì ’csappast

ixíPDEM

iPDET

s-QapnáPNOM-now

ìaPCOMP

c- ’cx̌w-ílt-@mCUST-instruct-child-MID

iPDET

sqilxw.native.people.

‘That’s past and gone now, the people don’t lecture their children.’

(174) uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

QapnáPnow

’c@x̌w- ’cx̌w-nt-s-ín.instruct-RED-DIR-2SG.ABS-1SG.ERG

‘And I’m going to pass it on to you.’

(175) “uìCONJ


kw

2SG.ABSìCOMP


tOBL

tkìmilxw,woman

kw

2SG.ABSìCOMP

’kíw@lx,old.body

iPDET

’c@x̌w- ’cx̌w-nt-íxw

instruct-RED-DIR-2SG.ERGanwí2SG.INDEP

a(n)-s-qwsíP-aP,2SG.POSS-NOM-son-RED

a(n)-s-n-Pam-PímaPt,2SG.POSS-NOM-n-RED-grandchild

an-’taP-aP-’túpaP2SG.POSS-RED-RED-great.grandchild

yaQt.all

“‘And when you become a strong woman and you become old, you canlecture your children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren, everyone.’

(176) [ ’k]wú’l-st-xw-@lx13

work-CAUS-2SG.ERG-3PL.ABSpintk.always

x̌@P-nt-í[email protected]

‘Encourage them, always work with them, and stop from doing thingsthat aren’t right.’

(177) pintkalways

kw

2SG.ABSc-Qá ’c-@’[email protected]

kw

2SG.ABSmutsit

miFUT

c-Qá ’c-@’[email protected]

‘You always watch them, and you keep watching them...’

13 The initial /k/ in this form is phonetically realized as an [x], probably due to a fast-speech effect.

66

(178) lutNEG

’tEMPH

yaQtall

sx̌@lx̌Qáltday

a-ks-yQip-mín-@m-@lx,2SG.POSS-FUT-trouble-MIN-MID-3PL.ABS

a-ks-qw@l-qwíl-st-@[email protected]

náx̌@mìCONJ

c-Qá ’c-@’c-st-xw-@lx,CUST-look-RED-CAUS-2SG.ERG-3PL.ABS

uìCONJ

wík-nt-xw

see-DIR-2SG.ERGsti ’mwhat

lutNEG

iPDET

x̌astgood

iPDET

cá[email protected]

‘And don’t bawl them them out everyday, you can talk to them if yousee them doing something wrong.’

(179) uìCONJ

’ň@lp-st-íxw

stop-CAUS-2SG.ERGuìCONJ

qw@l-qwíl-st-xw.RED-talk-CAUS-2SG.ERG

‘And stop them and talk to them.’

(180) cun-(n)t-xw

say-DIR-2SG.ERG‘axáPDEM

lutNEG

’taEMPH

x̌ast,good

wík@-nt-s-(n)see-DIR-2SG.ABS-(1SG.ERG)

aláPDEM

kw

2SG.ABSPx̌íl-@m.’do.like-MID

t@ì-m-@ncút-x.”straight-MID-REFLEX-IMP

‘You say ‘I’ve seen you that you’ve done this and it’s not right.’Straighten them out.”’

(181) uìCONJ

ny ’Qipalways

ilíPDEM

kn1SG.ABS

c-Px̌í[email protected]

itíP,DEM

QapnáPnow

wa ’yyes

kn1SG.ABS

’kíwl@x,old.body

wa ’yyes

kn1SG.ABS

t@mì-Púp@nksteight-ten

i(n)-s- ’ň@x̌- ’ňx̌áp.1SG.POSS-NOM-RED-grown

‘I’ve tried my best to follow that, and now I’m getting old, I’meighty-years old.’

(182) uìCONJ

QapnáPnow

kn1SG.ABS

st@mtímaP,grandmother

kn1SG.ABS

p@ptwínaxw.old.lady

‘And now I’m a grandmother, I’m an old lady.’

(183) taPlíPvery

x̌astgood

axáPDEM

iPDET

sq@ltmíxw

manaláPDEM

tOBL

c-kic-x.CISL-arrive(SG)-INTR

‘It’s good that this man came here to talk to me about all that.’

67

(184) m@ìCONJ

kwu1SG.ABS

c-sw-síw-st-sCUST-RED-ask-CAUS-3SG.ERG

uìCONJ

ya;Qtall

’kìpax̌-nt-ínfigure.out-DIR-1SG.ERG

’qsápilong.ago

iPDET

cawt-sdoing-3SG.POSS

iPDET


‘He’s asking me questions and I’m thinking back how people used to dothings.’

(185) iPDET

cawt-sdoing-3SG.POSS


kwu1SG.ABS

ìaPCOMP

c- ’c@x̌w- ’cx̌w-st-ís.CUST-instruct-RED-CAUS-3SG.ERG

‘What my grandmother did when she lectured me.’

(186) uìCONJ

taPlí;;;Pvery

x̌astgood

axáPDEM

iPDET

s-c- ’kwu’l-sNOM-CUST-work-3SG.POSS

JohnJohn

ìaPCOMP

c- ’q@ ’y-st-ísCUST-write-CAUS-3SG.ERG

yaQyáQtall

sti ’mwhat

ìaPCOMP

c-wt-st-isCUST-put.into-CAUS-3SG.ERG

iPDET

computer.computer

‘And it’s very good this work John is doing, writing everything whileputting it in the computer.’

(187) uìCONJ

QapnáPnow

ixíPDEM

kwu1SG.ABS

kwi(n)-ìt-stake-APPL-3SG.ERG

ya;Qtall

i-s-qw@l-qwílt,1SG.POSS-NOM-RED-talk

uìCONJ

i-s- ’cx̌w- ’c@x̌w-áx̌w.1SG.POSS-RED-instruct-RED

ixíP.DEM

‘And he’s taking down all the words that I’ve said, about the way I wastaught. That’s all.’


A long time ago my grandmother asked me to do things, when I was14. That’s the time of your life for you to work on yourself. Early in the morn-ing, break of day, you get up. Wake up and run up the hill. Don’t get lazy, youdo everything. It’s time for you, you’re at the age. When you’re old enough as awoman, [when you grow up and understand,] you always look after your home,always tidy, always clean. You’re going to have a home always. Your food inyour cupboards will always be full, because you’re at the point when you can

68

work on yourself. It’s the time to work on yourself. You always work hard andtrain yourself on becoming a woman. You have to do everything right, for yourchildren, your grandchildren, your great-grandchildren. That’s what you have todo is create a good home, and you look after it, and you live there. Don’t run allover the place looking for bad things. That’s not right, don’t do that. You alwaysbe a good woman. Always fix your house, keep it tidy keep it clean. You alwayswork with them, it’s very sacred to have a family. That’s past and gone now, thepeople don’t do that for their children. And I’m going to pass it on to you. Whenyou become a woman and you become old, you can lecture your children, grand-children, great-grandchildren, everyone. Stop them from doing things that aren’tright. You always talk to them, always tell them not to do things that aren’t good.You always watch them, and you keep watching them. Don’t always bawl themout, you can talk to them and if they did wrong tell them that they did wrong, ifyou see them doing something wrong. Stop them and tell them the difference.“I’ve seen you that you’ve done this and it’s not right.” Straighten them out. I’vetried my best to follow that, and now I’m getting old, I’m eighty-years old. Andnow I’m a grandmother, I’m an old lady. This man come here to talk to me aboutall that, to think about it. He’s asking me questions and I’m thinking back howpeople used to talk to their children. My grandmother gave me a lot of lectures.While I’m talking you were writing, taking all the words that I’ve said about theway I was taught.

