2015-44

67 43, (

) 4 (

2014-99, 2014. 3. 13)

.

2015 1 30

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

(2007-10, 2007. 1. 17)

1 () 2007 1 1 .

(2009-60, 2009. 2. 25)

.

(2010-1, 2010. 1. 8)

.

(2010-320, 2010. 8. 3)

.

(2011-1, 2011. 1. 5)

.

(2012-32, 2012. 1. 31)

.

(2013-101, 2013. 3. 20)

.

(2014-99, 2014. 3. 13)

.

(2015-44, 2015. 1. 30)

1() .

384(, ), 416(,

) 17114(

) 2017 1 1 .

2.

1

1 () ( ) 3(

)

.

2 ( ) 73

, , .

.

, ,

.

.

3 ( ) 3( )

, , .

.

.

6

.

SI

.

2

4 ( ) 73

, , ,

, 5 9

.

73

0.1MPa .

5 ( )

1, 2 ASME Sec , Part D 1A, 1B

, .

.

.

.

. ,

0.3mm

.

0.35 %

,

.

,

.

P- 15E, 1

1. 800

(1,470) , .

.

.

. 800(1,470)

.

. ASME Section II, Part D, Table

1A Gr-9(, SA-213 T9, SA-335 P9, )

, 800(1,470)

,

.

2. 775 (1,425

) , P- 15E, 1

31 2 4.1.(3) (4) .

6 () ,

, 1 .

, KS 3 .

[ 1]

SA-202Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, Chromium-Manganese-Silicon

( -- )

SA-204Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, Molybdenum(

)

SA-240

(405 )

Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel(Ferritic Stainless), Chromium

[ ( )]

SA-285Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon steel, Low- and Intermediate-

Tensile Strength ( , )

SA-299Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, Manganese-Silicon

( - )

SA-302

Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, Manganese-Molybdenum and

Manganese-Molybdenum-Nickel

( - -- )

SA-387Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, Chromium-Molybdenum

( - )

SA-515Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, for Intermediate- and

higher- Temperature Service( , )

SA-516

Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, for Moderate- and Lower-

Temperature Service

( , )

SA/AS-1548 Steel Plates for Pressure Vessel( )

SA/EN-10028-2Flat Products Made of Steels for Pressure Purposes(

)

SA/JIS G 3118Carbon Steel Plates for Pressure Vessel For Intermediate and

Moderate Temperat ure Servi ce ( )

7 (, ) 2 ,

(once-through boiler) 2, 2.1

. , KS 3

.

1. ,

2 2.2 .

2 3

. , KS 3

.

SA-53Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe (excluding galvanized)

[ ( )]

SA-105Forgings, Carbon Steel, for Piping Components

( )

SA-106Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service

( )

SA-178Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel Boiler Tubes

[ ]

SA-181

Forged or Rolled Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and

Parts for General Service( ,

)

SA-182

Forged or Rolled Alloy-steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves

and Parts for High-Temperature Service (ferritic only)

[ , (

)]

SA-192Seamless Carbon Steel Boiler Tubes for High Pressure Service

( )

SA-209Seamless Carbon-Molybdenum Alloy-Steel Boiler and Superheater

Tubes( - )

SA-210Seamless Medium Carbon Steel boiler and Superheater Tubes

( )

SA-213

Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy-Steel Boiler, Superheater and

Heat Exchanger Tubes (ferritic only)

[ ,

( )

(Electric Resistance Welding, ERW)

13 . , ERW

13 DN 600 .

.

1. SB-265, ,

2. SB-338,

3. SB-348,

4. SB-861,

5. SB-862,

[ 2]

SA-216Carbon Steel Castings Suitable for Fusion Welding for High-Temperature

Service( )

SA-217Alloy-Steel Castings for Pressure-Containing Parts Suitable for High-Temperature

Service ( )

SA-234

Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate

and Elevated Temperatures(

)

SA-250Electric-Resistance-Welded Ferritic Alloy Steel Boiler and Superheater

Tubes ( )

SA-266Carbon Steel Seamless Drum Forgings (

)

SA-268Seamless and Welded Ferritic Stainless Steel Tubing for General

Service( )

SA- 333

SA-335Seamless Ferritic Alloy Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service

( )

SA-336Alloy Steel Seamless Drum Forgings (ferritic only)

[ ( )

SA-423Seamless and Electric Welded Low Alloy Steel Tubes

( )

SA-660Centrifugally Cast Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service

( )

SA-731Seamless, Welded Ferritic, and Martensitic Stainless Steel Pipe

( , )

SA/EN

10216-2

Seamless Steel Tubes for Pressure Purpose: Technical Delivery

Conditions for Non-Alloy and Alloy Steel Tubes with Specified

Elevated Temperature Properties ( :

)

SA/EN

10222-2

Steel Forgings for Pressure Purpose : Ferritic and Martensitic Steels

with Specified Elevated Temperature Properties ( :

)

SB-407Nickel-Iron-Chromium Alloy Seamless Pipe and Tube

( -- )

SB-408Nickel-Iron-Chromium Alloy Rod and Bar

(-- )

SB-409Nickel-Iron-Chromium Alloy Plate, Sheet, and Strip

(-- , )

SB-423Nickel-Iron-Chromium-Molybdenum Seamless Pipe and Tube

( --- )

SB-424Nickel-Iron-Chromium-Copper Alloy Plate, Sheet, and Strip

(---(Cu) , )

SB-425Nickel-Iron-Chromium-Copper Alloy Rod and Bar

(---(Cu) )

SB-515Welded Nickel-Iron-Chromium Alloy Tubes

( -- )

SB-564Nickel Alloy Forgings

( )

[ 2.1]

[ 2.2]

SA 213

Seamless Ferritic, Austenitic, and Alloy Steel Boiler, Superheater, and

Heat Exchanger Tubes

(, ,

)

SA 312Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe

)

SA 163

Seamless Nickel and Nickel Alloy Condenser and Heat Exchanger

Tubes

( )

SA 167

Nickel-Chrome-Iron Alloys Seamless Pipe and Tube

(-- (UNS N06600, N06601, N06690, N06025, N06045)

)

SA 407Nickel-Chrome-Iron Alloy Seamless Pipe and Tube

(-- )

SA 423Nickel-Iron-Chrome-Molybdenum Seamless Pipe and Tube

(--- )

SA 515Welded Nickel-Iron-Chrome Alloy Tubes

(-- )

SA 516

Welded Nickel-Chrome-Iron Alloy Tubes

(-- (UNS N06600, UNS N06025, UNS N06045)

)

SA 517

Welded Nickel-Chrome-Iron Alloy Pip

(-- (UNS N06600, UNS N06025, UNS N06045)

)

SA 619Welded Nickel and Nickel-Cobalt Alloy Pipe

( - )

SA 622Seamless Nickel and Nickel-Cobalt Alloy Pipe

( - )

SA 626Welded Nickel and Nickel-Cobalt Alloy Tube

( - )

SA-182

Forged or Rolled Alloy-steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves

and Parts for High-Temperature Service

( , )

SA-213

Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy-Steel Boiler, Superheater and

Heat Exchanger Tube(

, )

SA-240

Stainless and Heat-Resisting Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Steel

Plates, Sheet and Strip for Fusion-Welded Unfired Pressure Vessels

( -

, )

SA-249

Welded Austenitic Steel Boiler, Superheater, Heat Exchanger, and

Condenser Tubes ( , ,

)

SA-312Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe

( )

SA-351Ferritic and Austenitic Steel Castings for High-Temperature Service

( )

SA-369Ferritic Alloy Steel Forged and Bored Pipe for High-Temperature

Service( )

SA-376

Seamless Austenitic Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Central-Station

Service

( )

SA-479

Stainless and Heat-Resisting Steel Bars and Shapes for Use in Boilers

and Other Pressure Vessels(

)

SA-965 Alloy Steel Seamless Drum Forgings ( )

SA/JIS G4303 Specification for Stainless Steel Bars ( )

SB-163Seamless Nickel and Nickel Alloy Condenser and Heat Exchanger

Tubes( )

SB-166

Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys and Nickel-Chromium-Cobalt-Molybdenum

Alloy Rod, Bar and Wire(- ---

, )

SB-167Nickel-Chromium Iron Alloys Seamless Pipe and Tube(

- )

SB-168

Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys and Nickel-Chromium-Cobalt-Molybdenum

Alloy Plate, Sheet, and Strip(-- ---

, )

[ 3]

SB-366Factory-Made Wrought Nickel and Nickel Alloy Fittings

( )

SB-435N06002, W06230, and R30556 Plate, Sheet, and Strip

(N06002, W09230, R30556 , , )

SB-443 N066625 ,

SB-444 N066625

SB-446 N066625

SB-462, , ,

SB 511Nickel-Iron-Chromium-Silicon Alloy Bars and Shapes

(--- )

SB-516Welded Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloy

Tubes ( -- , UNS N06025 UNS N06045 )

SB-517Welded Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloy

( -- , UNS N06025 UNS N06045 )

SB 535Nickel-Iron-Chromium-Silicon Alloys Seamless Pipe and Tube

(--- )

SB 536Nickel-Iron-Chromium-Silicon Alloys Plate, Sheet, and Strip(--

- , )

SB-572Nickel-Molybdenum-Chromium-Iron Alloy Rod(---

)

SB-574Low Carbon Nickel-Molybdenum-Chromium Alloy Rod( -

--)

SB-575Low Carbon Nickel-Molybdenum-Chromium Alloy Plate, Sheet and

Strip( -- , )

SB-619Welded Nickel and Nickel-Cobalt Alloy Pipe( -

)

SB-622Seamless Nickel and Nickel-Cobalt Alloy Pipe and Tube

( - )

SB-626Welded Nickel and Nickel-Cobalt Alloy Tube( -

)

8 () SA-266 SA-336 ,

.

