1 Message Oriented Middleware and Hierarchical Routing Protocols Smita Singhaniya Sowmya Marianallur Dhanasekaran Madan Puthige

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Message Oriented Message Oriented Middleware and Hierarchical Middleware and Hierarchical

Routing ProtocolsRouting Protocols

Smita SinghaniyaSmita Singhaniya

Sowmya Marianallur DhanasekaranSowmya Marianallur Dhanasekaran

Madan PuthigeMadan Puthige

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Wireless Sensor NetworksWireless Sensor Networks

increasing development of wireless sensor networks increasing development of wireless sensor networks

(WSNs)(WSNs)

scarce resources (memory, battery, processing capacity)scarce resources (memory, battery, processing capacity)

thousand of nodesthousand of nodes

event-driven event-driven

traditional middleware systems are traditional middleware systems are heavyweightheavyweight

request/replyrequest/reply communication is not adequate communication is not adequate

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WSNWSN [ [ScenarioScenario]]

sink node

user application

observation regionsensor nodes

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Message Oriented Message Oriented MiddlewareMiddleware

MIRESMIRES – Middleware for WSNs – Middleware for WSNs

enables communication between sensing-based enables communication between sensing-based

applicationsapplications

provides a set of middleware servicesprovides a set of middleware services

hides the complexity of communication underlying hides the complexity of communication underlying

mechanisms from the mechanisms from the sensing-based sensing-based applicationapplicationss

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MIRES MIRES [[Basic FactsBasic Facts]]

message-oriented middlewaremessage-oriented middleware

publish/subscribe servicepublish/subscribe service

asynchronous communicationasynchronous communication

encapsulatesencapsulates network-level protocols network-level protocols

routing and topology control protocolsrouting and topology control protocols

aggregationaggregation service service

collects and integrates data generated from a large and physically collects and integrates data generated from a large and physically

dispersed set of nodesdispersed set of nodes

API (API (Application ProgrammingApplication Programming Interface) Interface)

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MIRES MIRES [[ArchitectureArchitecture]]

Sensors CPU Radio

Operating System

MIRESRouting Routing Service 1

AggregationService Service N

ServiceN

Node ApplicationNode Application

Publish/subscribe service

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MIRES MIRES [[Publish/Subscribe Publish/Subscribe ServiceService]]

a publish/subscribe a publish/subscribe

middleware middleware publishes (“sender”) and publishes (“sender”) and

subscribers (“receivers”) subscribers (“receivers”)

applicationsapplications

asynchronous asynchronous

communicationcommunication

sender and receiver may sender and receiver may

not be present in the not be present in the

network at the same timenetwork at the same time

topics (subject)topics (subject)

Hardware

Operating System

MOM

Sender Receiver

Queue

send(m)

notifica

tion

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allows the communication allows the communication

between middleware servicesbetween middleware services

responsibleresponsible for for advertises advertises

topicstopics

maintains the list of topics maintains the list of topics

subscribed by the node subscribed by the node

applicationapplication

publishes messages publishes messages

containing data related to containing data related to

the advertised topicsthe advertised topicsSensors CPU Radio

Operating System

MIRES

Routing Routing Service1

AggregationService Service

NServiceN

Node ApplicationNode Application


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TinyOSTinyOS nesC language nesC language

component-based component-based

programming modelprogramming model

each component provides each component provides

and uses servicesand uses services

component’s interface is component’s interface is

made up of commands made up of commands

(procedures)(procedures)

Sensors CPU Radio

Operating System

MIRES

Routing Routing Service1Aggregation

Service ServiceNServiceN

Node Application


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publish/subscribe service publish/subscribe service

-> other components-> other components

Node application Node application

advertises its ability of advertises its ability of

sensing data related to a sensing data related to a

topictopic

the publish/subscribe the publish/subscribe

services sends that services sends that

information to the network information to the network

sink node

user application

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message arrival from the message arrival from the

networknetwork all messages are addressed to all messages are addressed to

the sink nodethe sink node

MultiRouter signalises an MultiRouter signalises an

intercept an eventintercept an event

the publish/subscribe service the publish/subscribe service

updates its internal controlupdates its internal control

the publish/subscribe services the publish/subscribe services

returns areturns ann indication that the indication that the

message can be forwardedmessage can be forwarded

sink node

user application

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topic subscriptiontopic subscription

user application broadcasts user application broadcasts

subscribed topics to the subscribed topics to the

networknetwork

BCast signals a BCast signals a receivereceive

eventevent

the publish/subscribe the publish/subscribe

service notifies services service notifies services

attached to itattached to it

sink node

user application

sensor nodes

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sink node

user application

sensor nodes

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MIRES MIRES [[Aggregation ServiceAggregation Service]]

the aggregation of data the aggregation of data

collected from sensors collected from sensors

reduces the number of reduces the number of

transmissionstransmissions

performed in each nodeperformed in each node

configuration parametersconfiguration parameters aggregation function (e.g., aggregation function (e.g.,

suppression, min, max, suppression, min, max,

average)average)

stop criteriastop criteria

Room 1

user application

sink

Room 2

Room 3 Room 4

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MIRES MIRES [[Aggregation ServiceAggregation Service]]

user application

Nodeapplication

TinyOSMires

Sensorreadings

Publishmessages

Incomingmessages

Room

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Multi-hop routing algorithmMulti-hop routing algorithm Clustering-based Hierarchical Clustering-based Hierarchical