8.4 Additional commentary, versions 1/2

Maybe I can tell you a little bit on that. At the certain age, the Nativesreally respect it because you become a man or become a woman, and they have abig celebration for that, they train people. They make them run, it’s just like ex-ercising, to run up in the hill. Run, run, get yourself all worked up and they’d dothat with them for a while, maybe for 2 weeks, maybe 3 weeks to a month, theymake them do things that they’ve never done to get themselves all, you know,to be strong, to become a man, to start learning, you know. He’s been watchingand learning how to hunt, how to shoot the gun and stuff like that, and the girlsthey become, you know, they go swimming in the cold water, they go for sweats,and they even teach them how to, if they want children, they run up the hill andthey’ll take two rocks and put it under their breast, and as they’re running upthe hill, they drop them, both of them. And they run so far and look back andtalk to the rocks, say “Someday when I become a woman, when I have a child,everything will go well. My child, my afterbirth.” Because there were a lot ofwomen, when there weren’t doctors, they were dying from afterbirth, not com-ing out. And they say it gets stuck to the back, but they, or whenever a womanis pregnant, they already start working on them, don’t let them sleep in, don’t,you know, keep exercising right through. It’s just like the person that’s becom-ing a woman or becoming a man, when a woman’s pregnant, they work the samething, right to the time the baby was born, and they don’t have long labors. Be-cause what makes long labor is when they get lazy and stay in bed and sleep and

69

just sitting around, you need to be more when just like, when you are, there’snothing wrong with you, to walk up the hills, to take walks. Don’t sleep until it’stime to sleep. And the way they taught that, they said the baby becomes lazy. Ifyou’re sitting around, and if you’re laying around, the baby does the same thingand then, and it wouldn’t come, it’d come so far and quit. It’d come so far, andthat today all I notice the women have days before they have their babies, someof them 6 days, they’re in labor. See they even worked on that, like, even thehusband can help, they wake up and, you know, try not to be mad or argue aboutit. It’s just so you could help them until the time the baby is born. So those arethe things that were important to them. And they say when you’re fourteen, fif-teen, and the things you do then, you will do the rest of your life, to be active,not to be lazy, to wake up and do things, and if you’re not working then volun-teer your time and just keep going, just to do good for yourself. It’s not becauseyou’re volunteering for somebody else, you’re helping when you’re working apaid job, you have to keep moving, you can’t stop because, you know, you’vegot nothing to do. Maybe you could sit around for a day or whatever, but not anymore than that. You have to keep moving to keep yourself moving to keep your-self going, and that’s health-wise, physical, spiritual, emotional. So they always[look over] those 4 things. And if there’s one missing, somebody says some-thing “Hey, you’re not doing it.” And then a long time ago, the elders or who-ever, a father or a grandfather is well-respected, and they listen to them, and theykind of plan their lives on what they hear, and then they live like that. So, youknow, and I think that’s what helped the people a long time ago, because therewasn’t no drinking, you know, now the drugs and everything, you know, the peo-ple are ruined, they’ll never come back. It’s the old people taught their childrenalways, talking to the boys, talking to the girls, the elderly ladies talked to thegirls, the old grandfathers talked to the grandchildren. They were saying that along time ago, this old man had set a time, what time he was gonna be talkingto his children and this old lady had a grandson, and his son and her daughter-in-law died so she was looking after her grandson, and she always talked to himabout stuff and said she told him just “There’s a certain tent over there, there’san old man that talks to his grandchildren, I want you to go over there, don’t letanybody hear you. And lay down outside that tent and listen to that old man,how he’s teaching his grandkids.” And he said that boy did that because he didn’thave a man in his life. So it’s very important that both sides, the men and thewomen, and the girls as they grow up, and the boys, because the men alwaysknow, to be a man, and the grandmothers, they can talk so much on stuff, butthey let the men do that. And the same with women. The old women showedthe young women what to be like in life. So that was their teaching, it was re-ally hard to do those things but, my grandmother put me through that, and I hada broken arm, broken collarbone. She told me “There’s nothing wrong with yourlegs, you’ve got a hurt arm, but that doesn’t mean you can’t do anything.” Andevery morning she made sure that I took a bath or took a sweat, and run up thehill. She said “Run, just make it a little further, a little further.” You know, run-ning. Just so I can breathe, my lungs can, you know, exercise and when I first

70

went through the puberty, four days, don’t let anybody see you for four days.No human see your face. So from there, you know, they trained them, not to layaround, not to, you know, do something, keep moving. So, that was their teach-ing. So this young man that went and listened to this man that was teaching hisgrandkids. He picked up some stuff from there, because his grandmother toldhim, “You know you don’t have a man, you don’t have a grandfather, you don’thave a father to show you stuff, just listening will help you to...” you know, themen’s teaching. So that’s the way they looked at, they didn’t say “Well, I’m agrandmother, I’ll teach my grandson.” You have to put a man in there to helpthis young man, and that certain time, the time that a boy is growing up, he’d betaught for so long, then “Okay, you’re on your own.” And then from there they’dtake care of themselves. So that’s the way it is, because a man-to-man, you cantalk about things right to the nitty-gritty, and it’s the same thing with girls, whenthe ladies can, I think sometimes the ladies, the grandmothers are so hard. Butthat’s the teaching, it’s up to the individual to take that, to have a life like the wayyou should. Yeah. So that’s the way the people taught, you know, that’s gonenow, and the kids are all going to school and a lot of them just get mixed up withthe students down there and get into trouble, but it’s so hard to be a parent now.So hard. But long ago they trained them right through.


Version 3 was recorded on July 27, 2011 at Quilchena, BC.

9.1 Okanagan

’qsápi ìaP cì@ìx̌wú ’mx iP tkìmilxw, Púp@nkst uì cilkst spintk uì kw ìx̌wu ’mx.Púp@nkst uì mus, uì kw ìx̌wu ’mx. uì iP ’ň@x̌@x̌ ’ňx̌áp cunts “xwúyx! qíc@lx@x! xwúyx,ny ’Qi;;;p cqíc@lx@x, mi asìxw@ncút, ’kw@c ’kw@ctwí’lx. m@ì ixíP aks... ny ’Qip ilíPkw sPxílaPx itíP l naqspíntk. ny ’Qip kw xwylwis, ’kw@c ’kw@ctwí’lx aspí ’wp ’w.” uìist@mtímaP kwu kwulsts, kn x̌w@’cpíkst, x̌w ’cap inkílx. uì kwu cus ist@mtímaP “lutkw ’t@ x̌w@’c@pxán, wa ’y ’ti kw x̌ast aksqíc@lx. xwuyx! ’kwu’lstx!” uì kwu cus “kw

xwuy mi kw qilt l sqilt, mi kw ’kwú’l@m t k ’mintxw iP x ’ňut ’ti yir... mi kw tiìx tlaP

lkwut m@ì nPís ’kwlm@ntxw an iP x ’ňut ’kliP m@ì ya;Qt iP sti ’m anx̌mínk. QapnáP kw

s ’kw@ ’kwíym@lt, lut aksx̌ílwiP, aksqwsíPaP, ya;Qt akstí ’m. uì kw ì ’tPu’l kw t tkìmílxw

uì mpiy lut ksxa ’cs akskwnún@m ixíP. ixíP kiP kw ksPx̌ílaPx itíP ya;Qt sti ’m aksnPís ’kw@l@mn@m m@ì x̌wá;yaq ’n. mus ilíP aksPx̌íl@m itíP uì mi wiPstíxw. uì ’ní ’n ’wiPskw ì ’tPu’l t tkìmilxw mi ’ní ’n ’wiPs kw kìcitxw. ’ní ’n ’wiPs kw ksqwsíPaP, kw kìk@wáp,kw ks’t@mQált, kw ya;Qt sti ’m, aláP l asnPamút@n. áìiP ’kwú’l@ntxw kw ì ìx̌wu ’mx.itlíP mi kw ’kw@c ’kw@ctwí’lx, mi ’kwú’l@ntxw, xwúskstm@ntxw iP sti ’m ìaP c ’kwu’lstxw.uì kw ì ’tPu’l t tkìmilxw ilíP kw sPx̌ílaPx itíP. pintk mi (kw) ’kw@c ’kwáctcut kw c ’ňáx̌scutsti ’m ìaP c ’kwu’lstxw. uì qwaPmíntxw, uì kw ìaP ’tPu’l t tkìmilxw, kw ìaP qwsíPam....ixíP akscunmáPm asqwsíPaP. ixíP QapnáP kìcawt kw ì ìx̌wu ’mx QapnáP.

