1

Motor Vehicle Emission Control in Japan

Better Air Quality Workshop 2002（ 16th Dec 2002 ）

Environmental Management Bureau,

Ministry of the Environment

Kotaro Kawamata

2

Presentation Overview

1. Air Quality Status

2. Framework of Emission Control

3. Current & Future Emission Standards

4. For Effective Emission Control (Test Cycle & OBD)

5. Future Task

Attainment rate of Air Quality Standards(Road side)

1997 1998 1999 2000 20010

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Numb

er o

f St

atio

ns

Number of Attai nedStat i ons

253 267 310 316 317

Total Number ofMoni tori ng Stat i ons

385 392 394 395 399

Attai nment rate(%) 65. 7 68. 1 78. 7 80. 0 79. 4

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

（ NO

2 ）

1997 1998 1999 2000 20010

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Number of Stations

Number of Attai nedStat i ons

85 96 215 199 151

Total Number ofMoni tori ng Stat i ons

250 269 282 301 319

Attai nment rate(%) 34. 0 35. 7 76. 2 66. 1 47. 3

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

（ SPM ）

（ Environmental Quality Standards) 　・ SPM... Daily average is 0.10 mg/m3 or less 　・ NO2…Daily average is in a range from 0.04 to 0.06 ppm or below

1. Air Quality Status

Emissions by Source Category

Dieselvehicles

80%

Gasolinevehicles

20%

Special vehicles6.5%Buses

3.7%

HD trucks56.8%

LD trucks8.9%

Mini-sized passengercars1.7%

Passengercars

11.8%Mini-sized trucks

4.4%

LD trucks1.9%

Passenger cars4.0%

Total NOx6.4 million

t/ year

1. Air Quality Status

Dieselvehicles100%

HD trucks66.0%

Buses4.4%

Specialvehicles

7.1%

Passengercars

11.2%

LD trucks11.3%

Total PM 64 thousand t/ year

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Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Measures in Japan

1. Tightening Emission Standards

2. NOx-PM Law (ban old vehicles to be registered in Metropolitan areas)

3. Promoting Low Emission Vehicles (Hybrid, CNG, FCV, etc.)

2. Framework of Emission Control

Recommendation of the Central Environment Council

Air Pollution Control Law （ Ministry of the Environment ）

《 Motor Vehicle Emission Control 》

Maximum permissible limits on the amount of exhaust gases from motor

vehicles

《 Fuel Control 》Maximum permissible limits on the

automotive fuel quality

Road Vehicle Act（ Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and

Transport ）Safety regulations for road vehicles

Law on the Quality Control of Gasoline and Other Fuels（ Ministry of Economy, Trade

Industry)

Compulsory standards for gasoline and diesel fuel

2. Framework of Emission Control

Framework of Emission and Fuel Control

History of Emission Standards（ Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles)

15

24

33

43

52

61

70

85

100

0 25 50 75 100Reduction rate（％）

1974

1977

1979

1983

1988- 1990

1994

1997- 1999

2003- 2004

2005 2.0g/ kWh（ ）4

26

36

100

0 25 50 75 100

Reduction rate（％）

1994

1997- 99

2003- 04

2005 0.027g/ kWh（ ）

（ Nitrogen Oxides ）

（ Particulate Matters ）

3. Current & Future Emission Standards

Comparison of Future Emission Standards on HD vehicles

（Around 2003）

g/ kWhＮＯｘ（ ）

g/kW

hＰ

Ｍ（

）

0.18

0.13

0.1

3.38 5.0 5.4

J APAN

EU

USA

（2005）

g/ kWhＮＯｘ（ ）

g/kW

hＰ

Ｍ（

）

0.13

0.030.027

2.0 3.2 3.5J APAN

EU

USA

3. Current & Future Emission Standards

Estimated Effect of Tightening Standards

3. Current & Future Emission Standards

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2,000 2,010

Year

Tot

al E

mis

sion

s

Ｇ Passenger cars

Ｇ Mini-sized trucks

Ｇ Other

Ｄ Passenger cars

Ｄ LD trucks

Ｄ HD trucks

Ｄ Other

（ten thousand t/year）

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

2,000 2,010

Year

Tot

al E

mis

sion

s

（ten thousand t/year）

（ Particulate Matters ）

（ Nitrogen Oxides ）

Emission Reduction Technology（ Diesel Vehicles ）

3. Current & Future Emission Standards

2003-04 2005 Future

Improvement of combustion chamber andair-intake system

○ ○ ○

Improvement of fuel system ○ ○ ○Cooled EGR △ ○ ○

Turbo Charger △ ○ ○Exhaust After-treatment Device

Oxidation Catalyst △ － －Passive type Diesel Particulate Filter(DPF) △ △ △

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) × △ △NOx Adsorber × △ △

Note ○） ：Prevailed 　 △ ：Limited use　 × ：Not Possible

Structure of Filter

NOx CatalystFlow of exhaust gas

Capped

Rough Picture

Exhaust gas

NOx Catalyst

Structure of Filter Exhaust gas

Enlarged Picture

NOx Catalyst

Outlook of DPNR Structure of DPNR

Maximum sulfur contents in diesel fuel500ppm(0.05wt%)

350ppm(0.035wt%)

50ppm(0.005wt%)

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

10ppm(0.001wt%)

2011

Voluntary Action

15ppmVoluntary Phase in

JPN ：

US：EU：

3. Current & Future Emission Standards

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 100 200

Time sec

Spe

ed

km/h

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Time sec

Spe

ed

km/h

Exhaust Emission Test cycles（ Chassis base: GVW 3.5t≦ ）

※Repeat 4 times

10 ・ 15 Mode (Hot start) 11 Mode(Cold start)

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200Time （ sec ）

Sp

eed

（km

/h）

Current

Future

4. For Effective Emission Control

New Mode (Hot start [2008-], Cold start [2011-])

Exhaust Emission Test cycles（ Engine base: GVW 3.5t> ）

Steady State: Diesel 13 Mode

⑪ 4.9

⑫ 3.7⑩ 5.5

⑧ 3.2⑨ 7.7

⑦ 4.1⑥ 6.4③ 2.7

⑤ 2.9

⑬ 14.2

② 3.7

①④ 41.0

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Idling

Engine Speed

En

gin

e

Load

4. For Effective Emission Control

Current

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

t i me sec（ ）

velocity(km/h)

Future

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Time Sec)（

Load（

％）

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Time Sec（ ）

Engin

e S

peed（

％）

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800時間（秒）

負荷

率（％

）

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800時間（秒）

回転

率（％

）

Transformed engine by engine with computer programs

Representative running mode of HD vehicles

Transient: New Mode (2005-)

On Board Diagnostics (OBD) Vehicles GVW 3.5t or less　　　　　　… OBDⅡ requirement from 2008 Vehicle more than GVW 3.5t

…Introduce after technologically available

　 Fuel Control Valve

　　　　　　　　Sensor of Temp and air intake②Warning lump on

　　　　　　　　 EGR valve　

　　　　　　　 　　Ｏ 2 sensor 　　　　　Ｏ 2 sensor

Tire

Tire Tire

Tire

Engine ECM

Catalyst

Fuel tank

①Detect malfunction and failures

4. For Effective Emission Control

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Future Task Further tightening of emission standards

- Motorcycles- Non-road vehicles - HD diesel vehicles

Fuel quality (Sulfur contents, etc.) Evaporative emission Off-cycle control Ultra fine particles

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For Better Air Quality in Japan...

For more information...– MOE Homepage: http://www.env.go.jp

– kotaro_kawamata@env.go.jp