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2
Psychological Disorders
Mood Disorders Major Depressive Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
Explaining Mood Disorders
Link 58:53
3
Major Depressive Disorder
Depression is the “common
cold” of psychological
disorders.
In a year, 5.8% of men and 9.5% of women report
depression worldwide
(WHO, 2002).
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Major Depressive Disorder
Major depressive disorder occurs when signs of depression last two weeks or more and are
not caused by drugs or medical conditions.
1. Lethargy and fatigue2. Feelings of worthlessness3. Loss of interest in family &
friends4. Loss of interest in activities
Signs include:
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Bipolar Disorder
Formerly called manic-depressive disorder. An alternation between depression and
mania signals bipolar disorder.
Multiple ideas
Hyperactive
Desire for action
Euphoria
Elation
Manic Symptoms
Slowness of thought
Tired
Inability to make decisions
Withdrawn
Gloomy
Depressive Symptoms
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Mood (or Affective) Disorders• Depressive Disorders
– Major Depressive Disorder (weeks or months)– Dysthymic Disorder (mild but 2 or more years)
• Bipolar Disorders– Depression mixed with Mania
• Mania = Elated, excited, active emotional state.
– Bipolar I Disorder or Manic Depression– Bipolar II Disorder or Hypomania (hypo=under)
– Cyclothymic Disorder• Not as extreme as Bipolar, but over a long period of time.
• More detail than you need here…
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Bipolar DisorderMany great writers, poets, and composers
suffered from bipolar disorder. During their manic phase creativity surged, but not
during their depressed phase.
Whitman Wolfe Clemens Hemingway
Bettm
ann/ Corbis
George C
. Beresford/ H
ulton Getty Pictures L
ibrary
The G
ranger Collection
Earl T
heissen/ Hulton G
etty Pictures L
ibrary
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Explaining Mood Disorders
Since depression is so prevalent worldwide, investigators want to develop a theory of
depression that will suggest ways to treat it.
Lewinsohn et al., (1985, 1998) note that a theory of depression should explain the following:
1. Behavioral and cognitive changes2. Common causes of depression
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Theory of Depression
4. Depressive episodes self-terminate.
5. Stressful events often precede depression.
6. Depression is increasing, especially in the teens.
Post-partum depression
Desiree N
avarro/ Getty Im
ages
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Pharmacology
• Bipolar disorders most effectively treated with tricyclic antidepressants and Lithium Carbonate
• Lithium serves as a mood stabilizer
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SuicideThe most severe form of behavioral response
to depression is suicide. Each year some 1 million people commit suicide worldwide.
1. National differences2. Racial differences3. Gender differences4. Age differences5. Other differences
Suicide Statistics
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Suicide Rates in Various Ethnic Groups
Young Latinas have the highest rate of attempted suicide in the US compared to any other demographic.
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• Ever wonder why you did not read about your friend’s suicide in the paper or see news about it on tv…?
• Are the reporters just jerks who were IGNORING your friend…no,…they were actually doing the rest of us a favor!
Those jerks,…she was my best friend! How dare they disrespect my friend! @$
$^*(#$
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Suicide
• Publicizing suicide especially dangerous because of social proof.
• Auto and plane deaths increase after well publicized suicides…1000%
• The more publicity the more suicide• Within 2 months of every front page
suicide 58 more people than usual killed themselves from 1947-1968
• Cialdini, Influence
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Biological PerspectiveGenetic Influences: Mood disorders run in
families. The rate of depression is higher in identical (50%) than fraternal twins (20%).
Jerry Irwin Photography
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James D. Laird and Nicholas S. Thompson, Psychology. Copyright © 1992 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Reprinted by permission.
Genetics & Risk of Mood Disorders
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The Depressed Brain
PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with manic
and depressive episodes.
Courtesy of L
ewis B
axter an Michael E
. P
helps, UC
LA
School of M
edicine
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Social-Cognitive Perspective
The social-cognitive perspective suggests that depression arises partly from self-defeating
beliefs and negative explanatory styles.
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Depression Cycle
1. Negative stressful events.
2. Pessimistic explanatory style.
3. Hopeless depressed state.
4. These hamper the way the individual thinks and acts, fueling personal rejection.
30
EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY(7th Edition in Modules)
David MyersPowerPoint Slides
Aneeq AhmadHenderson State
University
Worth Publishers, © 2008
32
DSM-IV Classification System APA (American Psychological Association) Diagnostic & Statistical Manual #4• Axis I: Diagnosed Mental Disorder• Axis II: Personality Disorders (disruptive
behavior patterns) /Mental Retardation• Axis III: Relevant Medical Conditions• Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental
Problems• Axis V: Level of Psychological, Social, and
Occupational Functioning (Global Assessment of Functioning GAF)
http://www.psychnet-uk.com/dsm_iv/_misc/complete_tables.htm#Code%20#
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DSM-IV Classification System • Axis I: Diagnosed Mental Disorder
– Anxiety Disorders• Phobias, Generalized Anxiety Disorderm OCD
– Somatoform Disorders• Conversion Disorder, Hypochondraisis
– Dissociative Disorders• Fugue, Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
– Mood Disorders• Depression, Bipolar
– Schizophrenia
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DSM-IV Classification System • Axis 2: Personality Disorders & Retardation
– Personality Disorders• Avoidant – avoids newness• Dependent – indecisive, overreliant on others• Obsessive Compulsive – rigid, perfectionistic• Passive-Aggressive – procrastinates, “forgets”• Paranoid – guarded, overcautious• Scizoid – isolated, inexpressive• Antisocial – detatched, strange• Borderline – unstable, fearful of being alone• Histrionic – seductive, shallow, moody• Narcissistic – entitled, self-absorbed…