71



ìaPCOMP


iPDET

tkìmilxw,woman

Púp@nkstten

uìCONJ

cilkstfive

spintkyears

uìCONJ

kw

2SG.ABSìx̌wu ’mx.young.teenage.girl

‘A long time ago when a woman reached puberty, at fifteen, you reachpuberty.’

(189) Púp@nkstten

uìCONJ

mus,four

uìCONJ

kw

2SG.ABSìx̌wu ’mx.young.teenage.girl

‘Or at fourteen, you reach puberty.’

(190) uìCONJ

iPDET


cu(n)-nt-ssay-DIR-3SG.ERG

“xwúy-x!go-IMP

qíc@lx-@x!run-IMP

‘And the elders would tell her “Go, Run!’

(191) xwúy-x,go-IMP

ny ’Qi;;;palways

c-qíc@lx-@x,CUST-run-IMP

miFUT

a(n)-s-ìxw-@ncút,2SG.POSS-NOM-breath-REFLEX

’kw@c ’kw@ct-wí’lx.strong-DEV

‘Go, always run so that your breathing becomes strong.’

(192) m@ìCONJ

ixíPDEM

a-ks-2SG.POSS-FUT-

...

...ny ’Qipalways

ilíPDEM

kw

2SG.ABS

s-Pxíl-aPxNOM-do.like-INTR

itíPDEM

lLOC

naqs-(s)píntk.one-year

‘And you should do like that for one year.’

(193) ny ’Qipalways

kw

2SG.ABSxwy-lwis,go-here.and.there

’kw@c ’kw@ct-wí’lxstrong-DEV

a(n)-s-pí ’w-p ’w.”2SG.POSS-NOM-lung-RED

‘Always move around, your lungs will become strong.”’

(194) uìCONJ


kwu1SG.ABS

kwulst-s,request-(DIR)-3SG.ERG

kn1SG.ABS

x̌w@’c-p-íkst,break-INCH-arm

x̌w ’c-apbreak-INCH

in-kílx.1SG.POSS-hand

‘And my grandmother called for me, I broke my arm, my hand wasbroken.’

72

(195) uìCONJ

kwu1SG.ABS



“lutNEG

kw

2SG.ABS

’t@EMPH

x̌w@’c-@p-xán,break-INCH-leg

wa ’yyes

’tiEMPH

kw

1SG.ABSx̌astgood

a-ks-qí[email protected]

xwuy-x!go-IMP

’kwu’l-st-x!”work-CAUS-IMP

‘And my grandmother told me “Your foot isn’t broken, you can still rungood! Go! Work!”’

(196) uìCONJ

kwu1SG.ABS


“kw

2SG.ABSxwuygo

miFUT

kw

2SG.ABS

qiltover.a.hill

lLOC

s-qilt,NOM-over.a.hill

miFUT

kw

2SG.ABS

’kwú’l-@mmake-MID

tOBL

k ’min-(n)t-xw

manipulate-DIR-2SG.ERGiPDET

x ’ňutrock

’tiEMPH

yir...circle

‘And she told me “You go over the top of a hill, and set some rocks intoa circle.’

(197) miFUT

kw

2SG.ABStiìxstand

tlaPDEM

lkwutfar.away

m@ìCONJ

n-Pís ’kwl-m@n-(n)t-xw

n-throw-MIN-DIR-2SG.ERG

an-2SG.POSS

iPDET

x ’ňutrock

’kliPDEM

m@ìCONJ

ya;Qtall

iPDET

sti ’mwhat

an-x̌mínk.2SG.POSS-want

QapnáPnow

kw

2SG.ABSs- ’kw@- ’kwíy-m-@lt,NOM-RED-small-m-child

lutNEG

a-k(ì)-s-x̌ílwiP,2SG.POSS-U.POSS-NOM-husband

a-k(ì)-s-qwsíP-aP,2SG.POSS-U.POSS-NOM-son-RED

ya;Qtall

a-k(ì)-stí ’m.2SG.POSS-U.POSS-what

‘Then stand far away and throw some rocks in for everything you want.Now you’re a child, you don’t have a husband or children, or anything.’

73

(198) uìCONJ

kw

2SG.ABSìCOMP


kw

2SG.ABStOBL

tkìmílxw

womanuìCONJ

[mpiy] lutNEG

ks-xa ’c-sFUT-difficult-3SG.POSS

a-ks-kw(n)-nú[email protected]

ixíP.DEM

‘And you will be an unbeatable woman and it won’t be hard for you toget those things.’

(199) ixíPDEM

kiPCOMP

kw

2SG.ABSks-Px̌íl-aPxFUT-do.like-INCEPT

itíPDEM

ya;Qtall

sti ’mwhat

a-ks-n-Pís ’kw@l-@[email protected]

m@ìCONJ

x̌wá;yaq ’n.pile

‘That’s what you do there, throw everything into a pile.’

(200) musfour

ilíPDEM

a-ks-Px̌í[email protected]

itíPDEM

uìCONJ

miFUT

wiP-st-íxw.finish-CAUS-2SG.ERG

‘You do that four times and you’ll be finished.’

(201) uìCONJ


kw

2SG.ABSìCOMP


tOBL

tkìmilxw

woman

miFUT


kw

2SG.ABSkì-citxw.HAVE-house

‘And eventually you’ll be an unbeatable woman, and eventually you’llhave a house.’


kw

2SG.ABSk(ì)-s-qwsíP-aP,HAVE-NOM-son-RED

kw

2SG.ABS

kì-k@wáp,HAVE-horse

kw

2SG.ABSk(ì)-s’t@mQált,HAVE-cow

kw

2SG.ABSya;Qtall

sti ’m,what

aláPDEM

lLOC

a-s@n-Pamút-(t)@n.2SG.POSS-LOC-sitting.place-INSTR

‘Eventually you’ll have children, you’ll have horses and cows, you’llhave everything here in your house.’

(203) áìiPbecause

’kwu’l-nt-xw

work-DIR-2SG.ERGkw

2SG.ABSìCOMP

ìx̌wu ’mx.young.teenage.girl

‘Because you worked for it when you reached that age.’

74

(204) itlíPDEM

miFUT

kw

2SG.ABS

’kw@c ’kw@ct-wí’lx,strong-DEV

miFUT

’kwu’l-nt-xw,work-DIR-2SG.ERG

xwús-kst-m@n-(n)t-xw

hurry-hand-MIN-DIR-2SG.ERGiPDET

sti ’mwhat

ìaPCOMP

c- ’kwu’l-st-xw.CUST-work-CAUS-2SG.ERG

‘From that you’ll become strong, you’ll work, and be quick at whateveryou work at.’

(205) uìCONJ

kw

2SG.ABSìCOMP


tOBL

tkìmilxw

womanilíPDEM

kw

2SG.ABS

s-Px̌íl-aPxNOM-do.like-INTR

itíP.DEM

‘And you’ll be an unbeatable woman because you did that.’