Routing ProtocolsRouting Protocols

MIRES MIRES [[RoutingRouting]]

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Hierarchical ProtocolHierarchical Protocol

Multi hop communication with Multi hop communication with network clusteringnetwork clustering

Data Aggregation and FusionData Aggregation and Fusion LEACHLEACH PEGASISPEGASIS TEEN and APTEENTEEN and APTEEN

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Low-Energy Adaptive Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering HierarchyClustering Hierarchy

Cluster head for the current round if the random Cluster head for the current round if the random number is less than the following thresholdnumber is less than the following threshold p is the desired percentage of cluster headsp is the desired percentage of cluster heads r is the current roundr is the current round G is the set of nodes that have not been cluster heads in G is the set of nodes that have not been cluster heads in

the last 1/p roundsthe last 1/p rounds

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Low-Energy Adaptive Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering HierarchyClustering Hierarchy

Cluster Heads at time t Cluster Heads at time t + d

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Drawbacks of LEACHDrawbacks of LEACH

Single-hop routing – each node Single-hop routing – each node transmits directly to the cluster-transmits directly to the cluster-head and cluster-head directly to head and cluster-head directly to the sinkthe sink

Dynamic clustering – extra Dynamic clustering – extra overheadoverhead

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Power-Efficient Gathering in Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information System Sensor Information System

[[PEGASISPEGASIS]] Eliminates dynamic cluster formationEliminates dynamic cluster formation Minimizes distance non-leader nodes Minimizes distance non-leader nodes

must transmitmust transmit Limits the no. of transmissions and Limits the no. of transmissions and

receptions among all nodesreceptions among all nodes Only one transmission to the BS per Only one transmission to the BS per

roundround

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Chaining in PEGASISChaining in PEGASIS

C0,C1,C3,C4 - Non-leader nodes

C2- Leader Node

Each node communicates only with the closest neighbor

Gathered data moves from node to node, get fused and sent to the BS by the designated leader node

Nodes take turns being the leader ( I mod N)

Chaining is done using the greedy approach

When a node dies chaining is done again

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Hierarchical PEGASIS with Hierarchical PEGASIS with CDMACDMA

Constructs a chain of nodes, that Constructs a chain of nodes, that forms a tree like hierarchyforms a tree like hierarchy

Data transmitting in parallel Data transmitting in parallel Tree is balanced, the delay will be in Tree is balanced, the delay will be in

O (log N)O (log N)

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Nodes at even positions transmit data to their right

Nodes receiving at each level rise to next level in hierarchy

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Comparison of PEGASIS with Comparison of PEGASIS with LEACHLEACH

PEGASIS has been shown to PEGASIS has been shown to outperform LEACH by about 100 to outperform LEACH by about 100 to 300% for different network sizes and 300% for different network sizes and topologiestopologies

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Threshold sensitive Energy Threshold sensitive Energy Efficient sensor Network Efficient sensor Network

protocolprotocol

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protocolprotocol

Responsive to sudden changes in the Responsive to sudden changes in the sensed attributes such as temperaturesensed attributes such as temperature

Cluster head broadcasts to the nodesCluster head broadcasts to the nodes AttributesAttributes Hard threshold Hard threshold Soft threshold.Soft threshold.

TEEN is not good for applications TEEN is not good for applications where periodic reports are neededwhere periodic reports are needed

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Adaptive Threshold sensitive Adaptive Threshold sensitive Energy Efficient sensor Energy Efficient sensor

Network protocolNetwork protocol Captures both periodic data and Captures both periodic data and

reacts to time-critical eventsreacts to time-critical events Historical, to analyze past data valuesHistorical, to analyze past data values one-time, to take a snapshot view of one-time, to take a snapshot view of

the networkthe network Persistent, to monitor an event for a Persistent, to monitor an event for a

period of timeperiod of time

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protocolprotocol

Time line for the operation of TEEN Time line for the operation of TEEN and APTEENand APTEEN

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Drawbacks of TEEN and Drawbacks of TEEN and APTEENAPTEEN

Overhead and complexity of forming Overhead and complexity of forming clusters in multiple levelsclusters in multiple levels

Implementing threshold-based Implementing threshold-based functions functions

Dealing with attribute-based naming Dealing with attribute-based naming of queriesof queries

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ConclusionConclusion

publish/subscribe paradigm – publish/subscribe paradigm –

asynchronous communication asynchronous communication

model model multi-hop routing algorithm – multi-hop routing algorithm –

hierarchical routing algorithmhierarchical routing algorithm

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Questions ????Questions ????

Thank YouThank You

Documents

1 Message Oriented Middleware and Hierarchical Routing Protocols Smita Singhaniya Sowmya Marianallur Dhanasekaran Madan Puthige