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1. Notebook Entry: Renaissance

2. What does a change in the style of art tell us?

By the end of class our objectives are to: -analyze factors in the “rebirth” of Italy -examine Renaissance art for common characteristics

-identify examples of Renaissance art showing the “rebirth” of Greco-Roman culture

EQ: How does the European Renaissance fit into our model of cultural change?

Friday is the end of the Q3 Interim Marking Period

new ideas, trade, technology, cultural diffusion, violence, urbanization

Lorenzo de’ Medici• Cosimo’s grandson• Known as Lorenzo the

Magnificent• Ruled as a dictator but

kept up the appearance of an elected government

• Did not support a republican government

• Supported the arts

Giant banks with branches in many cities are nothing new. The Medici bank had branch offices not only in Italy but also in the major cities of Europe.

A rival family grew so jealous of the Medici that they plotted to kill Lorenzo and his brother Giuliano. As the Medici attended Mass, assassins murdered Giuliano at the alter.Drawing his sword, Lorenzo escaped to a small room and held off his attackers until help arrived. Then he had the killers brutally and publicly executed.

Lorenzo was a generous patron of the arts who collected many rare manuscripts.

Eventually the Medici family made their library available to the public.

Classical Heritage:• Art of the Middle Ages was looked down on• Returned to the learning of Greeks and Romans• Inspiration from the ruins of Rome• Studied ancient Latin manuscripts

–Preserved by monasteries

Hallmarks of the Renaissance

Prediction Clarification

IndividualismEmphasis on individual

achievement

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Hallmarks of the Renaissance

Prediction Clarification

HumanismFocus on human

potential

Hallmarks of the Renaissance

Prediction Clarification

SecularismWorldly instead of spiritual

Hallmarks of the Renaissance

Prediction Clarification

Scientific Naturalism

Close observation and realistic

portrayal of the natural world

Self-control:Let the man we are seeking be very bold, stern, and always among the first, where the enemy are to be seen; and in every other place, gentle, modest, reserved, above all things avoiding ostentation [showiness] and that impudent [bold] self-praise by which men ever excite hatred and disgust in all who hear them.

Source: Baldassare Castliglione , The Courtier

Art and Patronage:• Italians spent a lot of money on art

–Art communicated values

–Banking and trade generated money

• Public art in Florence was organized and supported by guilds

Art was used as a form of competition for status

1. Realism & Expression1. Realism & Expression1. Realism & Expression1. Realism & Expression2. Perspective2. Perspective2. Perspective2. Perspective

4. Emphasis on Individualism4. Emphasis on Individualism4. Emphasis on Individualism4. Emphasis on Individualism3. Classicism3. Classicism3. Classicism3. Classicism

5. 5. 5. 5. Geometrical Arrangement of FiguresGeometrical Arrangement of FiguresGeometrical Arrangement of FiguresGeometrical Arrangement of Figures6. 6. 6. 6. Light & Shadowing/Softening EdgesLight & Shadowing/Softening EdgesLight & Shadowing/Softening EdgesLight & Shadowing/Softening Edges7. 7. 7. 7. Artists as Personalities/CelebritiesArtists as Personalities/CelebritiesArtists as Personalities/CelebritiesArtists as Personalities/Celebrities

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PerspectivePerspectivePerspectivePerspective

Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!

Use of linear perspective

Perspective!Perspective!

�The Trinity

�Masaccio

�1427

What you are, I once was; what I am, you will become.

PerspectivePerspectivePerspectivePerspective

ClassicismClassicismClassicismClassicism

�Greco-Roman influence

�Secularism

�Humanism

�Individualism ���� free standing figures

�Symmetry/Balance

The “Classical Pose”

Emphasis Emphasis Emphasis Emphasis on Individualismon Individualismon Individualismon Individualism

�Batista Sforza & Federico de Montefeltre: The Duke & Dutchess of Urbino

�Piero della Francesca, 1465-1466

Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella d’Ested’Ested’Ested’Este

�1474-1539

�“First Lady of the Italian Renaissance”

�Great patroness of the arts

�Known as “First Lady of the World”

Geometrical Geometrical Geometrical Geometrical Arrangement of FiguresArrangement of FiguresArrangement of FiguresArrangement of Figures

�The Dreyfus Madonna with the Pomegranate

� Leonardo da Vinci

� 1469

�The figure as architecture

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Light Light Light Light & Shadowing/Softening Edges& Shadowing/Softening Edges& Shadowing/Softening Edges& Shadowing/Softening Edges

Sfumato

Tone down

EvaporateLike smoke

Chiaroscuro

“clear-dark”

Light anddark to create

perspective

Artists Artists Artists Artists as Personalities/Celebritiesas Personalities/Celebritiesas Personalities/Celebritiesas Personalities/Celebrities

�Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, andArchitects

�Giorgio Vasari

�1550

1252 – first gold florins minted

Florentine Lion:symbol of St. Mark

The Wool Factory

by Mirabello Cavalori

1570

Filippo BrunelleschiArchitect Cuppolo of St. Maria del Fiore(1377 – 1436)

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Filippo Brunelleschi

• Commissioned to build the cathedral dome

• He studied the ancient Pantheon in Rome

• Used ribs for support

Brunelleschi’s “Secret”

Cultural Diffusion?