(206) pintkalways

miFUT

(kw)2SG.ABS

’kw@c ’kwáct-cutstrong-REFLEX

kw

2SG.ABSc- ’ňáx̌-scutCUST-fast-REFLEX

sti ’mwhat

ìaPCOMP

c- ’kwu’l-st-xw.CUST-work-CAUS-2SG.ERG

‘You’ll always be strong and fast at whatever you work at.’

(207) uìCONJ

qwaPm-(m)ín-(n)t-xw,accustomed-MIN-DIR-2SG.ERG

uìCONJ

kw

2SG.ABSìaPCOMP


tOBL

tkìmilxw,woman

kw

2SG.ABSìaPCOMP

qwsíP-am.”son-MID

‘You’ll get used to it, and you’ll be an unbeatable woman, you’ll havechildren.”’

(208) ixíPDEM

a-ks-cunmáP-m2SG.POSS-FUT-teach-MID

a-s-qwsíP-aP.2SG.POSS-NOM-son-RED

‘That’s what you teach your kids.’

(209) ixíPDEM

QapnáPnow

kì-cawtU.POSS-doings

kw

2SG.ABSìCOMP

ìx̌wu ’mxyoung.teenage.girl

QapnáP.now

‘And that’s what one does when one reaches puberty.’

9.3 Commentary version 3

When a girl is about 13, 15, the first menstruation a girl has, and the oldpeople said that’s the time you’re powerful. You gotta practice everything that

75

you do, you gotta run to strengthen your lungs. You always do things fast. Al-ways doing something. And after that year, you’re 14 years old, you’ll get usedto doing things properly and fast, and you’re never lazy, you get over that, and somy grandmother, when I was 14 I had a broken collarbone and my grandmothertold me “You don’t have a broken leg, you can still run.” So she said you betterstart doing that, because when I first menstruated she said “That’s the time, youdo that.” So I was doing all that, running and sweating and having just a swim inthe lake, and doing a lot of things because she told me “This is the time, you dothat. And when you become an adult you will know all how to do these things.Do it fast, you’re never lazy to just sit around and not do anything, you keepmoving all the time.” And she said there are a lot of things that you could kindof re-fix by what had happened to you. So my grandmother was sending me, shesaid “You go up in the hills, and you make a big circle of rocks, and” she said“kind of stand far away from it and throw all the little rocks in there, and eachrock you throw, you say that’s what’s going to happen to me when I grow up tobe a woman, you know like a wife, children. All the things that you’re gonnapossess in your life like horses, maybe cattle, chickens, whatever is good foryour living. You kind of work at that, and” they said “when you finish, that’sthe way your life will be as you grow old, and you’ll be a wife and you’ll be amother and all those things the old teach young people what to do.” And, youknow, running a lot just like the marathons now, you’ve got to do something tohave yourself built up and be doing proper for yourself, for you lungs and... sothe old people did that, you know, and the boys were different. The boys, if theyhad a dream about the old way of being the warrior or something like that, thatmeans that you’ve come to a point to start working on yourselves as boys, asmen. So they did the same thing, they have the instructions for these boys whatto do to get themselves going. So those were the teachings, you know, the thingsyou did and the things that happened, whatever, and if you’re doing things foryour, through your lifetime, that’ll be with you to do it and you’ll do it properwhen you do it. And I remember my grandmother said “If there was a greengrass and you walk through there, and you could see your footsteps, the grasskind of dies, and kind of goes dry, it’s not alive anymore where you’ve walked.”So those kind of things that they were teaching us, elders, they were teaching,you know, things like that about life. So that’s what was happening in thosedays, you know, but after a while when the young people started going to school,that was kind of gone, you know, they’re in school and you can’t be teaching tothem anything else but what the school teaches. So that kind of was out of theway, to just work on people at a certain age. “You will learn to become a womanand, you know, doing things and the things that you do that year will help youall through your life.” So that was the teaching of the elders, you know, teach-ing to sweat, to take hot baths, and all sorts of things. Yeah, so they had a certainage to do that, well you keep doing stuff but those are the years that they practicebecause of the certain age.

76

10 iP nx̌aPx̌Pítkw: “The lake monster” (version 1)

Version 1 was recorded on January 23, 2011 at Quilchena, BC. See alsoLindley and Lyon (2012) for a different version of these stories.

10.1 Okanagan

’qsápi kwukw iP captíkwì, axáP iP ’ti ’kwt kwukw. kP@sPasíl t nx̌aPx̌Pítkw aP

ctyaqwt l ’ti ’kwt, l nyxwtitkws iP t siwìkw. uì itíP iP naqs p@púlst, uì ixíP sxwuys,’tíx@lx ’kl, tac ’kl n ’km ’kmips iP ’ti ’kwt. uì ixíP sxwuys. uì xwuysts iP siwìkw ’kl s@nxaP-cín@ms, kwaP c ’kwil ’k iP siwìkw. uì kicx ixíP ’kl Stump Lake. uì ilíP n ’cxwaxw

iP siwìkw. uì ’qsápi kwu ìaPc, pútiP kwu ìaP c ’q@ ’yám ’kl Kamloops, uì lut kwaP

kwu ’ta cxwylwis ’kaPkín, lut kwu ’t Pakìnxwylwíst@n. uì ixíP kwu..., wík@nt@miP t@cPx̌íì ìaP c’tPa ’kw iP ’c@l ’cál. sxPx̌ilx kiP Púmsts@lx t Stump Lake, kwaP ixíPmat itlíP, itlíP m@ì ixíP sc’tPa ’kws iP c ’c@l ’cál. kwaP ’qsápi cútl@x ixíP c...., kwukw

yaQyá;Qt ixíP c ’c@l ’cál. uì lut ilíP ’t Paksíwìkw uì ’kliP iP siwìkw iP xwuysts aP

nx̌aPx̌Pítkw, uì ’kìklí ’ws@lx. ixíP iP s ’m ’y ’m ’ya ’ys. ixíP.



kwukw

REPiPDET

captíkwì,legend

axáPDEM

iPDET

’ti ’kwtlake

kwukw.REP

‘A long time ago there was a legend about this lake.’

(211) k-P@s-Pasílk-RED-two(HUMAN)

tOBL

n-x̌aP-x̌P-ítkw

n-monster-RED-wateraPDET

c-tyaqwtCUST-fight

lLOC

’ti ’kwt,lake

lLOC

n-yxwt-itkw-sn-under-water-3SG.POSS

iPDET

tLOC

siwìkw.water

‘They said two big sea monsters were fighting in the lake, way down atthe bottom of the lake.’

(212) uìCONJ

itíPDEM

iPDET

naqsone

p@-púlst,RED-beat.somebody

uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

s-xwuy-s,NOM-go-3SG.POSS

’tí[email protected]

’kl,LOC

tacover

’klLOC

n- ’km- ’kmip-sn-RED-end-3SG.POSS

iPDET

’ti ’kwt.lake

‘And one of the monsters got beat up, and the one that got beat up gotout of the water, went down to the other end of the lake.’

77

(213) uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

s-xwuy-s.NOM-go-3SG.POSS

uìCONJ

xwuy-st-sgo-CAUS-3SG.ERG

iPDET

siwìkw

water

’klLOC

s@n-xaPcín-@m-s,LOC-on.the.way-MID-3SG.POSS

kwaPCOMP

c- ’kwil ’kCUST-roll

iPDET

siwìkw.water

‘He went and he pushed the water ahead of him, and the water rolledright further along.’

(214) uìCONJ

kic-xarrive(SG)-INTR

ixíPDEM

’klLOC

StumpStump

Lake.Lake

‘And it ended up in Stump Lake.’

(215) uìCONJ

ilíPDEM

n- ’cxw-axw

n-pour.liquid-REDiPDET

siwìkw.water

‘And the water poured into that canyon.’