, (fittings), ,

7 .

(drum), (shell) (dome)

.

9 () 7

,

.

1.

80% .

, 100% .

. 4(ASME B 16.5)

11(ASME B 16.34) , 114(4

1/2)

(1) (gate) , (riser)

1

.

16(ASTM E-446) [ 51(2)

] 14 (ASTM E-186)[ 51114(24

1/2) ]

. 100% .

ASTM E-446 ( 51(2) )

25(1) 25(1)

A

B

C( 1, 2, 3 4)

D, E, F, G

1

2

1

-

2

3

3

-

ASTM E-186 ( 51114(24 1/2) )

A B, C 1 2

C 3

D, E F

2

3

(2)

() ()

.

()

3 . ASTM E-125, Standard Reference Photo

graphs for Magne -tic Particle Indications on Ferrous Castings

( ) 1,

2 3 ,

1

.

()

4 .

.

(a) (crack) (hot tear)

(b) 38 150(1 1/2 6)

89(3 1/2) (a) 6

,

.

(c) 19(3/4) 6

, 19(3/4) 57(2 1/4)

57(2 1/

4) 19(3/4) (

.)

(d) 5(3/16)

(3) , 5

. 5

, 5 5

.

,

.

(4)

(1) (2)

.

.

(5)

.

,

.

.

. 114(4 1/2) (1)

(5) .

(1)

(2)() (2)()

.

(2)

15 (ASTM E-280, [ 114305(4 1/2

12) ] .

100% .

A B, C 1, 2 3

D, E F

2

(3) (1) (2)

.

.

(4) 25(1) 20%

(2)

. 25

(1) 20%

(layer), 6(1/4)

.

.

(5) ,

.

(6)

.

,

.

.

1. SA-278 , , 345

1.7 230 ,

, ,

.

SA-395 2.5

230 , , ,

.

10 ( ) 74

1, 2 ASME Sec , Part D 1A, 1B

.

, (long-term strength)

.

(w) .

,

.

[] (Longitudinal Seam Weld)

, 371 399 427 454 482 510 538 566 593 621 649 677 704 732 760 788 816

, 700 750 800 850 900 950 1,000 1,050 1,100 1,150 1,200 1,250 1,300 1,350 1,400 1,450 1,500

[ (1) (6)]

Cr-Mo[ (7)(9)] ... ... 1.00 0.95 0.91 0.86 0.82 0.77 0.73 0.68 0.64 NP NP NP NP NP NP

CSEF(N+T)[ (9)(11)] ... ... ... ... ... 1.00 0.95 0.91 0.86 0.82 0.77 NP NP NP NP NP NP

CSEF()[ (9), (12)] ... ... ... ... 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 NP NP NP NP NP NP

800H(N08800) 800HT(N08810)

[ (13)(14)]

... ... ... ... ... 1.00 0.95 0.91 0.86 0.82 0.77 0.73 0.68 0.64 0.59 0.55 0.50

(Autogenously

welded)

[ (15)]

... ... ... ... ... 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

(1) : ,

. , [ :

(peaking)

,

.

(2) NP = .

(3) .

(4) ,

. ,

ASME Section II, Part D T-note 25

(50) .

(5) Cr-Mo CSEF 0.05% ,

0.04% .

(6) (WSRFs) ,

w 1.0 .

.

(7) Cr-Mo Cr-Mo, 1Cr-Mo, 1Cr-Mo-Si, 2Cr-1Mo, 3Cr-1Mo 5Cr-Mo

. , ,

.

(8) C-Mo (Seam Fusion Weld) .

(9) SAW 1.0.

(10) N + T = + .

(11) (CSEF) 91, 92, 911, 122 23 .

(12) subcrit. = . .

31 . 31

8 .

(13) , (temper-resistant)

.

.

(14)

(welding consumables) .

, 510 538 566 593 621 649 677 704 732 760 788 816

, 950 1,000 1,050 1,100 1,150 1,200 1,250 1,300 1,350 1,400 1,450 1,500

SFA-5.22 EXXXT -G (16-8-2 chemistry), SFA

5.4E 16-8-2 SFA-5.9 ER 16-8-2

304

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 - - - - - -

SFA-5.22 EXXXT -G (16-8-2 chemistry), SFA

5.4E 16-8-2, and SFA-5.9 ER 16-8-2

316

1.00 0.85 0.90 0.97 0.99 1.00 - - - - - -

(15) ,

(nondestructive electric examination) ,

816(1,500) 1.00 .

11 ( ) 74

12 32 33

.

.

1.

6()

.

8(5/16) . DN 125(NPS 5)

,

6() .

2. 0.3(0.01)

0.3(0.01)

.

3.

.

ASME Sec

.

,

.

. ,

, .

25 (1) 20

10 .

1.

2.

.

.

.

.

.

R =

=

= ( )

=

= ,

3. ,

.

4. , ,

.

[]

UNS

No

,

,

( 2, 3)

, %

,

, %, ,

304

304H

304N

309S

310H

310S

S30400

S30409

S30451

S30908

S31009

S31008

580

580

580

580

580

580

675

675

675

675

675

675

20

20

15

20

20

20

675

675

675

675

675

675

10

10

10

10

10

10

1040

1040

1040

1095

1095

1095

310HCb

N

316

316H

316N

321

321H

347

347H

347HFG

348

348H

S31042

S31600

S31609

S31651

S32100

S32109

S34700

S34709

S34710

S34800

S34809

540

580

580

580

540

540

540

540

540

540

540

675

675

675

675

675

675

675

675

675

675

675

15

20

20

15

15(3)

15(3)

15

15

15

15

15

675

675

675

675

675

675

675

675

675

675

675

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

1095

1040

1040

1040

1040

1095

1040

1095

1180

1040

1175

230

600

601

N06230

N06600

N06601

595

580

580

760

650

650

15

20

20

760

650

650

10

10

10

1205

1040

1040

617

690

800

800H

C-22

N06617

N06690

N08800

N08810

S30815

N06022

650

580

595

595

580

590

760

650

675

675

675

675

15

20

15

15

15

15

760

649

675

675

675

10

10

10

10

10

1150

1040

980

1120

1050

1120

: , ,

. ,

.

1. .

2. , 85 [347, 347H, 348 348H

140 ] .

3. 89(3 ) , 20 %.

UNS

91 K90901 540

540

(1,000)

(1,000)

600

600

(1,115)

(1,115)

>25%

>525

%

600

600

(1,115)

(1,115)

>20%

>520%

[(1)]

[(2) -(4)]

92 K92460 540

540

(1,000)

(1,000)

600

600

(1,115)

(1,115)

>25%

>525

%

600

600

(1,115)

(1,115)

>20%

>520%

[(1)]

[(2) -(4)]

,

(

, (gage) kN/

)

1. 35

( ) ,

. ,

,

6% .

2. , -

.

35

.

.

10%

.

.

ASME Sec , Part D 1A 1B

(ASME Sec , Part D ).

. 705(1,300

) .

[]

: , ,

. 1/2 . 705 (1300

) , ,

.

: (1) ,

. ,

( ) .

(2) 730 775 (1350 1425) 1 /25 mm(1 /in.)

30 . ,

.

(3) 600 (1,115 ) 5 % 25 %

,

.

(a) .

(b) 9 (, SA-213 T9, SA-335 P9

) .

(2) .

(4) ,

. .

21 5

0306()

.

12 ( ) , , , (

) .

1. E = 1.00,

2. C 4 ,

.

[ 4]

C mm(in.)

D 19 mm( in.) 1.65 (0.065)

D > 19 mm( in.) h

3. y = 5 , y

. , y = 0.4.

[ 5]

,

480

510 540 565 595 620 650 675

800,801

800H, 800HT

825

230

N06022

NO6045

N06600

N06601

N06625

N06690

617

S31803

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.7

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.7

0.4

0.4

0.4

...

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.7

0.5

0.4

0.4

...

0.4

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.5

0.4

0.7

0.7

0.4

0.4

...

0.4

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

...

0.7

0.4

0.7

0.7

0.5

0.5

...

0.5

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

...

0.7

0.5

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

...

0.7

0.7

0.7

...

....

...

...

0.7

125 ,

.

1.

.

1. S

,

2 .

,

.

2. e = 1.0, 25(1)

,

.