Il Duomo St. Peter’s St. Paul’s US Capitol (Florence) (Rome) (London) (Washington)

The Ideal CityThe Ideal CityThe Ideal CityThe Ideal City

PieroPieroPieroPiero delladelladelladella Francesca 1470Francesca 1470Francesca 1470Francesca 1470

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A Contest to Decorate the Cathedral: A Contest to Decorate the Cathedral: A Contest to Decorate the Cathedral: A Contest to Decorate the Cathedral:

Sacrifice Sacrifice Sacrifice Sacrifice of Isaacof Isaacof Isaacof Isaac PanelsPanelsPanelsPanelsBrunelleschi Ghiberti

Ghiberti Ghiberti Ghiberti Ghiberti –––– Gates of ParadiseGates of ParadiseGates of ParadiseGates of Paradise

Baptistery Door, Florence Baptistery Door, Florence Baptistery Door, Florence Baptistery Door, Florence –––– 1425 1425 1425 1425 ---- 1452145214521452

The Baptism of ChristThe Baptism of ChristThe Baptism of ChristThe Baptism of Christ

Verrocchio, 1472 Verrocchio, 1472 Verrocchio, 1472 Verrocchio, 1472 ---- 1475147514751475

Leonardo da Vinci

�Vitruvian Man

�Leonardo da Vinci

�C. 1487

da Vinci Self-Portrait

1452 - 1519

� Artist

� Sculptor

� Architect

� Scientist

� Engineer

� Inventor

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Leonardo Leonardo Leonardo Leonardo

(the Artist)(the Artist)(the Artist)(the Artist)

�The Virgin of the Rocks

�Leonardo da Vinci

�1483-1486

Leonardo (the Artist)Leonardo (the Artist)Leonardo (the Artist)Leonardo (the Artist)

From his Notebooks of overFrom his Notebooks of overFrom his Notebooks of overFrom his Notebooks of over 5000 pages5000 pages5000 pages5000 pages

Mona LisaMona LisaMona LisaMona Lisa –––– da Vinci da Vinci da Vinci da Vinci Mona LisaMona LisaMona LisaMona Lisa OROROROR da Vinci?da Vinci?da Vinci?da Vinci?

The Last Supper The Last Supper The Last Supper The Last Supper ---- da Vincida Vincida Vincida Vinci

Convent of Santa Convent of Santa Convent of Santa Convent of Santa

Maria delle GrazieMaria delle GrazieMaria delle GrazieMaria delle Grazie

MilanMilanMilanMilan

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horizontal

vertical

Perspective

The Last Supper The Last Supper The Last Supper The Last Supper ---- da Vincida Vincida Vincida Vinci

�Detail of Jesus

�The Last Supper

�Leonardo da Vinci

�1498

A Da Vinci “Code”:A Da Vinci “Code”:A Da Vinci “Code”:A Da Vinci “Code”:

St. John St. John St. John St. John orororor Mary Magdalene?Mary Magdalene?Mary Magdalene?Mary Magdalene?

Leonardo (the Sculptor)Leonardo (the Sculptor)Leonardo (the Sculptor)Leonardo (the Sculptor)

� An Equestrian Statue

� 1516-1518

Leonardo (the Architect)Leonardo (the Architect)Leonardo (the Architect)Leonardo (the Architect)

from his from his from his from his NotebookNotebookNotebookNotebook

�Study of a central church

�1488

Leonardo (the Architect) Leonardo (the Architect) Leonardo (the Architect) Leonardo (the Architect) Pages Pages Pages Pages from his from his from his from his NotebookNotebookNotebookNotebook

�Plan of the city of Imola (1502)

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Leonardo (the Scientist)Leonardo (the Scientist)Leonardo (the Scientist)Leonardo (the Scientist)

from his from his from his from his NotebookNotebookNotebookNotebook

�An example of the humanist desire to unlock the secrets of nature

Leonardo (the Scientist) Leonardo (the Scientist) Leonardo (the Scientist) Leonardo (the Scientist)

from his from his from his from his NotebookNotebookNotebookNotebook

Leonardo (the Inventor)Leonardo (the Inventor)Leonardo (the Inventor)Leonardo (the Inventor)

Pages from his Pages from his Pages from his Pages from his NotebookNotebookNotebookNotebook

Man Can Fly?Man Can Fly?Man Can Fly?Man Can Fly?

A study of siege defenses.Studies of water-lifting

devices.