(216) uìCONJ

’qsápilong.ago

kwu1PL.ABS

ìaP-c,COMP-CUST

pútiPstill

kwu1PL.ABS

ìaPCOMP

c- ’q@ ’y-ámCUST-write-MID

’klLOC

Kamloops,Kamloops

uìCONJ

lutNEG

kwaPCOMP

kwu1PL.ABS

’taEMPH

c-xwy-lwisCUST-go-here.and.there

’kaPkín,where

lutNEG

kwu1PL.ABS

’tEMPH

Pakì-(s)n-xwy-lwí[email protected]

‘And a long time ago when we went to school in Kamlooops, becausewe didn’t travel much, we didn’t have any vehicles...’

(217) uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

kwu1PL.ABS

...

...wí[email protected]

iPDET

t@cPx̌íìlike

(ìaP)COMP

c-’tPa ’kw

CUST-come.to.the.surfaceiPDET

’c@l ’cál.trees

‘And we’d see the trees and the posts were coming up.’

78

(218) sxPx̌ilxwhy

kiPCOMP

Pú[email protected]

tOBL

StumpStump

Lake,Lake

kwaPCOMP

ixíPDEM

matEPIS

itlíP,DEM

itlíPDEM

m@ìCONJ

ixíPDEM

s-c-’tPa ’kw-sNOM-CUST-come.to.the.surface-3SG.POSS

iPDET

c- ’c@l ’cál.CUST-trees

‘That’s why they call it Stump Lake, because the stumps because theyget soaked and come up to the surface.’

(219) kwaPCOMP

’qsápilong.ago


ixíPDEM

c-CUST

...

...kwukw

REPyaQyá;Qtall

ixíPDEM


‘They say long ago there was trees all over there.’

(220) uìCONJ

lutNEG

ilíPDEM

’tEMPH

Pak(ì)-síwìkw

HAVE-wateruìCONJ

’kliPDEM

iPDET

siwìkw

water

iPDET

xwuy-st-sgo-CAUS-3SG.ERG

aPDET

n-x̌aP- x̌P-ítkw,n-monster-RED-water

uìCONJ

’kì-kl-í ’w(s)-s@lx.’kì-split-middle-(DIR)-3PL.ERG

‘There was no water there until that monster brought some of this water,and they split from here.’

(221) ixíPDEM

iPDET

s- ’m ’y- ’m ’y-a ’y-s.NOM-RED-story-RED-3SG.POSS

ixíP.DEM

‘That was her story. That’s all.’

10.3 Free translation, version 1

This is the legend story, this lake. They said two big sea monsters werefighting in the lake, way down at the bottom of the lake. One of the monsters gotbeat up. The one that got beat up got out of the water, went down to the otherend of the lake, and got out of the water. He pushed the water ahead of him, andthe water rolled right further [North]. And it ended up in Stump Lake. The waterpoured into that canyon. And a long time ago when we went to school in Kam-loops, we didn’t travel much, we’d see the trees and the posts were coming up.That’s why they call it Stump Lake, because they get soaked and come up to thesurface. There was trees all over there and they all got uprooted and came up.There was no water there, just a canyon with a lot of trees, until that monsterbrought some of this water from Nicola Lake to Stump Lake. They took some ofthe water up there. That was the story about Stump Lake.

79

10.4 Additional commentary, version 1

So in the English term is, the legend story of this lake, they said thatit was two monsters that were fighting all the time in the bottom, down at thebottom of the lake. They were monsters and they’d fight and they were alwaysfighting, so finally one day they... one got licked, and went down the other endof the lake, and went on the shore, and supposedly took water and pushed it infront of him, of whatever this monster was, it pushed it and [they] said the waterrolled, and it rolled until it got to, there’s a lake over there they call Stump Lake.And I guess it was a deep canyon with a lot of, you know, trees. And then afterthe water got in there, you know, a few years after and those trees were startingto come up. And I can remember when we were going to school in Kamloops,you know, we went and stayed over there for 10 months, but as we’d go by, youcould see some stumps coming up. And I guess that’s after they got all soakedand, you know, they’d come up. So that went to show that there was no waterin that lake, and the legend story was told that these two monsters were fightingand one got licked and moved up, and that’s why there’s a lake over there. It’squite a big lake, and they were saying there was no fish in there, but then thegovernment started planting and so now there’s, it’s a great ... I think they saidthree different fish they planted there, so they... great fishing place now for thetourists. So that’s the lake from here, that went up there.


Version 2 was recorded on January 23, 2011 at Quilchena, BC.

11.1 Okanagan

iP nx̌aPx̌Pítkw aláP l ’ti ’kwt. iP tkìmilxw iP twísx@n iP q@pqínt@ns, taìtkwukw txwaPqín. ’ti ’qwQay kwukw iP q@pqínt@ns. sqilxw t tkìmilxw. uì iP ’kwi ’ňtiP sqilxw wiks ixíP. uì cut kwukw iP ’ň@x̌@x̌ ’ňx̌áp “lut kc ’ňaP ’ňaPstíp. wík@ntp, mip ’q@lílt. taPlíP x̌aPx̌áP, lut aks ’ňaP ’ňPám. wiks swit uì ’mayntís náx̌@mì, lut ak-snstíls ‘incákn cakw wík@n.’ kw ks ’qíltaPx. taPlíP x̌aPx̌áP. uì yaQyá;Qt iP l ’ti ’kwtkwukw kìnx̌aPx̌Pítkw. uì axáP aláP l ’ti ’kwt sq@ltmíxw uì tkìmilxw. uì ixíP axáPiP m ’qwiwt iP lahacPínak uì sqwmálst, ixíP iP skwists axáP iP Pasíl. uì axáP iP’ti ’kwt, nx̌aPx̌Pítkw. uì xwuy ’kl tac ’kl t ’k@mlúps iP x@wíì c ’kliP iP ’ti ’kwt, iP sPums iPsámaP t Stump Lake. ixíP kwukw ’kliP c ’c@lcá’l. uì iP tyaqwt aláP iP nx̌aPx̌Pítkw

iP siwìkw. uì atláP yalt iP p@púlst, uì ’kliP kicx uì ilíP ’kwú’l@’l ixíP t ’ti ’kwt, lutkwukw ilíP ’t Pakì’tí ’kwt. uì ixíP kwu ìaP cPawskúl ’qsápi. wík@nt@m iP ìaP c’t@’tPá ’kw

aP c ’c@l ’cál, kwaP mat scPx̌iì atáP t ns ’kwut aP c ’c@l ’cál... ...uì n ’cxwaxw t siwìkw

uì mat ilíP, m@ì ’t@Pá ’kw ìaPc, x̌wil iP sQax̌wíps m@ì ’t@’tPá ’kw aP c ’c@l ’cál. uì ixíPiP sámaP Pums t Stump Lake. ixíP nixw aP nx̌aPx̌Pítkw tac ’klíP. ixíP ’qsápi iPs ’m ’ym ’ya ’ys iP nx̌aPx̌aPx̌Pítkw yaQyáQt taPkín, iP s ’kwú’l@’ls iP t@mxwúlaPxw uì

80

taPlíP iP ’ň@x̌@x̌ ’ňx̌áp cx̌aPstís@lx. cx̌aPstís@lx iP siwìkw kwaP ilíP itlíP iP qáqxw@lxkaP cP@ìPíì@nl@x. yaQyáQt sti ’m tl siwìkw kwís@lx uì Píìs@lx. ixíP cPamnstím@lxiP t ’ti ’kwt. ixíP aP cx̌aPstís iP sqilxw. lutaP ckwsáltk@ms lut sti ’m ’t cn ’qwaPítkws iP’kast iP sti ’m l siwìkw. taPlíP cx̌aPstís@lx iP c@ ’wc ’wíxaP. ixíP.


(222) iPDET

n-x̌aP-x̌P-ítkw

n-monster-RED-wateraláPDEM

lLOC

’ti ’kwt.lake

‘There’s a monster in this lake.’