= 0, 25(1)

6

= 0,

[ 6]

,mm(in)

32(1 1/4)

32 (1 1/4) 50(2)

50(2) 75(3)

75(3) 100(4)

100(4) 125(5)

2.41(0.095)

2.67(0.105)

3.05(0.120)

3.43(0.135)

3.81(0.150)

1/2 ,

.

, .

t = ,

R = ,

Ro = ,

P = ,

D = ,

E =

= , 26 27

= w, 26

,

, E w 26 27

.

, E w .

S = 1, 2 ASME Sec , Part D 1A, 1B

,

C = ,

e =

y =

Sb = , ASME Sec.II

Part D 1A 1B

Sc = , ASME Sec.II

Part D 1A 1B

tb =

tc =

tc =

w =

13 ( )

.

.

1.

. , L

.

2. 150

,

15% .

3 .

,

.

,

.

3. ,

16 .

4. L 80% ,

L 80%

.

, 1 ASME Sec , Part D

1A, 1B .

5.

.

6.

121

.

,

8/10, 12

,

.

,

8/10 , 12

.

7. ,

,

.

0.0125 .

60%

.

.

35.6% ,

.

,

1. ,

8/10

, 2

.

2.

3 ,

6 % .

131

10 %

.

.

.

P = , ( )

L = ,

S = , , (1, 2 ASME Sec , Part D 1A, 1B

)

w = 10

14 ( ) 1

, , (blind)

.

.

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

(j) (k) (m) (n) (o)

(p) (q) (r) (s)

[ 1]

1. (e), (f), (g-1) , C = 0.33 m, C = 0.20; , C = 0.33

14 .

C = , , 4

,

1.5S 0.667

.

D = (span)

,

d = 1 ,

hg = 1 (j) (k)

(moment arm),

L = ,

l = 1 (a) (c) (tangent line)

,

m = tr/ts ,

P = ,

r = (flanging)

,

S = 1 ASME Sec , Part D 1A

,

t = ,

tf = 1 (b)

,

th = ,

tr = , , ,

ts = , , ,

tw = 1 (g-1), (g-2) ,

,

tl = 1 (r) ,

W = 32 , N

Z = 3

, (blind)

.

1. 4(ASME B16.5)

1 (j) ((k) , 4(ASME B16.5)

2 - .

2. ,

.

(1)

, , [ 1 (j)

(k)] , ,

.

(2)

(2) , t (Seating)

, .

, P ,

S , W

.

, P 0, S ,

W

.

3. , ,

, , (obround), (noncircular)

. .

(3)

(4)

Z 2.5 .

(3) [1 (j) (k)]

, .

, .

(5)

(5) , t (2)

.

1 , (1), (2), (3) (5)

C .

1. 1 (a)

C = 0.17 , , ,

3 ,

,

.

C = 0.10 .

(6) .

(6)

C = 0.10 , (tapered) 1:3

.

2. 1 (b)

C = 0.17 ,

,

3 .

3. 1 (c)

C = 0.30. , ,

3t .

,

4 ,

. .

4. 1 (d)

C = 0.13 d 600 , d 0.05

0.25 , th ts ,

0.25 t ,

,

(upsetting) (spinning) .

5. 1 (e), (f), (g-1)

. C = 0.33m 0.2. ,

, t 1 m ,

ts 2 dts

. (e) (f)

0.7 ts . (g-1) tw

2 ,

1.25 , .

(root) (groove) .

. 1 (g-2)

C = 0.33 , ,

.

.

, 3

2 .

NPS 4 .

. C = 0.33. , , ,

. (e) (f)

0.7 ts . (g-1) tw

2 ,

1.25 , .

(root) (groove) .

6. 1 (i)

C = 0.33m 0.2 0.7 ts

, .

(groove) 3 ,

ts 6 . , ts 1.25tr

C 0.33

.

7. 1 (j) (k)

C = 0.3 ,

.

(2) (5) . (k)

,

.

- ,

- ,

8. 1 (m), (n), (o)

C = 0.3 ,

,

, ,

4

.

9. 1 (p)

C = 0.25 ,

.

10. 1 (q)

C = 0.75 d 300 ,

; d 300 ,

, , ,

(flaring)

4 .

11. 1 (r)

C = 0.33 d 450 , ,

, ,

. ,

30 45 (crimping) .

.

,

.

12. 1 (s)

C = 0.33 d 450 , ,

, 30 45 ,

(bevel)

80% .

75% .

. , ts/d P/S 0.05

. P = 5S/d(125S/d)

.

15 (, ) 15 22

13 2, 13 6, 13

1, , , ,

, .

A, B = , mm (in.)

( d )

D = , , , mm (in.)

d = , mm (in.) (3 )

dmax. = , mm (in.) (

)K = PD/1.82 St (K 0.990 )

Lh =

Ls =

P =

S = ASME B&PV Code Section II, Part D 1A 1B

t = , , mm (in.)

X = (19 )

, 26 27

.

(SI )

m ax

( )

m ax

21 .

: - L h

L s .

,

L h=A+B

2(1-K) L s=2X

16 d

, 21, 26 27

.

1. 1/4 60 mm (2 3/8 in.)

2. 1. dmax.

.

1. ,

. ,

,

.

2. ,

. ,

, .

k 1/2 .

.

1. ,

(obround) ,

2 ,

.

2. 1

.

1 .

1.

. 1,500 : 1/2( 500

)

. 1,500 : ( 1000

)

2. 1 , 2/3

1/4 .

16 ( ) ,

.

1. 13126 31

2. 18

3. 152, 4 5

3 A .

19

[ 3]

.

te =

60

,(4)

t = ,

tr = ,

. , a) b) .

a) (torispherical) ,

, tr

.

.

b) ( )

,

80% , tr

90% .

tn = ,

trn = , . tr

C(trn S

) .

trn 0

.

Dp = , .

d = , (3)

d = , NPT

,

F = 5 .

.

, F = 1.0.

h = , .

Rn = ,

S = ASME Sec , Part D. 1A 1B ,

Sn = , ( S )

Sv = , ( S )

Sp = () , ( S )

fr = 1.0 (3 )

fr1 = Sn/Sv

fr2 = (Sn Sp )/Sv

fr3 = Sp/Sv

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(e) (e-1) (e-2) (f)

(g) (h) (i)

[ 4] te h d

(e-1) (e-2) (e) .

a) L < 2.5 tx (e-1) .

b) L 2.5 tx (e-2) .

c) e) 30 (e-1) (e-2) .

[ 5] F

17 ( ) (torispherical),

16 . ,

, 13 2, 13 6 13

.

38

3 . 38

, 75

.

18 ( )

15 1

.

: (span)

16

0.5 . 1 2

.

1. 14 (1) (3) C

2C 0.75

2. 14 (2) (5) 2 .

14

( )

1/2 , 11 .19 ( )

3 .

1 2 .

1. .

2.

.

1. 2.5

2. 2.5

.

1. ,

3 A1

.

2.

, 3

A2 .

.

.

3. (

) .

20 ( )

. ,

,

.

.

. - -

.

W .

W=(A-A 1) S v

, A, A1, Sv 16 3 .

21 ( ) 2

19 2 , 2 (

)

15 . 1

, 1

.

2 1

.

, 3 : 1 (taper)

.

,

2 (

)

0.7F .

F 5 .( 6 )

[ 6] 4

5, 6, 7 8 1, 2, 3 4 0.7F

. , F 5 , tr

.

22 ( ) ,

4

, , ,

.

1. , - (built-up pad)

.

2.

.

.

3. ,

, ds

.

, ds , 1.5ds

. ,

.

23 (, ) ,

-

,

.

1. KS B 1511

2. ASME B16.1, Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings

( )(-1)

3. ASME B16.3, Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings, Classes 150 and 300

( , 150 300)(-2)

4. ASME B16.4, Gray Iron Threaded Fittings

( ) (-3)

5. ASME B16.5, Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings

( (-4)

6. ASME B16.9, Factory-Made Wrought Steel Buttwelding Fittings

( )(-5)

7. ASME B16.11, Forged Fittings, Socket Welding and Threaded

( )(-6)

8. ASME B16.15, Case Bronze Threaded Fittings, Classes 125 and 250

( , 125 250)(-7)

9. ASME B16.20, Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges

( - , )(-8)

10. ASME B16.24, Cast Copper Alloy Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings

( )(-9)

11. ASME B16.25, Buttwelding Ends

( )(-10)

12. ASME B16.34, ValvesFlanged, Threaded, and Welding End

(, )(-11)

13. ASME B16.42, Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, Classes

150 and 300

( , 150 300)(

-12)

14. ASME B16.47 Large Diameter Steel Flanges

( )(-13)

. ,

.

. , SA-181 300

. (hub)

.

, , (circle)

.

1.

.

2. 4(ASME B 16.5) 11(B 16.34)

,

, 3

, 100% .

3.

. 7

.

. 1 2

7 tmin

.

.

.

150 ,

0.05tmin .

4. 4(ASME B 16.5)

( 11)(ASME B 16.34)

- . ,

- .

11(ASME B 16.34) .

5. 4(ASME B 16.5) 11(ASME B 16.34)

, 4(ASME B 16.5)

11(ASME B 16.34)

, ,

, .