Leonardo (the Engineer) Leonardo (the Engineer) Leonardo (the Engineer) Leonardo (the Engineer)

from his from his from his from his NotebookNotebookNotebookNotebook

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Michelangelo Michelangelo Michelangelo Michelangelo BuonorratiBuonorratiBuonorratiBuonorrati

� 1475 – 1564

� He represented the body in three dimensions

�David

�MichelangeloBuonarotti

�1504

�Marble

The Sistine Chapel

Michelangelo BuonarrotiMichelangelo BuonarrotiMichelangelo BuonarrotiMichelangelo Buonarroti

1508 1508 1508 1508 ---- 1512151215121512

The Sistine Chapel’s Ceiling

Michelangelo BuonarrotiMichelangelo BuonarrotiMichelangelo BuonarrotiMichelangelo Buonarroti

1508 1508 1508 1508 ---- 1512151215121512

The Sistine Chapel The Sistine Chapel The Sistine Chapel The Sistine Chapel DetailsDetailsDetailsDetails

The Creation of the Heavens

The Sistine The Sistine The Sistine The Sistine ChapelChapelChapelChapel

Creation of Man

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The Sistine The Sistine The Sistine The Sistine ChapelChapelChapelChapel

The Last Judgment

RaffaelloRaffaelloRaffaelloRaffaello SanzioSanzioSanzioSanzio (1483(1483(1483(1483----1520)1520)1520)1520)

Self-Portrait, 1506 Portrait of the Artist with a Friend, 1518

Baldassare CastiglioneBaldassare CastiglioneBaldassare CastiglioneBaldassare Castiglione by Raphael,by Raphael,by Raphael,by Raphael,

1514151415141514----1515151515151515

�Castiglione represented the humanist “gentleman” as a man of refinement and self-control

PerspectivePerspective

Marriage Marriage Marriage Marriage

of the Virgin of the Virgin of the Virgin of the Virgin

RaphaelRaphaelRaphaelRaphael

1504150415041504

Raphael’sRaphael’sRaphael’sRaphael’s Canagiani Madonna, Canagiani Madonna, Canagiani Madonna, Canagiani Madonna, 1507150715071507 Raphael’sRaphael’sRaphael’sRaphael’s MadonnasMadonnasMadonnasMadonnas

Sistine Madonna Cowpepper Madonna

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Madonna della Sedia Alba Madonna

Raphael’sRaphael’sRaphael’sRaphael’s MadonnasMadonnasMadonnasMadonnas The School of Athens The School of Athens The School of Athens The School of Athens –––– RaphaelRaphaelRaphaelRaphael

Raphael

Da Vinci

Michelangelo

Aristotle:looks to this

earth (the here and now)

Plato:looks to theheavens

(the ideal realm)

The School of Athens The School of Athens The School of Athens The School of Athens –––– RaphaelRaphaelRaphaelRaphael

Averroes

Hypatia

Pythagoras

Zoroaster

Ptolemy

Euclid

The Liberation of St. PeterThe Liberation of St. PeterThe Liberation of St. PeterThe Liberation of St. Peter by Raphaelby Raphaelby Raphaelby Raphael

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Portrait of Pope Julius IIPortrait of Pope Julius IIPortrait of Pope Julius IIPortrait of Pope Julius II

by Raphael, 1511by Raphael, 1511by Raphael, 1511by Raphael, 1511----1512151215121512

� More concerned with politics than with theology.

� The “Warrior Pope.”

� Great patron of Renaissance artists, especially Raphael & Michelangelo.

� Died in 1513

Pope Leo X with Cardinal Pope Leo X with Cardinal Pope Leo X with Cardinal Pope Leo X with Cardinal GiulioGiulioGiulioGiulio deMedicideMedicideMedicideMedici and Luigi De Rossi and Luigi De Rossi and Luigi De Rossi and Luigi De Rossi

by by by by RaphaelRaphaelRaphaelRaphael

� A Medici Pope

� He went through the Vatican treasury in a year

� His extravagances offended even some cardinals

� Started selling indulgences

Birth of Venus – Botticelli, 1485

An attempt to depict perfect beauty

PrimaveraPrimaveraPrimaveraPrimavera –––– BotticelliBotticelliBotticelliBotticelli

Depicted classical gods as life-size

A Portrait of SavonarolaA Portrait of SavonarolaA Portrait of SavonarolaA Portrait of Savonarola

� By Fra Bartolomeo, 1498

� Dominican friar who decried money and power

� Anti-humanist ���� he saw humanism as too secular, hedonistic, and corrupting

� The “Bonfire of the Vanities”

� Burned books, artwork, jewelry, and other luxury goods in public

Even Botticelli put some of his paintings on the fire

On your own:• How did Renaissance art show a rebirth?

– Give 2 examples

Consider what we looked at yesterday and today.

-What can we learn from art?

-What does art tell us about the values and beliefs of the society that produced it?

-What does art show about how people of that society view themselves?

-How does art reflect a society’s standards of beauty?