(223) iPDET

tkìmilxw

womaniPDET

twí[email protected]

iPDET

q@pqínt@n-s,hair-3SG.POSS

taìtstraight

kwukw

REP

t-xwaP-qín.t-much-hair

‘There was a woman with long hair, they said she had a lot of hair.’

(224) ’tiEMPH

’qwQayblack

kwukw

REPiPDET

q@pqí[email protected]

‘And they say her hair was black.’

(225) sqilxw

native.persontOBL

tkìmilxw.woman

‘She was an indian woman.’

(226) uìCONJ

iPDET

’kwi ’ňtsome

iPDET

sqilxw

native.peoplewik-ssee-(DIR)-3SG.ERG

ixíP.DEM

‘And a few of the people saw her.’

(227) uìCONJ

cutsay

kwukw

REPiPDET


“lutNEG

k-c- ’ňaP- ’ňaP-st-íp.k-CUST-RED-look.for-CAUS-2PL.ERG

‘And the old people said “Don’t you all go looking for her.’

(228) wik-nt-p,see-DIR-2PL.ERG

miFUT

p2PL.ABS

’q@l-íl-t.sick-RED-t

‘If you see her, you’ll get sick.’

(229) taPlíPvery

x̌aPx̌áP,powerful

lutNEG

a-ks- ’ňaP- ’ňP-ám.2SG.POSS-FUT-look.for-RED-MID

‘She’s very powerful, don’t look for her.’

81

(230) wik-ssee-(DIR)-3SG.ERG

switwho

uìCONJ

’may-nt-ístell-DIR-3SG.ERG

náx̌@mì,CONJ

lutNEG

a-ks-nstíls2SG.POSS-FUT-think

‘incá-kn1SG.INDEP-1SG.ABS

cakw

BOUL

wík-@n.’see-(DIR)-1SG.ERG

‘If someone sees her then tell about it, but don’t think ‘I wish I’d seenher.”

(231) kw

2SG.ABSks- ’qílt-aPx.FUT-sick-INCEPT

taPlíPvery

x̌aPx̌áP.powerful

‘You’ll get sick. She’s very powerful.”’

(232) uìCONJ

yaQyá;Qtall

iPDET

lLOC

’ti ’kwtlake

kwukw

REPkì-n-x̌aP-x̌P-ítkw.HAVE-n-monster-RED-water

‘And they say all these lakes have a sea monster.’

(233) uìCONJ

axáPDEM

aláPDEM

lLOC

’ti ’kwtlake

sq@ltmíxw

manuìCONJ

tkìmilxw.woman

‘And here at this lake was a man and a woman.’

(234) uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

axáPDEM

iPDET

m ’qwiwtmountain

iPDET

lahacPínakotter.woman(SHUSWAP)

uìCONJ

sqwmálst,stone(SHUSWAP)

ixíPDEM

iPDET

skwist-sname-3SG.POSS

axáPDEM

iPDET

Pasíl.two

‘And these mountains are “Otter Woman” and “Stone”, these are thenames of the two.’

(235) uìCONJ

axáPDEM

iPDET

’ti ’kwt,lake

n-x̌aP-x̌P-ítkw.n-monster-RED-water

‘And this lake, there’s a sea monster.’

(236) uìCONJ

xwuygo

’klLOC

tacover

’klLOC

t ’k@mlúpsKamloops

iPDET

x@wíìroad

c- ’kliPover.there

iPDET

’ti ’kwt,lake

iPDET

s-Pum-sNOM-call-3SG.POSS

iPDET

sámaPwhite.person

tOBL

StumpStump

Lake.Lake

‘And it went over towards Kamloops, the lake rolled over to what thewhites call “Stump Lake.”’

82

(237) ixíPDEM

kwukw

REP

’kliPDEM

c- ’c@lcá’l.CUST-trees

‘They say there used to be trees there.’

(238) uìCONJ

iPDET

tyaqwtfight

aláPDEM

iPDET

n-x̌aP-x̌P-ítkw

n-monster-RED-wateriPDET

siwìkw.water

‘And the sea monsters fought here in the water.’

(239) uìCONJ

atláPDEM

yaltrun.away

iPDET

p@-púlst,RED-beat.someone

uìCONJ

’kliPDEM

kic-xarrive(SG)-INTR

uìCONJ

ilíPDEM

’kwú’l-@’lmake-RED

ixíPDEM

tOBL

’ti ’kwt,lake

lutNEG

kwukw

REPilíPDEM

’tEMPH

Pakì-’tí ’kwt.HAVE-lake

‘And the one that lost ran away from here and went there and and madethe lake there; there wasn’t any lake there before.’

(240) uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

kwu1PL.ABS

ìaPCOMP

c-(k)-Paws-(s)kúlCUST-k-go-school

’qsápi.long.ago

‘And a long time ago we went to school.’

(241) wí[email protected]

iPDET

ìaPCOMP

c-’t@-’tPá ’kw

CUST-RED-come.to.the.surfaceaPDET

c- ’c@l ’cál,CUST-trees

kwaPbecause

matEPIS

scPx̌iìlike

atáPDEM

tOBL

ns ’kwutacross

aPDET

c- ’c@l ’cál...CUST-trees

‘We’d see the floating stumps, because there must’ve been trees downdeep.’

(242) ...uìCONJ

n- ’cxw-axw

n-liquid.pours-REDtOBL

siwìkw

wateruìCONJ

matEPIS

ilíP,DEM

m@ìCONJ

’t@Pá ’kw

come.to.the.surface(ìaP-c),COMP-CUST

( ’kì)x̌wilmany

iPDET

s-Qax̌wíp-sNOM-root-3SG.POSS

m@ìCONJ

’t@-’tPá ’kw

RED-come.to.the.surfaceaPDET


‘And the water poured in there and there were lots of stumps and roots.’

83

(243) uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

iPDET

sámaPwhite.person

Pum-sname-(DIR)-3SG.ERG

tOBL

StumpStump

Lake.Lake

‘And the whites call it Stump Lake.’

(244) ixíPDEM

nixw

alsoaPDET

n-x̌aP-x̌P-ítkw

n-monster-RED-watertac- ’klíP.over-there

‘And there’s also a sea monster over there.’

(245) ixíPDEM

’qsápilong.ago

iPDET

s- ’m ’y-m ’y-a ’y-sNOM-RED-story-RED-3SG.POSS

iPDET

n-x̌aP-x̌aP-x̌P-ítkw

n-RED-monster-RED-wateryaQyáQtall

taPkín,where

iPDET

s- ’kwú’l-@’l-sNOM-make-RED-3SG.POSS

iPDET

t@mxwúlaPxw

landuìCONJ

taPlíPvery

iPDET


c-x̌aP-st-í[email protected]

‘That was her story; the sea monsters made all the land, and the Eldersreally respected that.’

(246) c-x̌aP-st-í[email protected]

iPDET

siwìkw

waterkwaPbecause

ilíPDEM

itlíPDEM

iPDET

qáqxw@lxfish

kaPCOMP

c-P@ì-Píì@[email protected]

‘They respected the water because it was from there that they got thefish that they ate.’

(247) yaQyáQtall

sti ’mwhat

tlLOC

siwìkw

waterkwí(n)-s@lxtake-(DIR)-3PL.ERG

uìCONJ

Píì(n)[email protected](DIR)-3PL.ERG

‘Everything from the lake, they took and ate.’

(248) ixíPDEM

c-Pamn-st-í[email protected]

iPDET

tOBL

’ti ’kwt.lake

ixíPDEM

aPDET

c-x̌aP-st-ísCUST-sacred-CAUS-3SG.ERG

iPDET


‘The lake fed them, and the people respected that.’