6. 5(ASME B 16.9)

.

7. ASME DN 100 .

.

0.7 .

8. ASME , 600

DN 80 , 900 1,500 DN 65

, .

9. 125, 150, 250 300 ASME

230 .

10. ASME

.

24 ( ) ( )

. ,

( ) .

1.

2. ASME B 36.10M 2

[ 7]

1. (bevel) .

2. .

3. tmin. .

a)

b)

c) -12.5% 0.875

d) , ( )

4. .

a) , (tmin. + 4 ) 1.15tmin.

b) , (tmin. + 4 ) 1.10tnom .

25 ( ) ,

. ,

.

1. 300 400 .

2. 380 .

3. 70 89 .

, ,

. , 1.7 230

, SA-278

. ( )

.

17 .

6

.

26 [ (ligament)] 15 ,

.

1.

. 8

.

( p )

[ 8]

. 9.1 9.2

.

E( )= p1-ndp1

304mm(p)

[ 9.1] 2

741mm(p)

[ 9.2] 2 3

,

.

10

, 11 .

(p-d)/p p'/p (ratio) .

.

,

.

.

p-dp

(p)(p)

[ 10]

[ 11]

1. 2, 3, 4

.

.

2. ,

, J= (p'/p1)2

3.

,

, 4. ,

, ,

.

.

p = ,

p = ,

p1 = ,

d = ,

n = p1

E =

.

27 ( ) 15 ,

.

1. ,

.

. ,

.

1500 , 1500

.

.

, 80%

. 750 ,

750 .

2.

,

.

,

.

12 .

[ 12]

1. 2

.

.

2. ,

sec

sec sec sec

28 ( ) , , ,

(bracket) ,

.

(Leg) ,

0.55 .

DN50 6mm , , ,

13

.

[ 13] , , ,

1. tmin , , J

19mm

29 ( ) , (punching), (shearing),

. , 30

.

(neck)

, 3.0

.

30 ( )

.

13 (punching)

(drilling), (reaming) .

- -

.

,

(counterboring) . ,

(flare) .

31 ( ) , ,

1% .

.

1. , ()

.

2. .

3. ,

.

(Furnace) ()

()

.

1. 600 , e" 14

.

2. 600 , 1%

.

3. .

Do = ,

L =

,

.

. (

)

.

tS = ,

[ 14]

1. (chart) 600 .

2. e = 1.0 ts

e = 0.2 ts .

32 ( ) ,

.

0.0125 .

33 () (3 )

.

1.

, 20 .

2. .

3. (0.2%

) 90% 1

.

4. .

1.5

.

1. 3

.

50 .

-

.

1. 1.5

,

1.25 .

2. .

2

,

1.5 .

34 () 75 35

40 .

35 ( )

. 47(500ft)

1800/hr(4000lb/hr) 2

.

(4 )

6%

,

6% .

1.

.

2.

. ,

.

,

.

3.

. ,

/hr(lb/hr) W(Btu/h)

646(1000) .

4.

(MAWP)

. .

.

. 1

.

.

,

.

(1)

(2) 106% ,

.(4 ) ,

3% .

10% .

1. 3

.

(interlock)

1 3

.

1. (power actuated)

.

, ,

(impulse) .

10% .

.

.

, -

(stop valve)

.

.

. ,

.

(, , ) , (override)

.

.

,

100%

.

. .

(1) , , , ,

.

(2)

.

(3) ,

.

2. (spring-loaded)

. 1

100%

. ,

30%

. , 1 ,

.

.

,

20%

.

.

.

(1) 450,000/hr

(1 1 )

(2)

.

() ,

.

() 10% , ()

.

() ()

.

(3) 2 ,

10% .

(

, 20%

)

(4) 2

(stem)

.

(5)

,

.

.

- ,

.

(1) 1 ,

,

.

(2) 2. 2. 2.

.

3. ( )

15 .

[ 15]

1.(A) = (B) = (5) [ 2..(1)](C) =

2.(1) = [ 1.](2), (3) (4) = [ 2.](5) = [ 2.]

3. ( )(1) = 1030%][ 1.](2) = (37 )(2) + (3)[ (5) ] =

(37 )(2) + (3) + (4) = 100% - (1)[ 2.]

4. ()(1) = (A) (5) (B)[ 1.](2), (3) (4) = (A) + 17%[ 2.]](5) = (A)[ 1.]

5. ( )(1) = 1030%[ 1.](2) = (37 )(2) + (3)[ (5) ] = (37 )(4) = (5) 2 10%(2) + (4) = (5) 2 10%[ 2. . (3)]

6. ()(1) = (A) (5) (B)[ 1.](2), (3) (4) = (A) + 20 %[ 2. (3)](5) = (A)[ 1.]

7. [7.1.4 b) 2)](a) (C) [ 2. . (2) ()](b) (A) + 10% (a) [ 2. (2) ()](c) (A) + 20% [ 2. (2) ()](d) (4) - [ 2. (4)]

36 ( )

.

, .

(header) ,

,

.

. ,

,

75% .

, ()

/ 29 .

, W(Btu/h) 646(1000)

,

, 38 .

.

.

15%

.

(soot blower)

.

230

,

,

. (seat)

(disk) ,

.

37 ( ) 351 ,

.

38 ( ) 2

, , Y-

(twin) 2

. Y-

2 . 2

, 50%

.

,

.

(spindle) .

.

1.

.

2. ,

.

3. ,

.

,

.

1.

.

2.

, ,

(vent) ,

.

2

,

.

,

.

(dome) ,

6 .

39 ( ) ,

15 kPa 2% ,

3%

, . 2

. 7

.

[ 7]

, kPa(psi)

< 500(67)

500(67) 1700(250)

> 1700(250) < 2500(375)

2500(375)

30 kPa(4 psi)

6%

100 kPa(15 psi)

4%

8

.

10%

.

[ 8]

MPa(psi) (+) (-)

0.5(70)

0.5(70) 2.1(300)

(300) 2.1 7.0(1000)

7.0(1000)

15 (2 psi)

3%

70 (10 psi)

1%

40 ( )

.

(solid) 80%

. (

3 10

) 0.5% .

,

(lifting) .

, 75%

(seating force) .

.

(seat)

.

41 () 76

2

2

.

1. 3%

.

2.

,

.

,

1 . ,

.

42 ( ) 771 (

)

16

.

[ 16]

1. 17 1

.

[ 17]

2. 2 ,

( , ),

2 ,

(free-blow drain)

.

drain

[ 18] 2

3. 19

.

[ 19] ( )

772

20

.

[ 20] ( )

1. 21

.

[ 21]

2. 22

.

[ 22]

3.

,

.

.

43 ( )

.

1. DN 65 ,

. ,

.

2. ,

.

3. DN 25 , DN 65

. , 9.3

DN 20 .

4.

, .

.

5.

(firebrick) ,

.

44 () 79

.

1. .

. ( )

( )

(1)

50 .

(2)

25 .

(3) (port)

(segment)

.

. 3

, ,

, ( ,

, ) .

(1)

,

. ,

.

()

()

(2) (

) ,

.

(3)

50

.

. 6

(cock) .

700 ,

.

. .

(1) .

(2) .

(3) .

(4)

.

(5)

.

(6) 1.5 2

, 1.5 .

.

.

2. .

. .

(1) ( )

(2) ( )

(3)

.

.

3

45 ( ) 73

, , ,

, 46 50

.

73

0.1MPa .

46 ( )

1, 2 ASME Sec , Part D Table 1A, 1B

.

1, 2 ASME Sec , Part D Table 1A, 1B

1, 2 ASME Sec , Part D Table 1A, 1B

80%

.

.

.

.

47 ()

, 1, 2 ASME Sec , Part D Table 1A, 1B

.

48 () (ingot)

.

1, 2 ASME Sec , Part D Table 1A, 1B .

(rod) (bar) .

49 () .

1, 2

ASME Sec , Part D Table 1A, 1B .

514

.

50 ( )

.

. .

1.

.

(as-fabricated condition) .

.

2.

.

3.

.

4. .

. 5 1,7

. 80

51 ( ) 74

1, 2 ASME Sec , Part D Table

1A, 1B .

1

( ) ( )

.

1.

.

. 1/3.5

. 1/3.5

. 0.2% 2/3

. 0.2% 2/3

0.2% 0.9

.

2. 1

.

.

1.

.

. 0.85/3.5

. 0.85/3.5

. 0.2% 0.85/1.5

. 0.2% 0.85/1.5 0.850.9

2. 1

.

2

.

1. (static casting) 0.8

2. 6.35m

0.85

3. 1 2

, 0.9

. ,

.

. 5

3 (

1) ,

.

. 5

1

.

.

.

4. ,

0.9

5. ,

(tube sheet)

0.9

.

1.

.

. 1/6.25

. 1/6.25

. 0.2% 1/1.5

. 0.2% 1/1.5

2. 1

.

1/8 .

. , , ,

.

1. 1000 0.01%

100%

2. 100000 67%

3. 100000 80%

52 ( ) 74

2 53 73 , 73

78 , , 79 81

.

1. :

.

.

2. :

. , (upset), ,

.

3. ASME Sec. II Part D 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 3, 4, U

. ,

.

4.

.

:

1.

.

2.

.

2

.

:

.

1.

2.

3. , , , , ,

4. , , , , (saddle) (leg)

5.

6. ,

7.

8.

9.

10.

1. .

. (common element)

,

.

.

(

) (

) .

.

. .

,

.

. .

1.

. ,

.

2.

.

3. ,

.

.1.

1.5 . ,

.

.

. ,

DN 150 .

1.5 .

.

6 .

2.

.

0.25mm 6%

.

3.

63 66

,

. ,

.

4.

.

21 5

0306() .

53 ( )

.

1.

.

. ( )

P 0.385 SE

.

. ( )

P 1.25 SE

.

2. 0.356 R P

0.665 SE .

1

.

1.

. ( ) ,

t =

P = (1)

,

Ro = ,

. ,

t =

P = (2)

2.

.

P 0.385SE

.

(1) :

exp

exp

(1)

(2) :

log log

(2).

P 1.25SE

.

(1) P , t ,

(3)

,

(2) t , P ,

(4)

,

3.

.

0.356R P 0.665SE

.

(1) :

exp

exp

(1)

(2) :

log log

(2) 1 2 .

t = ,

P = ,

R = ( R

)mm

S = ,

E =

23

9 ,

73 .

[ 9]

(a)

(b)

(c)

(1)

,

.(

)

A, B, C, D 1.00 0.85 0.70

(2)

(a) (b)

(b)

; 30 (k)

A, B, C, D

A, B, C

0.90

0.90

0.80

0.80

0.65

0.65

(3)

16 600

A, B C 0.60

(4)

(a) 10

(b) 16

A

B C(3)

0.55

0.55

(5)

(a) 13

600

(1)

(b)

1.5

16

B

C

0.50

0.50

(6)

(a)

, 16

(b) ,

6

600

B

C

0.45

0.45

(1) .

(2) E=1.0

(3) (4) C .

[ 23] (A, B, C D )

(1) B

30 .

54 ( )

24 ,

. .

[ 24]

1. :

, .

. Do/ t 10

1. t L/ Do Do/ t .

2. 1 L/ Do .

(1)

L /Do > 50 L/ Do = 50 , L /Do < 0.05

L/ Do = 0.05

3. 1 Do/t . Do/t

.

.

A .

4. 3 A

. -

.

. A -

-

. A -

7 .

5. 4 B

.

6. B Pa

.

7. A -

Pa .

8. 6 7 Pa P . Pa P

t Pa P

.

. Do/ t 10

1. B . Do/ t

4 A

.

A 0.10 0.10 .

2. 1 B Pa 1

.

3. Pa 2 .

, S 2

0.9 .

.

B .

B 2 .

4. 2 Pa 1 3 Pa 2

Pa . Pa

Pa P t Pa P

.

2. :

.

1. t A .

2. 1 A

. -

.

. A - -

. A - 5

.

3. 2 B

.

4. 3 B Pa

.

5. A -

Pa .

6. 4 5 Pa P . Pa P

t Pa P

.

3.

.

4. 1 2 .

A = ,

. Do/ t 10 1.

.

B =

,

Do = ,

E = , .

.(

.)

L = (25 )

()

(). .

1) 24 ( )

(tangent line)

2) 55

P = ,

Pa = t ,

Ro = ,

t = , ,

t s = ,

[ 25]

(1) (line of support)

,

.

(2) L

.

(3)- -

.(595 )

55 ( ) 6

.

I s = [ Do2 L s (t + A s / L s)A] / 14

I s' = [ Do2 L s (t + A s / L s)A] / 10.9

I s =

, 4

I s' = -

, 4

I =

, 4

I ' = -

, 4 t s ,

1.10 Do t s , .

1.

, 0.5

.

A s = ,

A = B

,

B =

,

L s =

,

P,Do,E,t t s 54 .

.

1. Do, L s t ,

A s

. B .

2. 1 B

.

4 A

.

3. -

. B -

5 .

4. A .

5. B -

A .

A =2BE

6a. I s

.

6b.

I s' .

7a. 6a

I .

7b. 6b

I ' .

8.

.

.

.

.

4

. 26

26

.

26 26

26 .

8

. 26

27

. , 26

.

1)

2) 90

3) 180

4) 54 L

4.1)

4.2)

(bubble) (baffle plates)

.

.

(closure bar)

.

55

.

55

27

.

27

[ 26]

[ 27]

56 ( )

.

552 3 .

,

. 28 .

50mm

50mm

50mm

s 8t

s 12t

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e)

[28]

,

. (segments) 50

, (segments)

8t, 12t . t

,

.

1.

.

2.

.

28 (e) .

28 (a), (b), (c) (d) ,

. ,

t w [ 28 (a) (c)]

w [ 28 (b) (d)] 25 .

50 .

24 t .

.

1. 6

2.

3.

57 ( )

53 .

54 .

1 2

.

1. , ,

.

2. 20/ n [

n 25.4 ].

58 ( ) , , ,

. 61

.

1.

. ts/L 0.002 :

,

.

(1)

. 2:1 0.17 D

, 0.90 D .

2.

. ts/L 0.002 : 6

,

.

t =0.885 PL

SE - 0.1 P P =

SE t0.885 L + 0.1 t

(2)

. 500

S 150

1, 2 ASME Sec , Part D 1A, 1B

S .

3.

0.356 L P 0.665 SE

.

t =PL

2 SE - 0.2 P P =

2 SE tL + 0.2 t

(3)

4. ( )

. 30

.

t =PD

2 cos (SE - 0.6 P) P =

2 SE t cos D + 1.2 t cos

(4)

. 30 (

) --

.

(1) ( )+( ) 1.5SE

. ,

.

(2) ( )+( )

4SE

,

.

.

E 9 .

5.

. 6 ,

3

4 . D D i

.

. 582 (3) .

L .

L =D i

2 cos

. 30 ,

30 5814

,

.

6. 1 5 .

t = ,

t s = , t s t .

P = ,

D = () ()

,

D i =

[D-2r(1-cos )],

r = ,

S = ,

E = ;

9

.

L = ,

=

29

.

1. (t/L 0.002 )

. K>1.0 482

1, 2

138 S ,

1, 2

.

(1)

(2)

. K 10 .

[ 10] K (D/2h : )

D/2h 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0

k 1.83 1.73 1.64 1.55 1.46 1.37 1.29 1.21 1.14 1.07 1.00

D/2h 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 ...

k 0.93 0.87 0.81 0.76 0.71 0.66 0.61 0.57 0.53 0.50 ...

2. (t/L 0.002 )

. K>1.0 482

1, 2

138 S ,

1, 2

.

(3)

(4)

,

. M 11 .

[ 11] M (L/r : )

L/r 1.0 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5

M 1.00 1.03 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.13 1.15 1.17 1.18 1.20 1.22 1.25 1.28 1.31 1.34 1.36 1.39

L/r 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 16

M 1.41 1.44 1.46 1.48 1.50 1.52 1.54 1.56 1.58 1.60 1.62 1.65 1.69 1.72 1.75 1.77

3.

t =PD

2cos(SE-0.6P) P =

2SE t cosD+1.2 t cos

(5)

t =PDo

2cos(SE+0.4P) P =

2SE t cosDo- 0.8 t cos

(6)

4. 1 3 .

t = , .

P = ,

D =

, .

Do = ,

, .

S = ,

E = A ( ,

- ). 9

.

r = , .

L = , .

L = K1 13 K1D, .

Lo = ,

L/r = 11

M = L/r

h = (-)

,

K = D/2h

D/2h = () 2

, 10

=

[ 29]

, , , 58

.

.

6 , 3

.

30

.

. ,

.

- 2th

[, 13mm (1/2 in) ]

- 2th + 13

mm

1.3 ts

3th + 13mm (1/2 in)

[, 25 mm (1 in) ]

2ts

1.3ts

3th + 13mm (1/2 in)

[, 25 mm (1 in) ]

(a)

- 2th[, 13mm (1/2 in) ]

- 2th + 13mm (1/2 in)

ts

ts

4ts 4th

- 2th[, 13 mm (1/2 in) ]

- 2th + 13mm (1/2 in)

ts

d

3d

3th + 13mm (1/2 in)

[, 25mm (1 in) ]

(b) (c)

(d)

3th [, 38mm (1 in.)

]

ts

1.3ts

2ts

(e) (f)

15-20

25mm (1 in)

2th

13 mm (1/2 in)

th ts th ts 3

th ts 3

(

(g-1) (g-2) (h) (j)

t t1= 16 mm ( in.)

1.5t(1)

=t1(1)(

)

2.5t

t

(k)

t t 1 = 16 ,

.

a) t t 1 = 10

b) t t 1 = 2.4

1. (f), 1.5

.

2. (f) t s1 t s2 .

3. (g-1), (g-2), (h) (j) .

25mm

l) (m)

1. , .

2. 3y .

3. , .

(n) (o)

1. t h t s 3y .

3 t h .

38 .