84

(249) lutaPNEG

c-kwsáltk@ms14

CUST-misuselutNEG

sti ’mwhat

’tEMPH

c-n- ’qwaP-ítkw-sCUST-n-wash-water-3SG.POSS

iPDET

’kastbad

iPDET

sti ’mwhat

lLOC

siwìkw.water

‘Don’t misuse or wash anything bad in the water.’

(250) taPlíPvery

c-x̌aP-st-í[email protected]

iPDET

c@ ’w-c ’wíxaP.RED-river

ixíP.DEM

‘They really respected the rivers. That’s all.’


Version 3 was recorded on July 27, 2011 at Quilchena, BC. This versiondescribes the lake monster as being a mermaid.

12.1 Okanagan

lut ’ta cmystin ì kscaptíkwìc axáP t s ’m ’y ’ma ’y, náx̌@mì iP s ’m ’ym ’ya ’ys.kwukw iP tkìmilxw aP c ’kram. ksnya ’kwmíxaPx ’kl ns ’kwuts axáP iP ’ti ’kwt nì ’qíì[email protected]ì c ’kram kwukw iP tkìmilxw uì Qá ’c@m ’kl nyxwtitkw uì wiks iP tkìmilxw aP c ’kramt nyxwtitkw. uì kwukw xwPi;t iP q@pqínt@ns. uì taìt kwukw cPx̌iì t Paksk@ ’w ’wáx̌@n.uì kwukw ixíP ’kaPít@t iP ’kl n’tí’taPpt uì lut nixw wiks uì ’tíx@lx. uì ì@ìxwúy uì wiksnixw. uì ixíP scútx@lx iP nx̌aPx̌Pítkw. ixíP kwukw aP nx̌aPx̌Pítkw ac... axáP l ’ti ’kwt.uì ’qsápi ixíP Nancy Michelle wiks, kwukw ilíP ccaQcQálx l scPaqw. uì níx’l@ms tiPsiwìkw. uì ’ňaP ’ňPús@m uì wiks iP tkìmilxw ’tPa ’kw, uì s ’qwtiws tkìmilxw uì s ’qwtiwsqáqxw@lx. uì ixíP tkìmilxw ìaP... lut ’t ’qsápi itlíP tliP ... uì ’q@l ’qílt, p@’lpí’lkwt, uì’ňlal. uì scútx@lx ixíP tl wiks kwukw kiP Px̌íl@m itíP. uì ixíP cútl@x aláP tkìmilxw tnx̌aPx̌Pítkw axáP l ’ti ’kwt. wa ’y.


(251) lutNEG

’taEMPH

c-my-st-inCUST-know-CAUS-1SG.ERG

ìCOMP

ks-captíkwì-cFUT-legend-3SG.POSS

axáPDEM

tOBL

s- ’m ’y- ’ma ’y,NOM-RED-story

náx̌@mìCONJ

iPDET

s- ’m ’y-m ’y-a ’y-s.NOM-RED-story-RED-3SG.POSS

‘I don’t know if this story is a captikwì, but it is a story anyways.’

14 It is unclear to me how to analyze this form.

85

(252) kwukw

REPiPDET

tkìmilxw

womanaPDET

c- ’kr-am.CUST-swim-MID

‘They say there was a woman that swam.’

(253) ks-n-ya ’kw-míxaPxFUT-n-cross.over.water-INCEPT

’k(l)LOC

ns ’kwut-sacross-3SG.POSS

axáPDEM

iPDET

’ti ’kwtlake

nì ’qíì[email protected]

‘She’d cross over this lake here in Quilchena.’

(254) uìCONJ

c- ’kr-amCUST-swim-MID

kwukw

REPiPDET

tkìmilxw

womanuìCONJ

Qá ’c-@msee-MID

’klLOC

n-yxwt-itkw

n-under-wateruìCONJ


iPDET

tkìmilxw

womanaPDET

c- ’kr-amCUST-swim-MID

tOBL

n-yxwt-itkw.n-under-water

‘And they say the woman swam, and looking underwater, she [NancyMichelle] could see the woman swimming under the water.’

(255) uìCONJ

kwukw

REPxwPi;tlots

iPDET

q@pqí[email protected]

‘And they say she had a lot of hair.’

(256) uìCONJ

taìtstraight

kwukw

REPcPx̌iìlike

tOBL

Pak(ì)-s-k@ ’w- ’w-áx̌@n.HAVE-NOM-wings-RED-shoulder

‘And they say she had these wings coming off her shoulders.’

(257) uìCONJ

kwukw

REPixíPDEM

’kaPít-@tapproach-RED

iPDET

’klLOC

n-’tí-’taPptn-RED-shallow.water

uìCONJ

lutNEG

nixw

againwik-ssee-(DIR)-3SG.ERG

uìCONJ

’tí[email protected]

‘And she was right next to her in the shallow water, and then she didn’tsee her again, and she [Nancy] got to shore.’

(258) uìCONJ

ì@ì-xwúyreturn-go

uìCONJ


nixw.again

‘And she went back to see her again.’

(259) uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

s-cú[email protected]

iPDET

n-x̌aP-x̌P-ítkw.n-monster-RED-water

‘And they say it was a sea monster.’

86

(260) ixíPDEM

kwukw

REPaPDET

n-x̌aP-x̌P-ítkw

n-monster-RED-waterac-CUST

...

...axáPDEM

lLOC

’ti ’kwt.lake

‘It was the sea monster here in this lake.’

(261) uìCONJ

’qsápilong.ago

ixíPDEM

NancyNancy

MichelleMichelle

wik-s,see-(DIR)-3SG.ERG

kwukw

REP

ilíPDEM

c-caQ-cQálxCUST-RED-bathing

lLOC

s-cPaqw.NOM-summer

‘And a long time ago Nancy Michelle saw her, they say she wasswimming in the summertime.’

(262) uìCONJ

níx’l-@m-shear-MIN-(DIR)-3SG.ERG

(i)tiPDEM

siwìkw.water

‘And she heard something in the water.’

(263) uìCONJ

’ňaP- ’ňP-ús-@mlook-RED-eye-MID

uìCONJ


iPDET

tkìmilxw

woman’tPa ’kw,come.to.the.surface

uìCONJ

s ’qwtiwshalf

tkìmilxw

womanuìCONJ

s ’qwtiwshalf

qá[email protected]

‘She [Nancy] was looking and saw the woman float up, and she washalf woman and half fish.’

(264) uìCONJ

ixíPDEM

tkìmilxw

womanìaPCOMP

...

...lutNEG

’tEMPH

’qsápilong.ago

itlíPDEM

tliPDEM

...

...uìCONJ

’q@l- ’qílt,RED-sick

p@’l-pí’lkwt,RED-broken.body

uìCONJ

’ňlal.die

‘And this woman [Nancy], and it wasn’t long before she got sick, andshe got arthritis, and she died.’

(265) uìCONJ

s-cú[email protected]

ixíPDEM

tlLOC


kwukw

REPkiPCOMP


itíP.DEM

‘And they said that whoever saw her, that would happen to them.’

(266) uìCONJ

ixíPDEM


aláPDEM

tkìmilxw

womantOBL

n-x̌aP-x̌P-ítkw

n-monster-RED-water

axáPDEM

lLOC

’ti ’kwt.lake


‘And they said there’s a woman monster here in this lake. That’s all.’