2. t h 1.25 t s

.

3. , .

, .

[ 30] ( 9. )

,

60 (1) C = 0.25

.

62 72

.

59 ( ) , ,

,

. ,

61 .

1. ,

.

.

. 1.67

58 .

, E = 1.0 .

. 3 4

2. 5412

.

3. 5

.

5412

.

.

1. t A .

A =0.125

( Ro/ t )

2. 1 A , 5412

2 6 .

3

Ro .

-

, -

.

1. 60

. D L/ t e 10

1. t e .

2. 1 L/Do 1 .

50 = 50 .

3. 1 D L/ t e

. .

A . D L/ t e

.

4. 3 A .

- .

. A

- -

. -

A 7 .

5. 4 B

.

6. 5 B Pa

. Pa =4 B

3( D L/ t e )

7. A - Pa

.

Pa =2 AE

3( D L/ t e )

8. 6 7 P a P . Pa P

, t Pa P

.

9. -

. ,

,

.

. D L/ t e 10

1. . B . D L/ t e

4 A

.

A 0.10 0.10 .

2. 1 B Pa 1 .

3. Pa 2 .

, S

2 0.9

, . .

1) B

.

2) 1) B 2.

4. 2 Pa 1 3 Pa 2

Pa . Pa P , Pa P

t , Pa P

.

5. -

. ,

,

.

2. 60 ,

.

3.

.

5 .

5 L e

.

1. 31 (c)

sin

2. 31 (d)

3. 31 (e)

sin

4. 31 (a) (b)

(a) (b)

(c) (d) (e)

[ 31]

1 6 . A, B,

E P 54 . 29 .

Do = ,

Do/ 2ho = .

2 (12 ).

t e = (= t cos ),

L c =

( 31 ),

L e =

L= (31 )

= ,

D L = ,

ho =

,

Ko = Do/ 2ho [ 12

]

Ro = ,

Ko Do

,

t = ,

=

[ 12] Ko

( )

Do2 ho . . . 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

Ko . . . 1.36 1.27 1.18 1.08 0.99 0.90 0.81 0.73 0.65 0.57 0.50

. , P 2P .

62 72

.

60 ( )

32 ,

. .

C=0.17 C=0.17 C=0.33m C=0.30 C=0.10Cmin=0.20 C=0.20 0.13

(a) (b-1) (b-2) (c)

C=0.13(d) (e)(5) (f)(5) (g)(5)

C=0.33 C=0.33m C=0.3 C=0.3Cmin=0.20

(h) (i) (j)(6) (k)(6)

(2)

C=0.30 C=0.30 C=0.30(m) (n) (o)

C=0.25 C=0.75 C=0.33 C=0.33(p) (q) (r) (s)

[ 32]

(1) t s 38 r min = 10, t r 38 r min =

0.25 t s , 19 .

(2) t w 2t r 1.2 t s . , t .

(3) t s 1.25 t r .

(4) 33 (a) (g) .

(5) C = 0.33m, C min = 0.2

(6) (2) (5) .

1. , 3

.

. 32 (j) (k)

-

.

. ,

.

(1)

, , [32 (j)

(k)] ,

.

(2)

(2) t ()

. ,

P , S

. , P 0, S

, W

.

3) ,

, , , (obround), (segmental)

.

(3)

,

(4)

, Z 2.5 .

(3)

, .

(5)

(5) t (2)

.

2. 32 (1), (2), (3), (5)

C .

. (a)

(1) C = 0.17 : ,

,

3 ,

,

(2) C = 0.10 : (1) ,

(6)

(3) C = 0.10 : Y (6) ,

2 dt s

(7)

C = 0.10 1 : 3 .

. (b-1)

C = 0.17 :

,

2 ,

3 ,

. (b-2)

C = 0.33 m 0.20 :

, ,

, ,

.

t s 38 r min = 10.0

t s 38 r min = 0.25 t s

19 .

. (c)

(1) C = 0.13 : ,

3 t , Y (6)

(2) C = 0.20 : (1)

, Y

(3) C = 0.30 :

, 3 t

, (end force)

,

4

,

. ,

.

. (d)

C = 0.13 : , d 600 , d

0.05 0.25 ,

t h t s , 0.25 t

,

. (e), (f) (g)

(1) C = 0.33 m 0.2 :

,

. t 1 m

2 dt s t s

. 32 (e) (f)

0.7 t s . 32 (g) t w

2 ,

1.25 ,

. 32

.

(2) C = 0.33 : ,

. 32 (e) (f)

0.7 t s . 32 (g) t w

2 ,

1.25 ,

. 32

.

. (h)

C = 0.33 : , t s

1.25 t r, 33 (a)(g)

. (i)

C = 0.33 m 0.2 : ,

0.7 t r, 33 (a)

(g) , a b

t s

. (j) (k)

C = 0.3 : ,

(2)

(5) .

(k) ,

,

.

(1)

(2)

. (m), (n) (o)

C = 0.30 : ,

, (

, ,

(flaring) ) 4

.

. (p)

C = 0.25 : ,

. (q)

C = 0.75 : d 300

d 300

,

, , (flaring)

4 .

. (r)

C = 0.33 : d 450

30 45 .

.

.

. (s)

C = 0.33 : d 450

30

45

80

75 .

. t s/d P/S

, 0.05 , P = S/ 5d

.

.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(e-1) (e-2) (f) (g)

(h) (i) (j) (k) (l)

[ 33]

(1) .

(2)

1 .

C = , 12

.

0.667 .

D =

(span),

d = 32 ,

E = 23 A 9

h G =

,

L =

,

m = [ t r / t s ],

P = ,

r = ,

S = ,

t = ,

t f = , 32 (b)

,

t h = ,

t r = ,

t s = ,

t w = 32 (g)

,

t 1 = 32 (r) ,

W = , N

Y = ,

32 (a) (c) ,

Z =

1

61 ( ) 34

.

1. 34 (a)

. t 58

, 5911

.

53, 54

.

. L r 58

.

2. 34 (b) ( )

.

30 (a),(b),(c), (d)

30 (a),(b),(c), (d)

[ 34]

(1)

(1)

(2) ,

5912

.

3. 34 (c) ( )

.

(1)

t =5PL6S

(2)

(2) ,

5942 .

4. 34 (d) ( )

.

(1)

t =5PL6S

(3)

(2) ,

5912

.

A = , B = , C =: (mm)

t = , .

L = , .

r = , .

P = ,

, .

S = ,

T = , .

Mo = , Nm

Hr =

, N

hr = Hr , mm

HD =

, N = 0.785B P

hD = , mm

1 =

= arc sin ( B2L+t )

62 ( )

(

) .

2

.

.

1 ,

.

.

1.

. 62 69

.

. 1500

500

. 1500

1000

2. .

(end closure)

.

. 35 (a)

. 35 (b)

. 35 (c) (d)

. 35 (d)

, [6 ]

.

3. .

. 31

2/3

.

(1) : 6621

3/4 6622 .

(2) : 6631 2

. 31

.

(1) 1500

(2) 1000 , 3.4 Rt ;

R t 35.1 35.2 .

(3) R n/R 0.7 ; R n/R 0.7

. .

,

.

. .(1) (1) (2) S m

63 S ,

S m S b 1.5 S

, S b . (3) (5) .

. 35.1

63 .

35.1 35.2

. 67

, ,

0.80 .

. (5) S b -

. (3)

- .

[35.1]

A : B :

[ 35.2]

. 35.1 35.2 A

R nmt n+t e 16t n+t e 35.1

35.2 B R nmt n 16t n

(1) A (35.1 )

S m = P( R(R n+t n+ R mt)+R n(t+t e+ R nmt n)A s ) (1)(2) B (35.2 )

S m = P( R(R n+t n+ R mt)+R n(t+ R nmt n)A s ) (2)(3) A B (35.1 35.2 )

M = ( R n3

6+R R ne )P (3)

a = e+t2

(4)

S b =MaI

(5)

. 35.1 35.2 63

.

A s = A B , 35.1 ,

I = 35.1 35.2

, 4

a = 35.1 35.2

,

R m = , .

R nm = , .

e = , .

S m = (1) (2) ,

S b =

,

Sy = , 2 ,

. .

(course)

,

.

,

,

.

1. 36 .

.

2. 4

63 .

3. 65 .

4.

.

. , , (flued)

(1) 10

89

(2) 10

60

. 60 ,

.

.

. ,

.

(1)

L=(11.5 cos)( d 1 d 2 )

, L= .

(2) 2

L=2.5( d 1 d 2 )

, =

d 1, d 2 =

,

.

1. ,

.

( )

.

2. 4

.

.

3. 58 .( 34 )

t = ,

R s = ,

R L = ,

r L = ,

= ,

r s = (flare) ,

4.

.

.

5814 .

.

, , .

58 .

5. 4

( 3 )

.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(e)

[ 35] -

1. (a)-(d) r L 0.12 ( R Lt) 3t .

r s .

2. (e) 1 2 1 .

5.1) 30 , 35 (a)

.

.

5.2) 30 , 35 (b) 58

15 ,

.

.

5.3) 35 (c) (d) ,

595 .

2 (oblique)

.

1. 5814 .

2.

, 30 .

3.

.

63 ( )

.

1. 624

2. 65

3. 626

4. 6232

5. 73

.

.

.

A

.

A= dt r F 2t n t r F(1- f r 1 )

1. 3

50% . , t r

,

F 1.0 .

2.

1 ,

3 . , 1

.

3 , 4 .

1 [ NPS 1/4 (DN 8) ]

.

. ,

.

A = ( 36 )

( Sn/Sv < 1.0 ),

A 1 = ( 36 )

( Sn/Sv < 1.0 ),

A 2 = ( 36 ),

A 3 =

( 36 ),

A 41, A 42, A 43 = (

36 ),

A 5 = ( 36 ),

c = ,

D = ,

D p = ,

d =

(

)( 36 ),

E = t r t r n (= 1.0)

E 1 = (solid plate) B 1.0

.

= 0.85, ERW .

ERW

, E1

. ,

= , 9

F =

.

37 ,

1.0 .

f r = 1.0

f r 1 = S n / S v

.

f r 1 = ( )

1.0 .

f r 2 = S n / S v

f r 3 = ( S n S v ) / S v

f r 4 = S p/ S v

h = (

. ,

)

K 1 = ( t r 13 )

[ 13] K 1

D/2h - 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

K 1 - 1.36 1.27 1.18 1.08 0.99 0.90 0.81 0.73 0.65 0.57 0.50

1. K 1D =

2. D/2h =

3. 58 2 .

4. .

P = ,

R = ,

R n = ,

S = ( ASME Section ) ,

S n = ( S ),

S v = ( S ),

S p = ( S ),

t = .

t r = E=1.0

()., .

1)

t r M=1.0 5822

.

2) t r D

. , D

.

3)

80%

t r K 1D

. D , K 1 13 .

t n = ( ,

),

t r n = , .

t e = ,

t i = ,

W = , kN

66

= A = dt r F 2t n t r F(1- f r 1 )

= A1 =

d( E 1 t- Ft r )- 2t n ( E 1 t- Ft r )(1- f r 1 )

=

2(t t n )( E 1 t- Ft r )- 2t n ( E 1 t- Ft r )(1- f r 1 )

:

= A2 = 5( t n- t r n ) f r 2 t

= 5( t n- t r n ) f r 2 t n

:

= A3 = 5 t t i f r 2 = 5 t t i f r 2 = 2hti f r 2

= A41 = = =

(leg)2

f r 2

= A43 = = (leg)2

f r 2

A 1+ A 2+ A 3+ A 41+ A 43 A

A 1+ A 2+ A 3+ A 41+ A 43 A

A = A .

A 1 = A 1 .

= A 2 = 5( t n- t r n ) f r 2 t

= A 2 = 2( t n- t r n )(2.5 t n+ t e ) f r 2

= A 3 = A 3

= A 41 = = ( leg)2 f r 3

(

)

= A 42 = = ( leg)2 f r 4

(

)

= A 43 = = ( leg)2 f r 2

= A 5 = ( D p-d-2 t n ) t e f r 4

A 1+ A 2+ A 3+ A 41+ A 43+ A 5 A

[ 36]

1. .

.

[ 37] F

64 ( )

63 .

53 54

. 54 L 38

.

2

.

:d 150

, 3tr tr + 75

[ 38]

150

3 t r ( t r + 75 ) . ,

, t r .

.( 38 )

.

(self-sealing)

17mm .

65 ( ) 6244

(span)

.

.

1.

60

.

A=0.5dt+ tt n (1- f r 1 )

, d, t n f r 1 63 , t 60

.

2.

2

1 .

2 1

1

, 50

.

3.

. 39 U3 U5

.

p =

U 1 , U 2 =

( d 1+ d 2 )/2 =

[ 39]

60

.

1. - 32 (a), (b-1), (b-2), (d) (g)

. 33

(a), (b), (c), (d) (e) (f)

.

.

2. 39

(rim) . 21

21

. 22

3 .

3. 31

.

21

.

1. 6011 (1) (3), C 2C 0.75

. , 32 (b-1), (b-2), (e), (f), (g) (i)

2C 0.50 .

2. 6011 (2) (5) 2

.

.

1. 2

4 .

2. 2 1

4

h . ,

h=0.5e

e=[ (p- d ave )p ]e =

p =

d ave =

3. 1

.

4.

.

5. 39 U3 U5

.

66 ( )

( 36 ). 40 t, t e

t n t i d .

, 63 .

.

1. d

2. R n t

t n

.

1. t 2

2. t n 2 t e

.

1.

.

36 A 1 .

2.

.

36 A 2

.

3. A 3

.

.

4. A 4 A 5

,

, .

(a-1) (a-2) (a-3)

(a-4) (b-1) (b-2)

(b-3) (c) (d)

(e) (e1) (e-2) (g)

[(e),(e-1) (e-2)]

L 2.5tx (e-1)

L 2.5tx (e-2)

(h) (i) (J)

(k) (l) (m)

(n) (o)

[ 40] t e d

67 ( )

. ,

.

661 ,

.

1. ( 41 W 1- 1,

W 2- 2, W 3- 3 )

2. 664

63

66

.

.

(a)

W = [ 2. ]

= A- A 1+ 2t n f r 1 ( E 1 t- Ft r ) S v

W 1 - 1 = 1-1 [ 1.]

= ( A 2+ A 5+ A 41+ A 42 ) S v

W 2 - 2 = 2-2 [ 1.]

= ( A 2+ A 3+ A 41+ A 43+ 2t n tf r 1 ) S v

W 3 - 3 = 3-3 [ 1.]

= ( A 2+ A 3+ A 5+ A 41+ A 42+ A 43+ 2t n tf r 1 ) S v

1. A 1, A 2, A 3, A 5 A 4i f r x .

2. 63 36 .

(b)

W = [ 2. ]

= (A- A 1 ) S v

W 1 - 1 = 1-1 [ 1. ]

= ( A 2+ A 5+ A 41+ A 42 ) S v

W 2- 2 = 2-2 [ 1. ]

= ( A 2+ A 41 ) S v

1. A 1, A 2, A 5 A 4i f r x .

2. 63 36 .

[ 41]

68 ( )

[ 42 (a) ] 63,

64, 66 67 ,

.

, .

1. .

2.

50% 6233

.

3.

.

2 1 [ 42 (b) ],

1 ,

50% .

. 3

.

,

.

6621 6631 .

6231 6233

.

3 .

73

.

(a) 2 2

(b) 3

2

[ 42]

69 ( )

22 .

70 ( )

. - . , 5(ASME B

16.9) 6(ASME B 16.11) -

ASME

.

1. 4(ASME/ANSI B 16.5),

2. 5(ASME B 16.9),

3. 6(ASME B 16.11),

4. 7(ANSI/ASME B 16.15), , Cl. 125 250

5. 8(ASME B 16.20), - ,

6. 9(ASME B 16.24), , Cl.

150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500 2500

7. 12(ASME/ANSI B 16.42),

, Cl. 150 300

8. 13(ASME B 16.47), , DN 650

DN 1500

4(ASME

B 16.5) 13(B 16.47) -

.

1. 4(ASME B 16.5)

.

4(ASME B 16.5)

, .

2. 4(ASME B 16.5)

.

.

71 ( ) ,

.

, .

min max max

= 53 54 .

524

. 524

70% .

=

,

(E=1.0 ) ( ),

5261 .

=

(E=1.0 )

( ),

5261 .

= +

[]

[ 5263 ]

mm

DN 6

DN 8

DN 10

DN 15

DN 20

1.51

1.96

2.02

2.42

2.51

DN 25

DN 32

DN 40

DN 50

DN 65

2.96

3.12

3.22

3.42

4.52

DN 80

DN 90

DN 100

DN 125

(DN 150

4.80

5.02

5.27

5.73

6.22

(DN 200

DN 250

DN 300

7.16

8.11

8.34

: DN ,

DN .

72 ( )

, ,

2

.

900

1

. , 0.9

,

4 .

.

300

. , ,

6

.

300 , DN

20

.

300 400

DN 40

. , . 300

400

DN 40

.

.

1. 300 450

DN 40

.

2. 450 900

DN 50

.

3. 900 .

,

100 150

2 .

4.

.

5.

,

.

6.

.

7. ,

,

.

. .

.

.

.

1. (abround) 300 400

400 .

2. 50 75 ,

.

.

,

,

. . ,

.

17

.

73 () 26 .

27 .

74 ( ) , ,

. ,

.

,

.

.

75 ( )

, ,

.

1. .

2.

.

3.

.

,

, (extreme

fiber elongation) 5%

.

1.

2.

3. 16

4. 10%

5. 120480

6. P-No. 1, Gr No. 1 2 1 5

40% .

. .

(1) ( : )

(%) =

(2) ( : )

(%) =

, t = ,

R f = ,

R o = ( ),

76 (, )

, 43

1% .

1.

1

2% .

2.

, 1%

.

3. ,

.

[ 43] ,

.

1. 1

2.

14 e

.