87

12.3 Additional commentary, version 3

He only had one son, and the boy was very lonely, you know, nobodyto play with in the summertimes, and he’d be walking along the lake, so he seenthis log laying there, so he dug it up and he pushed it. Pretty soon it got in thewater, so he got on there and he started paddling, and it took him right acrossthe lake. When he got over there.... and while he was going, he said he lookeddown, and there was a woman swimming under him. [A woman who brushedher hair, and they say she had long hair.] Said she had long hair, and she wasswimming under him. You know, he said he got kind of frightened, but it wasa woman. And that was the monster, and there was one lady that told the story,she seen it, it was in the summertime too. And she said it was hot, so she wentout in the lake and she was just sitting in the lake getting cooled off, and she saidthey heard the ripple, so she looked up, and they said there’s a woman that cameout quite a ways.... she said she was a human right to the waist, and from thewaist down, looked like a fish. And she said just in the blink of her eye, and itjust went away. And that lady after that she was just a young girl, and she gotarthritis, and people were telling her because she’d seen that that she, you know,she developed arthritis and she died of, you know, just being really sick and allbroken up and... yeah, so that’s the story of this lake, there’s a woman monster inthe lake.

13 Appendix

13.1 Transcription, interlinear glossing, and translation methodology

All Okanagan material was freely narrated by Lottie Lindley, and recordedin WAV format using a Marantz PMD-660 with an XLR-external microphone.All recordings are deposited at the Northwest Linguistics Collection (Jacobs Re-search Fund) at the University of Washington archives.

The Okanagan transcriptions are phonemic, with the exception of schwa,which I use phonetically. This sometimes leads to transcription alternations, forexample, -l@x varies with -@lx 3PL.ABS. Transcriptions were checked for themost part against Mattina (1987), although Mattina (1985) and Mattina and De-Sautel (2002) were also consulted. All errors are John Lyon’s. Rhetorical length-ening is marked by a long vowel, e.g. i;. The longer the vowel, the more timesthe symbol ; is iterated. Commas indicate a perceptible pause in speech.

I did not exhaustively parse Okanagan forms, but instead opted for amore ‘practical’ approach. For instance, I analyze the prefix s@n- when it marksa location, occurring in tandem with instrumental -t@n, as a LOC ‘locational’ pre-fix, rather than further analyzing it as a possible sequence of nominalizer s- plusderivational prefix n-. For phonemes that predictably reduce in certain environ-ments, I usually include the phoneme in parenthesis, for example LOC ’k(l), or1SG.POSS i(n)- before a noun beginning with s or ì or n. I do not usually followthe same practice for null transitivizers in 3rd person ergative forms, instead justincluding a parenthetical DIR or CAUS in the gloss line. I do not analyze the se-

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mantics of reduplication patterns, for example diminutivity or plurality, but sim-ply use RED for ‘reduplication’. Finally, I do not always parse lexical suffixes,except when I feel that this increases the transparency between the translationand the Okanagan.

Square brackets within the Okanagan transcription of an interlineargloss indicate a false start or a morpheme or sound which I was not able to an-alyze. Square brackets within the translation line of an interlinear gloss indi-cate important contextually relevant material which is not found in the originalOkanagan. Square brackets within a free translation or additional commentarysection indicate additional information provided by Lottie which is not part ofthe original recording.

Free translations and additional commentary sections are transcribedverbatim from Lottie’s recording. I used punctuation loosely within these sec-tions. Commas serve to indicate a pause in speech, and not necessarily a clausalboundary. The goal here was for the English transcription to reflect as closely aspossible her original speech.

Interlinear translations are a composite of Lottie Lindley’s free trans-lation, Lottie Lindley’s and Sarah McLeod’s sentence-by-sentence translation,and John Lyon’s interpretation. After recording each text in the language, Lottiegave a free English translation. After making a rough transcription, I met withLottie and reviewed excerpts I found difficult to analyze. I also had her trans-late each Okanagan sentence into English. Sarah also assisted with this task. Itried to adhere to Lottie’s and Sarah’s original translations whenever possible;however in certain cases, their translations were paraphrastic, or otherwise di-verged markedly from the Okanagan grammatical form, in which case I revisedthe translation to more transparently reflect the Okanagan. Any transcription andtranslation errors are John Lyon’s.

13.2 Pronominal paradigms

The following pronominal paradigms are adapted from Mattina (1993)and Mattina and DeSautel (2002), but with a major simplification: I label allnon-possessive intransitive subjects and transitive objects as ‘absolutive’, de-spite the fact that there is only a partial morphological correspondence acrosscategories labelled ‘absolutive’. This approach implies that the morphologicalrealization of an object absolutive marker is dependent on the subject. Whilethis may ultimately be an oversimplification, from a practical standpoint, this ap-proach aids the reader in identifying subject versus object in transitive contexts,while at the same time it acknowledges the partial paradigmatic overlap betweentransitive objects and intransitive non-possessive subjects.

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13.2.1 Intransitive paradigms

Paradigm 1 Paradigm 2ABS. POSS.

1SG kn i(n)-2SG kw a(n)-3SG � -s1PL kwu -tt2PL p -mp3PL -lx -slx

13.2.2 Transitive paradigms

Paradigm 1 Paradigm 2ABS. OBJECT POSS. SUBJECT ABS. OBJECT ERG. SUBJECT

1SG kwu i(n)- kwu -(i)n2SG kw a(n)- -s,-m -(i)xw

3SG � -s -� -(i)s1PL kwu -tt kwu ... -m -(i)m,-t2PL p -mp -ì(ul)m -(i)p3PL � -slx � ... -lx -(i)slx

13.3 AbbreviationsABS absolutive case INDEP independent pronounAPPL possessor applicative (-ìt-) INSTR instrumental (-t@n)BEN benefactive applicative (-x(i)t-) INTR intransitivizerBOUL bouletic modal (cakw) LOC locative (prefix or particle)CAUS causative transitivizer (-st-) MANAGE.TO pre-transitivizer (-nu(n)-)CISL cislocative (c-) MID middle marker (-@m)COMP complementizer MIN pre-transitivizer (-m(i)n-)CONJ conjunction NEG negative (lut)CUST customary ((a)c-) NOM nominalizer (s-)DEM demonstrative OBL oblique marker (t)DET determiner (iP) OCC occupation (s@xw-)DEV developmental (-wilx) PASS passive (-@m)DIR directive transitivizer (-nt-) PERF perfective (s-c-)DUB dubitative (uc) PL pluralEMPH emphatic POSS possessive caseEPIS epistemic modal (cmay, mat) RECIP reciprocal (-(n)wixw)ERG ergative case RED reduplicationEVID evidential REFLEX reflexive (-ncut)FUT future REP reportative evidential (kwukw)HAVE existential/‘have’ (k(ì)-) SG singularIMP imperative STAT stative/habitual ((a)c-)INCEPT inceptive (-(mí)xaPx) U.POSS unrealized possessorINCH inchoative (-p) YNQ yes/no question (ha)

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References

Boas, F. and J. Teit (1930). Coeur d’Alene, Flathead and Okanagon Indians.United States Government Printing Office.

Lindley, L. and J. Lyon (2012). 12 Upper Nicola Okanagan Texts. In Papers forthe 47th Annual International Conference on Salish and NeighboringLanguages, pp. 173–246. UBCWPL vol. 32.

Mattina, A. (1982). The Colville-Okanagan Transitive System. InternationalJournal of American Linguistics 48, 421–435.

Mattina, A. (1985). The Golden Woman: The Colville Narrative of Peter J. Sey-mour. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press.

Mattina, A. (1987). Colville-Okanagan Dictionary. Missoula, MT: University ofMontana Occasional Papers in Linguistics, vol. 7.

Mattina, A. (1993). Okanagan Aspect: A Working Paper. In Papers for the28th Annual International Conference on Salish and Neighboring Lan-guages, pp. 233–263.

Mattina, A. and M. DeSautel (2002). Dora Noyes DeSautel ìaP kìcaptíkwì. Mis-soula, MT: University of Montana Occasional Papers in Linguistics,vol. 15.

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Documents

1 Maggie Moore 1.1 Okanagan - University of British Columbialingpapers.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2018/01/2013_Lindley_Lyon.pdf · Moore iP t@mx wúlaPx s. way.’ 1.2 Interlinear gloss