.

.

e = 1.0 t e = 0.2 t

. (

) 27 2

. 27 14

L Do .

. 54 L Do

. L Do

59 .

,

Le =

(1)

L = Le

Do = DL

(2)

L = Le

Do = Ds

(3)

L = Le

Do = 0.5(DL + Ds)

(4) Dx

L = Le

Do = Dx

. L Do .

3. t .

. , t

.

. , t

, t + e .

. , t

.

4. , t 23 . ,

23 t 59 te

.

5. 22

. , 22 (1), 22

(2) 22 (3) .

6.

.

7. , 54

,

e B B

, e

Do/t .

8.

( )

77 ( ) , ,

D 1.25%

D 0.625% . D

.

.

.

, 1 , L/Do 0.5

762 .

1

.

1%

.

90%

.

, 3

.

78 ( ) ,

, ,

.

V- , 1 3 ,

44 ,

SA-370 ISO 148 ( 1, 2 ,3) .

1. , (1010) 2

11 .

2. 1010 ,

240J

(10 6.7) . ,

100J ,

mm .

[ 44] ( V )

79 ( ) ,

. 2

.

,

, . ,

.

.

80 ()

(lowest stress ratio: LSR)

1.3 .

S (52

3 ). 1.3

90%

.

.

1.3 ,

.

. 1.3

.

81 ()

(lowest stress ratio: LSR) 1.1

. S

(52 ). 1.1 90%

.

.

1. 1/2 ,

10%

.

2. 1.1

.

.

.

17 .

82 ()

4 7

.

1.

.

2.

. . .

.

. (upsetting condition)

.

.

3. .

4. , 18(ASME PTC 25 Section 2)

.

5. 1.5 .

10% 20

.

1. 81

, 16% 30

2.

21%

16%

.

1. 22

21%

.

(*)

1. , .

2. ,

,

.

3.

5%

.

4. 500 15

, 500 3% .

(*) ,

(pop action) . (relief valve)

,

.

.

.

1.

300 15 ,

300 5% .

2.

.

. 8

, 5

.

.

[DN(NPS)] ,

K

= 0.62 .

3. 1.5

.

(Pin Device)

1. , 300 kPa(40 psi)

15 kPa( 2 psi) ,

300 kPa(40 psi) 5 % .

2. . .

, . .

.

1) 2) .

(1)

) 8

) 5

)

[DN(NPS)] ,

K = 0.62 .

(2)

. , ,

, , ,

.

.

,

.

3.

. .

. ,

.

(1)

.

(2) , ,

0.6 0.90

.

(3) , ,

.

(4) [ (2)]

,

.

(5) 90 % .

.

.

. ,

, , , , , ,

.

[ 13]

,

200 1000 35

1000 1900 70

1900 2600 100

1.

(reset)

,

.

,

5% .

2.

K = 0.62

. A

.

1. 1 ,

.

2 1

.

, 2

105%

.

2.

22 ,

110% .

3. 500 15 ,

500 3% .

4.

, 300 kPa (40 psi) 15 kPa(2 psi), 300 kPa(40

psi) 5 %

.

5. , 300 kPa(40 psi)

15 kPa (2 psi), 300 kPa(40 psi)

5 % .

:

.

.

1. .

2.

,

.

.

3. (bonnets) (yoke) KS

ASME Section . .

4. ,

.

. Section

. ASTM

. ASTM ,

1.

.

2.

. , , , ,

.

.

0.90 .

3.

. 105kPa(15 psi)

, 21 %

.

4

83 ( ) 73

, , ,

, 84

.

73 0.1 MPa

.

84 ( )

1, 2 ASME B31.1 Appendix A ,

ASTM ASME

.

0.35%

, (thermal cutting

process) .

2% 454 ,

0.05% .

85( ) 74 86

92 94 96

.

21 5

0306() .

86 ( )

(3) (3-1)

.

tm =PDo

2(SE+Py)+ A (3)

tm =Pd + 2SEA + 2yPA2(SE + Py - P)

(3-1)

.

P =2SE(tm - A)

Do - 2y(tm - A)(4)

P =2SE(tm - A)

d - 2y(tm - A) + 2tm(4-1)

.

tm : , mm

P : , MPa

Do : , mm

d : , mm

SE SF : ( )

, MPa

A : , mm

y : 14

[ 14] y

482 510 538 566 593 621 649 677

-

-

- UNS No.

N08800, N08810,

N08825

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.7

0.4

0.4

0.7

0.4

0.4

0.7

0.5

0.4

0.7

0.7

0.4

0.7

0.7

0.5

0.7

0.7

0.7

1. y 28 . y 0.

2.Dotm

6 , 480

y .

y =d

d + Do (5)

87 ( )

54, 55 56 .

88 () 861

.

89 ( )

15 . 15

861

.

15

.

[ 15]

6

5

4

3

1.06 tm

1.08 tm

1.14 tm

1.25 tm

1. .

2. tm 861 .

3. ASME B 36.10M ASME B 36.19M

.

,

. 861

.

[ (swedging), , (upsetting)

] .

.

1. T cr it 56 ,

T cr it 56 . T cr it

16 .

[ 16]

(1),

(P- 1) 725

- (P- 3) 730

1Cr - 12Mo (P- 4, Gr. No. 1) 745

114Cr - 1

2Mo (P- 4, Gr. No. 2) 775

214Cr - 1Mo, 3Cr - 1Mo (P- 5A) 805

5Cr - 12Mo (P- 5B, Gr. No. 1) 820

9Cr 800

1.

2. 900 ,

19mm (P- 1)

.

3. DN 100 13.0mm (P-

1 )

.

. , ,

- .

. ,

.

4.

,

.

90 ( )

4590 45

.

[45] (1)

1. ,

tmh

.

2.

,

.

.

3. .

sin sin ,

d2

, ,

L4 .

4. 45(1) A1, A2, 43, A4 A5

, A1, A2, 43, A4 A5 .

A1 : ,

= (2d2 - d1) (Th - tmh)

A2 : L4 ,

=2L 4(T b - tmb)

sin

A3 : ,

,

A4 : , ,

A5 : (saddle) ,

= ( - Dob)tr

A6 : , mm2

= = tmh d 1( 2 - sin) = A 7

= A 1, A 2, A 3, A 4 A 5

[45] (2)

:

(a) 90

(b) = sin sin(c) = ( )

(d)

(1) 90 .(45(2) A )

(2) [ 45 (2)],

, ,

.

(3)

4 1

. 1 1

.

.

: ,

b :

: , mm

: , mm

d1 : , mm

d2 : , mm

(Tb A) (Th A) d 12

. ,

.

h :

L4 : , mm

: 2.5 (Tb A) tr 2.5 (Th A)

tr : 45(2) A B

60 , mm

Tb, Th : ,

mm

tmb, tmh : 86 (3) (3-1) , mm

.

0.5 tmh d 1 (2 - sin)

47

.

1. 2

.

A7 = K(tmh - A)dc

K

0.60 , K = 1.00

0.15 0.60 , K = 0.6 + 2

3

0.15 , K = 0.70

2. .

A1 + A2 + A4

. A1

A1 = dc (tn - tmh)

. A2

A2 = 2L8 (tb - tmb)

. A4 (lip)

A4 = 2ro [To - (tb - A)]

[ 47]

(1) () 1:3 .

(2) (crotch) To

(3) k = 1.00

: .

: .

db : .

dr : .

dc : .

ho : (extruded lip) ( ro )

L8 : . 0.7 dT o

tmb - A : 86 (3) (3-1) . ,

.

tb - A : .

tmh - A : 86 (3) (3-1) . ,

.

th - A : .

To : ro

.

r1 : (dc ).

ro :

.

1. : DN 750 0.05

, 38mm .

2. : DN 150 0.10 + 12.7mm

. DN 150

32mm .

3. 2 45

1 2 .

, 1 2 .

,

1 2 .

.

1. 1, 2 ASME B 31.1 Appendix A (

ASTM ) -

(tee), (lateral), (cross)

(branch weld-on) .

2. DN 50

48 (a) (b)

.

.

3000 XS

. 48 (c) DN 50 tw

160 .

3. (integrally reinforced fittings).

(a) (b)

(a) ASME B16.11

(1)

(b) ASME B16.11

: (1) 1 .

[ 48-1] DN 80

[ 48-2] DN 50

91 () 23 .

4(ASME B 16.5) (slip-on) 300

.

92 ()

(P)

(S)

.

4

85% .

2

85% .

.

(1 1 )

(throttle) 5% ,

85%

.

.

0.7 MPa .

93 ()

(P) 1.25

+ 1.55 MPa . ,

.

(P)

.

0.7 MPa

, .

.

94 () 1.5

. , ,

1. 10

.

2. .

.

,

.

,

.

95 () 1.2 1.5

. , ,

.

1.

1/10

.

2. 10 . 0.7

MPa

.

3.

,

, .

,

, .

96 ( )

.

1.

.

2.

.

3.

.

5

97 ( ) 81

41 .

81 42

.

5 9, 46 50 84

.

98 ( ) 821 4

,

.

822

,

.